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Classical Conditioning: type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, eventually triggering a similar response.

Operant Conditioning: a type of learning in which the frequency of a behavior depends on the consequence that’s follows that behavior.

Social Observation Learning: learning from the behavior of others.

My dog already knows how to sit but I wanted to teach him to sit just by the sound of snapping of my fingers. So I started to give him treats when he sat and now he associates the sound of the snap with sitting. This is my example of classical conditioning.

My bother does chores when asked and he gets money from my mom as a reward. This would be positive reinforcement. My brother is now more likely to complete chores because he learned that it has a positive outcome for him.

My dog tries to imitate our actions like when he rests is head on our pillow. This is an example social observational learning.

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OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING:

Experiment 1: The question would be, “how will the kids act towards the doll after watching adults?” Hypotheses: The reasonable answer would be that the kids would copy the adults actions. Albert Bandura did a Bobo Doll experiment. Children were put in a room with an inflatable bobo doll right after watching adults in the room with the doll. The kids that watched the aggressive adults also started to act aggressive towards the doll and the kids that watched the calm adults acted calm.

Experiment 2: The question would be, “does observing an adult demonstrate helping behavior increase the likelihood of children helping behavior themselves?” Hypothesis: Children who observe an adult helping others will be more likely to help a person in need than children who don't observe that behavior. The children were found to help others after watching adults help others.

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Example One: When Maya gets back to the dormitory after practice on campus, she likes to take a quick shower before going to class. One morning while taking a shower she hears someone flushing a nearby toilet. Suddenly, extremely hot water comes rushing out of the shower head and Maya experiences excruciating pain. After screaming, she continues showering. A few minutes later, Maya hears another toilet flush and she leaps out of the shower.

US: hot water

UR: experiencing pain

NS: toilet flushing

CR: leaping out of the shower

Example 2: Ryland was really looking forward to lunch because his mother had prepared a tuna salad sandwich. Unfortunately, the mayonnaise she used had been left out too long and was spoiled. Not long after eating the sandwich, Ryland felt sick and had to rush to the bathroom. Thereafter, the mere mention of a tuna sandwich would make Ryland nauseous.

US: spoiled mayonnaise

UR: makes him sick

NS: tuna sandwich

CR: feeling nauseous

Experiment 3: Alex and her sidekick, Bella, went out on the town in New York one evening, to a nice restaurant. Alex and Bella saw a new food item on the menu shrimp cocktail, and decided to try it. Alex found it delicious, as did Bella. After retiring to bed that night, Alex became nauseous, had a headache, and slept poorly. Alex has tried eating shrimp cocktail since then, but when looking at it, she immediately feels nauseous and can’t eat it.

US: trying shrimp cocktail

UR: headache, poor sleep, nausea

NS: looking at the shrimp

CR: feeling nauseous after looking at it

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Section 4: Social Observational Learning

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Section 4: Social Observational Learning

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15-20 things I have learned by observing others in my life:

1. Empathy and Compassion- seeing how others respond to others’ pain or struggles helped me see the importance of being compassionate.

2. Conflict Resolution- seeing how others handle disagreements taught be how to have patience and finding common ground.

3. Trust- Seeing how others trust people with their life taught be that sometimes I need to learn to trust people.

4. Listening to others- seeing how people engage in conversations and truly listen taught be actually listen.

5. Patience- seeing how people are calm in stressful situations showed me that I need to calm down.

6. Respect for boundaries- learning how people maintain their personal boundaries of others teaches me the importance of healthy relationships.

7. Communication- watching body language taught me how to hide my facial expressions.

8. Time management- watching how people prioritize tasks made me want to not procrastinate with things.

9. Generosity and giving- witnessing acts of kindness, I learned the power of giving without expecting anything in return.

10. The importance of self-care- watching how people take care of themselves in a positive way showed me how I want to take care of myself.

11. Resilience and perseverance- watching how people are able to recover from difficulties or setbacks and how people continue to achieve something despite difficulties made me do the same.

12. Leadership- watching good coaches and team captains showed me how to control a group of people in a fair way.

13. Financial responsibility- watching how my parents and family save and spend their money helps me when making decisions about buying something.

14. Cultural sensitivity- watching non-racist people showed me who I want to be.

15. Discipline- watching how coaches and teachers disciplined their players and students taught me that people should be treated with respect not extra work.

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5 examples of positive reinforcement:

1. Teacher praises student for completing the homework on time, the student will continue to do their homework regularly.

2. Parents give their child extra time on the ipad for cleaning their room, child will continue to keep their room lean.

3. Coach gives player extra playing time and praise for showing great effort during practice, player will continue to work hard during practice.

4. Complimenting someone on their outfit will increase th è likelihood of them wearing that outfit again.

5. Student gets a question right in class and teacher is proud of them, student is more likely to raise their hand again.

5 examples of negative reinforcement:

1. A teacher stops giving extra homework to students how actively participate in class, encouraging them to stay engaged.

2. An employee is no longer required to attend a weekly meeting after successfully completed a project on time, encouraging them to meet more deadlines.

3. Parents stop nagging their child about doing chores after they start completing them regularly, encouraging the child to keep up the good work.

4. A coach reduces the amount of running drills for players who show up on time and give their best effort, motivating punctuality and effort.

5. A person takes an advil to relieve a headache, encouraging them to take an advil again in the future.

5 examples of positive punishment:

1. A student talks during a lesson and the teacher assigns extra homework as a consequence, discouraging the student from talking out of turn in the future.

2. An employee is late to work and their manager assigns them an undesirable task, encouraging the employee to arrive on time.

3. A child misbehaves and their parents make them do extra chores, discouraging the misbehavior.

4. A player shows poor sportsmanship during the game and coach makes them run extra laps, promoting better behavior in the future games.

5. A person parks in a no-parking zone and receives a fine, discouraging them from parking illegally again.

5 examples of negative punishment:

1. A student chooses to use their phone during class and the teacher takes it for the rest of the day, discouraging them from using their phone in class again.

2. An employee misses a deadline and loses the privilege of working from home, motivating them to meet future dead lines.

3. A child breaks a household rule and their parents take away their video game privileges, encouraging them to follow a set of rules.

4. A player skips practice and coach benches them the next game, promoting attendance at practices.

5. A person drives recklessly and gets their driver’s license suspended, discouraging unsafe driving behavior.

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Ace That Test is a super helpful book that shows students better ways to study and remember what they learn. It tells you that things like cramming or just highlighting stuff don’t really work in the long run. Instead, it teaches cool strategies like using pictures and words together, and testing yourself to remember more. The book has fun pictures and easy examples to help explain how to study smarter, not harder. It also talks about how to get your brain ready for learning, make good study plans, and take better notes. This book is great for any student who wants to do better in school and for teachers who want to help students learn how to learn.

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Learning about how we learn is super important because it helps us understand why people do what they do. When we know how rewards and punishments work, we can help each other do better in school, at work, and at home. It makes teaching and learning more fun and effective. Plus, it helps us figure out what motivates people and how we can change bad habits. Knowing these things make life better for everyone because we can help eachother grow and improve every day.

We learn by storing our memory, and some ways to remember things are:

chunking: organization of items into a familiar or manageable units of chunks.

self reference effect: processing bias that causes people to pay more attention to information that is relavant to themselves.

long term memory: process of storing almost unlimited amounts of info over long periods of time.

LTM-implicit/non declaritive: procedural-“how to” knowledge.

and if you forget things, theses are ways to retrieve them:

-retrieval cue

-recall

-recognition

-context effect

-state dependent