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Central powers vs. Allied powers; global involvment, alliance system, trench warfare, chemical warfare

Result: Collapse of empires; (Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, Russian, and German)

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Red Army (Bolsheviks) vs. White Army (monarchists, conservatists); October Revolution, rise of communism

Result: Establishment of Soviet Union

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Nationalists (Fascists) vs. Republicans (left leaning)- dress rehearsal for WW2

Result: Fascist regime in Spain under Franco until his death in 1975

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Axis powers vs. Allied powers; global involment, Holocaust, 60 million deaths, atomic bombings

Result: Emergence of new global superpowers

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Eastern vs. Western bloc; proxy wars, arms race, space race

Result: Dissolution of USSR

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Ethnic based conflicts and wars for independence;

Croatian War of Independence (1991-1995)

Bosnian War (1992-1995)

Kosovo War (1998-1999)

Significance:

Genocide and war crimes

NATO intervention in 1985 against Bosnian Serbs, and in 1999 against Serbian forces. Helped end conflict.

Result: Break up of Yugoslavia into independent nations; Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, and North Macedonia

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Annexation of Crimea (2014)

Russian full scale invasion of Ukraine (February 24, 2022)

Consequences:

Sanctions imposed on Russia by Western countries

increased NATO presence in Eastern Europe and heightened tension between Russia and the West