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Joan of Arc was born in Domrémy-la-Pucelle, France, in 1412. She was a French peasant woman who became a great military general, leading French forces to many victories. She was captured by the English, and tortured/killed by the Inquisition because they thought she did witchcraft. Joan also helped turn the tide of war in favor of the French, becoming a martyr and a national hero. A martyr is someone who dies for a cause.

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Constantinople, İstanbul, Türkiye         A.F   

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Constantinople, İstanbul, Türkiye         A.F   

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The first Eastern Orthodox Church originated in Constantinople. Between the locations of Rome and Constantinople the idea of Eastern Orthodox Church began from their people. Later the idea spread throughout the middle east. The Eastern and Roman Orthodox Churches were a product of the split of Rome.

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Arabian Peninsula                                             A.F 

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Arabian Peninsula                                             A.F 

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The Arabian Peninsula was a major trade hub. Europe and Asia utilized this location to trade products and goods with each other. Arabia was also the birthplace of Islam. Before Islam became founded the Arabian peninsula had very little government.

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Pope Urban ll calls knights/peasants to fight for the Holy Land. Urban guaranteed forgiveness of sins, a positive afterlife, and possible wealth for answering his call. The CCrusaders slaughtered about 70,000 inhabitants. The Jewish cities were also attacked. The Crusaders were successful and captured Jerusalem. The control lasted about 100 years.

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Mecca Saudi Arabia                                           A.F

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Mecca Saudi Arabia                                           A.F

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The first Quran was captured in Mecca. The Quran is the holy book for Islam, it serves a purpose a lot like the bible does for Christians. The Muslim people referred to the writing as the most important miracle sent by Muhammad. The book is made up of a series of revelations which are essentially the guidance from a religious hierarchy such as a God.

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The Bubonic Plague occurred from 1347 to 1351. It was spread by fleas on rats, but people could not figure out the cause, leading to more deaths. Out of the 75 million people, about 1/3-1/2 of the population died due to the plague. There were many impacts. Economic impacts were less trade, failed business, and poverty. The SOcial impact was that the people blamed the Church and the Jews and it led to anti-Semitism. This is hostility toward Jews in Europe

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Feudalism is the political/social order where people turned to regional kings and nobles for safety in exchange for work and labor. The Feudal System order was the king, nobles, kings, and peasants. The king owned the land in the country and made the laws. The nobles agreed to supply the king with soldiers. The lights fought and protected the nobles and kings. The peasants worked for the nobles and knights who in turn offered them protection.

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The Assyrian Empire lasted from 900 BC to 600 BC. It conquered much of Mesopotamia in a very short amount of time. This Empire had great military tactics and Weapons, such as iron weapons and battering rams. It also had advanced communication techniques. Ashurbanipal, who was one of the last of the great kings, ruled very violently. The Assyrians produced widespread. Polices led to civil unrest which led to their overthrow.

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France                                                                A.F

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France                                                                A.F

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The Frankish Empire took place in what we identify as today's France. The Empire also spread over what we know to be Belgium and Western Germany. The Frankish Empire had a military made up of Franks and Romans and was extremely well organized. The Empire later falls around the 9th Century due to the disagreeance of power within the Empire. This causes Europe to be more susceptible to being taken over by outside regions. The results of this event caused a Feudal System to be put in place.

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Salisbury Cathedral, Salisbury, UK                                                   A.F

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Salisbury Cathedral, Salisbury, UK                                                   A.F

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Stone hedge is a prehistoric temple in England. In total there are 83 stones in Stone hedge and each is made of hard stone and weighing about 25 tons. In comparison, that's about the weight of four elephants per stone. While the stones are cool and impressive they also have meaning behind them. The stone hedge is a visual of the movement of the sun. While there are many myths behind this prehistoric sight, this one has been seen to be most accurate behind the meaning of the landmark.

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Mesopotamia, Iraq                                             A.F

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Mesopotamia, Iraq                                             A.F

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Mesopotamia, meaning "land between two rivers", is the physical land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Mesopotamia is also known as the cradle of civilization. This is because it was the birthplace of many things. Civilized traditions like writing, legal code, political systems, developed cities and even the first place with recorded history. In Mesopotamia there were three main regions being Akkad, Assyrian, and Sumer. Those three regions also played a huge role in Mesopotamia being the "cradle of civilization" because of their establishment in things like military, an empire, etc..

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The Persian Empire lasted from 559 BC to 331 BC and was ruled by Cyrus the Great. It conquered much of the territory that the Assyrians and Babylonians formerly held. The Persians had a thing called the "Persian Royal Road" that helped the leaders move through the empire easily. The way stations the Persian Empire established provided supplies as well as horses so riders could move fast. The empires had a monotheistic religion that they called Zoroastrianism and believed that one "wise god" created all things. Those who choose good will have a good afterlife. The people that chose bad would be cast into the abyss for an eternity of misery. This helped the Perisans maintain religious tolerance.

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Sparta was a very strict and military-focused state. When people were born there they were born into a caste system which is a social class determined by birth. The women were not allowed to be in the military but they did have many freedoms. Boys began army training at age 7. They were considered a full member at age 20. The spartans rejected the outside world and their education was based on military needs. They also enslaved the helots. Sparta was placed above all else.

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Athens was one of the world's earliest constitutions which is a government plan that leaders and citizens must follow. It is also one of the oldest cities. Athens was known as the cradle of Western civilization and was the birthplace of democracy. Their democracy was a more free society than Sparta. They focused on education rather than the military. Although there military wasn't too strong they had a very good navy. There were 500 people elected to make decisions. They held assemblies which were large meetings where people could voice opinions to government leadership.

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The Neolithic Revolution lasted from 8,000 BC to 4,000 BC. This revolution was the beginning of farming and settlements. It developed systematic agriculture which is the keeping of animals and growing food on a regular basis. It had many effects. Some of them were world population had a massive increase, trade began, men took on the role of obtaining goods and protecting the settlement, and even people began to build walls for protection and storehouses for goods. It also paved the way for the Copper/Bronze/Iron Ages. Although there were many advantages, there were still disadvantages like disease from close contact with humans, trash, and animals and you couldn't easily leave sites.

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China is one of the world's oldest cultures being over 6,000 years old. Their climate was very temperamental and the Yellow River Valley was located there. The farming culture in China was ruled by aristocracy. Citizens of China believed in the afterlife. Their religion was polytheistic but they worshiped one god. China also believed in animism which is the practice of ancestor worship. They had a similar social structure to the other surrounding civilizations. Their accomplishments include a population of 50 million people and the development of silk. They also traded silk.

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The Indus Valley Civilization began around 3000 BC and they were one of the largest early civilizations of the world. They had a sewage system and advanced roads and water systems. There were more than 2,000 settlements located in the region. In the Indus Valley Culture, they had arranged marriages and Suttee. Suttee is when a widow sacrifices herself by jumping on a deceased husband's burning corpse. There was a mysterious end to the civilization and historians don't know what happened to them.

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Egypt was divided into the Lower regions and Upper Egypt. Upper Egypt was in the South and Lower was in the North. The Nile River is located there and it flows south to north. Their religion was polytheistic which means the beloved of many gods. The Egyptians were ruled by Pharaohs. Egypt's economy was a trade-barrier system and the government controlled resources. They also had arranged marriages and women could receive inheritance even in marriage. Egyptians developed hieroglyphics which are priest carvings. Mummies and the pyramids were also located in egypt.

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A ziggurat is made from mud, bricks, and tar. The structure is a religious temple that was used for political and religious purposes. They were also built in honor of Gods or political leaders. While there were many meanings to the ziggurats they also served a purpose. They became a storage for the region's surplus of food and goods. Because of how tall the temple was it was believed priests could access God through it as they were closer to the sky. The process of building the Ziggurats took the help from ancient Sumerians, Akkadians, Elamites, Eblaites, and Babylonians.

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Iraq                                                                            A.F

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Iraq                                                                            A.F

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The Sumerians were also known as the ''black-headed ones'' and lived in the southern part of what is now Iraq. Sumer was the earliest known civilization and first settled between 4500 and 4000 BC. The society of the Sumers divided their people into classes. The classes are determined off of your social standings and there are three different classes; nobles, commoners, and slaves. The idea of the split of social classes spread to many other civilizations over the years.

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Athens, Greece                                                       A.F

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Athens, Greece                                                       A.F

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A constitution which is a structured plan for the government that leaders and citizens must follow. One of the world's earliest Constitutions was founded in Athens, Greece. The constitution was a symbol of Democracy and analyses the Athenian politics and history from the fourth to seventh century. The idea of a Constitution has spread to many places all over the world and is used in democracies today.

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Central Greece, Greece                                 A.F

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Central Greece, Greece                                 A.F

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The battle of 300 or the battle of thermopylae was a battle fought in Greece. This battle took place in 480 BC and lasted for 72 hours, or three days. Thermopylae, meaning "come and take them" was a battle that is known for the little amount of the Greek force that survived. The battle consisted of 7,000 Greeks and 300,000 Persians, although the Greeks were greatly outnumbered their battle plan was so sufficient that they withheld the Persians for a large amount of the battle. The battle finally resulted in the Persians victory and they gain control of Phocis, Boeotia, and Attica.

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Sicily, Italy                                                             A.F

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Sicily, Italy                                                             A.F

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The Peloponnesian war was fought over three locations Ancient Greece, Sicily, and Anatolia. Between 431-405 BC Athens and Sparta fought over power and the threat to Sparta's independence. The athenians end up going back to their fortified city to avoid having to fight Sparta. The spartans asked Persia for naval help for the war. Half of the population is killed by a plague outbreak during the war. The war ends in Sparta defeating Athens, the Spartans tore down and destroyed Athens navy and the entire city.

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Macedonia                                                          A.F

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Macedonia                                                          A.F

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Alexander the great. Born in July 356 BC in Macedonia to father Philip the || and mother Olympias. Alexander is a very well known and memorable figure to Greek history. From a very young age he was certain he wanted to hold power and he'd do anything to make that happen. His first wish was to conquer/unite Greece and take down Persia to keep them out of Europe completely. He was successful in that so he began to wish larger by conquering Greek city-states in 338 BC. Not long after that his father is assassinated. Alexander goes on to the Middle East which contains Perisa, Mesopotamia, and Egypt and he completes this all in about a decade. Not long after that huge accomplishment he falls ill while trying to conquer more land and passes away at the age of 32.