# data[].attributes.body
My most significant learning in this module is to really understand the deeper meaning of “human rights” in education. Previously, I had never really thought about what human rights are. At the same time, I felt that it was something that every person should have at birth, as if it was natural and within reach. At the same time, I saw that countless people had spent their whole lives striving for it, as if it was an unattainable ideal. For me, human rights are both near and far. Through reading the researches, I realized that human rights are not only legal provisions, but also a living force that ignites social justice and change.

Dembour's article opened my eyes to four interpretations of human rights. This made me realize that the definition of human rights varies from culture to culture and position to position, and that the promotion of human rights in education needs to respect multiple perspectives. In particular, I was inspired by the protest school of thought: human rights education can inspire marginalized groups to speak out and change the status quo of injustice. Tibbitts's article, on the other hand, made me see how human rights education can move from an idea to a reality. The three models she presents show the many possibilities of human rights education. It can either spread knowledge in schools or promote action by training professionals or empowering vulnerable groups.

This module has made me think more about my personal, professional and academic development. Previously, my understanding of education development was very limited, my mind was full of specific teaching and learning content, such as how to design a curriculum and how to manage a classroom, and I had no idea that education could be linked to larger social issues. But through this module, which explored topics such as migration, democracy, gender issues, diversity, climate change, etc., my eyes have been completely opened and my thinking has risen to a higher level.

Personally, the modules made me start to pay attention to inequalities in society. For example, when discussing immigration and diversity, I realized that everyone's background and experiences shape their needs, which made me more willing to listen to different voices and try to understand other people's situations in life. On a professional level, the module has made me realize that education is not just about imparting knowledge, but also about promoting social change. For example, the discussion of gender topics made me think about how to incorporate an equity lens into my teaching, while the topic of climate change inspired me to consider how to design a curriculum related to sustainable development. Whether my future lies in education or not, these big-picture ideas allow me to be more innovative and socially responsible in my work. On an academic level, the module taught me to look at issues through an interdisciplinary lens. Democracy, immigration, and climate change are not isolated topics, they are intertwined and need to be analyzed in an integrated way. This way of thinking has given me more depth in my research and writing, and more confidence in dealing with complex real-world issues.

Overall, this module has allowed me to step out of the 'small world' of teaching content and see the deeper connections between education and society.

# data[].attributes.body
In the course of my study of peace education, I read the studies of Bajaj and Davies, which gave me a new understanding of the complexity and importance of peace education. As a Chinese student, I used to learn about wars only through the news and history books, and peace education in schools was limited to simple slogans such as “Cherish Peace, Cherish Life”, which emphasized the value of peace in history, but never probed about the root causes of conflict or the dual role of education. Many parts of the world are still mired in war, and I had never thought seriously about how peace education could address these challenges.

Bajaj's article made me realize that critical peace education fosters critical thinking and agency through conflict mapping and localized curricula that analyze the root causes of direct, structural, and cultural violence. For example, her competency of “participation and solidarity” encourages students to engage in peace building through community projects, while Davies reveals that education can exacerbate conflict through competition, or violent discipline, as in the case of religiously segregated schools, which can reinforce mistrust. She emphasizes the need to assess the impact of school structure (e.g., democracy vs. authoritarianism) on student attitudes and to empower students to analyze conflict through "civic studies.

In China, my educational experience lacked an in depth exploration of global conflict, and the classroom was dominated by a single historical narrative that did not develop my ability to question or analyze conflict. This study made me realize that peace education is not only about spreading ideas, but also about examining the hidden “war education” tendencies of the education system.

In the future, I would like to practice critical thinking and cultivate global citizenship by reading more cases of conflict zones and participating in discussions or projects. I would also like to try out Davies' civic research methods, such as analyzing conflict narratives in the news, to contribute my own thinking to peace education. This study has moved me from passive acceptance of the idea of peace to active reflection and exploration of possibilities for action.

# data[].attributes.body
In this week's learning, while searching for more information, I read a news article published in April titled "Education Cannot Wait Director Yasmine Sherif on Sudan's Education Crisis ", it reported that Sudan's two-year-long armed conflict has left 16 million children out of school and the education system nearly collapsed. The news notes that 3.1 million school-age children are internally displaced and 1.2 million have sought refuge across borders. Education Cannot Wait (ECW) has invested in providing safe learning environments for 130,000 children through partners such as UNICEF, Save the Children, and others, but there is a huge funding gap for education.

In conjunction with Bajaj's Conceptualizing Critical Peace Education for Conflict Settings, the crisis in Sudan highlights structural violence (e.g., poverty, tribal conflict) and historical legacies (e.g., colonial influences), and there is a need for conflict mapping and localized curricula (e.g., community-based peace education) to empower students to break the cycle of violence. Davies' Evaluating the Link between Conflict and Education reminds us that militarized schools can exacerbate conflict and that education needs to be evaluated to see if it reinforces a culture of mistrust or violence.

Both articles remind us that education is a tool for peace building, but can also contribute to conflict through lack of resources or inappropriate curricula. The education crisis in the Sudan urgently requires prioritized global investment in the development of critical thinking and a sense of peace among students, combined with critical teaching and community engagement, in order to avoid a “lost generation”.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Education Under Fire: We Must Invest in Education for Children Living on the Frontlines of the Conflict in Sudan | Education Cannot Wait

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
As the world marks the second anniversary of the brutal armed conflict, Education Cannot Wait Director Yasmine Sherif highlights the value of aligning humanitarian funding to ensure children can access life-saving quality education.

# data[].attributes.body
Having read Donnah Vuma's and Simon Eten's researches, my understanding of why people migrate has been altered. As a city resident in Beijing, I thought that migration is simply a quest for more opportunities. But these articles indicate that survival pressures, especially the imperative to acquire education for children, drive many migrants, a reality that resonates with China's millions of rural-to-urban migrants.

Vuma again emphasizes that global migrants, such as refugees, are forced to abandon their countries due to war, persecution, or poverty. She tells us of their courage in risking their lives by crossing dangerous borders to provide a better life for their children with access to education. It reminded me of the migrant workers I see in my city's construction sites and markets. They leave home, toiling on low wages and harsh conditions, to earn money for their family and children's education. Their action is parallel to Vuma's refugee parents.

Eten argues that colonialism and globalization produce economic disparities, leading Global South populations to migrate north for their families' sake. China's rapid urbanization is for the same reason. Rural economies are harmed as work becomes outsourced to cities, compelling parents to relocate to offer improved schools for their children. But the HUKOU system typically bars their children from city public schools on the basis of harsh residency rules or high charges, just like Vuma decry in Ireland's direct provision system.

Whether migrant workers from China or global refugees, these parents move for the sake of their children's education, voicing a shared struggle for dignity. As a student, I am driven to raise awareness regarding migrant children's education obstacles. By presenting these stories and pushing for reforms to ease hukou restrictions, I hope to ensure that every child has access to equitable schooling. Migrants' stories are not struggles, these are intense battles for their children's futures.

# data[].attributes.body
The world's migration crisis is not only an economic and opportunity issue, but also an issue of survival and dignity. This week's reading by Donnah Vuma and Ashif Shaikh's TED talk Building Resilience for Internal Migrants exposed the migrants' existential crisis and systemic dilemma and call for a reconsideration of their situation from a human rights point of view.

Vuma focuses on groups of forced migrants, such as refugees fleeing their homes due to conflict or poverty, and emphasizes the resilience and bravery they have demonstrated in their perilous journeys. She cited the example of Ireland's system of direct provision as a system that, although it provides asylum seekers with minimal livelihoods, insults the dignity of migrants by isolating them, restricting their freedoms and keeping them in limbo.

In the TED talk, Shaikh particularly addresses internal migration in India, where 20 million people migrate out of poverty and not opportunity, who contribute to 10% of GDP but are unable to avail themselves of social security. He cited the example of Suresh, a daily wage worker who is struggling to make ends meet, with meager wages, arrears, and injustice but still persists in the fight for the education of his children.

The two observations complement one another: whereas Vuma reveals the universalism of migrants all over the world who are compelled to migrate for survival, Shaikh demonstrates through tangible examples how structured aid can alter the fate of a person. Whether they are asylum seekers in Ireland or laborers in India, their toil is typically taken for granted and their dignity pushed aside. Global citizenship education, through learning and advocacy, must break the stereotypes of migrants and bring society to value their worth. According to Shaikh, migrants have indeed "built our modern societies" but struggle to enjoy their fruits.

We must have more inclusive policies so that migrants are no longer invisible and are able to enjoy the dignity and opportunities that they deserve.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Ashif Shaikh: A path to social safety for migrant workers

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Hundreds of millions of migrant workers travel within their countries to seek out means of survival — often leaving behind all they know for months or even years. Many face poverty and exploitation, and they need a robust social safety net to protect them, says migrant advocate and 2023 Audacious Project grantee Ashif Shaikh. He shares how his grassroots organization Migrants Resilience Collaborative is making life-changing benefits like social security and health care accessible to those who need them while also amplifying migrant voices — paving the way towards a world that supports the workers actually building it. (This ambitious idea is a part of the Audacious Project, TED’s initiative to inspire and fund global change.)

# data[].attributes.body
After reading Alston's research, I have a new understanding of the word “poverty”. He criticized the World Bank's International Poverty Line (IPL) of US$1.90/day as being too low to guarantee even basic healthcare and education. In contrast, if you look at $5.50/day, there are 3.4 billion people in poverty worldwide, and the IPL only counts 700 million. It amazes me that the “success in poverty reduction” we hear so much about can be an illusion. I don't have a lot of money, but I've never really seen extreme poverty, where life seems to be separated by a wall, where people can't see each other.

My family wasn't rich, but at least I had food to eat and school to go to. I always thought of poverty as a lack of food, but Alston showed me that it is much more than that. I began to imagine how I would survive on only $1.90 a day. The world is so fragmented, we are so busy with our own lives that we seldom look up and see the other side.

Alston also said that poverty is a political choice, not a lack of money, but an unwillingness on the part of the government to address injustices, such as lack of taxes and security. I've always thought that hard work can change your fate, but is hard work enough if the opportunities themselves are not equal? I'm starting to wonder if I used to think too simply. That assumption was based on everyone being at a similar starting line. Now, I kind of want to do some research to find out if the lives of those “invisible” people are more difficult than I thought. Maybe I can't change anything, but at least I can try to stop myself from turning a blind eye to poverty.

# data[].attributes.body
This news story discusses intergenerational poverty in Bangladesh. Although economic growth has helped reduce poverty, half of the population is still living in hardship.

Education is seen as the key to breaking the cycle. The government has introduced free primary education, with enrollment rates rising from 80% in 2000 to 98% in 2015. However, there are few schools and not enough teachers in rural areas, poor families cannot afford school fees, and children often go into child labor. More than half of women are married before the age of 18, and girls drop out of school due to early marriage. The Government and NGOs provide free education and employment support, but the problem still needs to be addressed at a deeper level.

The example of Bangladesh shows that education has the potential to break poverty, but enrollment alone is not enough. In the two readings in week 8, Alston called for a higher standard of looking at poverty, and Reimers suggested making education more useful. Only by giving rural villages and girls a better education can Bangladesh truly escape intergenerational poverty.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Generational Poverty in Bangladesh: The Role of Education - The Borgen Project

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Education is a powerful tool for breaking the cycle of generational poverty in Bangladesh. Through government’s and NGOs’ efforts to…

# data[].attributes.body
Michael W. Apple's research made me rethink my own educational experience. As a Chinese student born in the 1990s, I grew up with a test-based education, and Apple's view of education as a power struggle struck a chord with me. He proposes a contrast between “thick democracy”, the cultivation of critical citizenship and “thin democracy”-the preservation of the status quo narrative. It made me reflect on how my learning experiences have been shaped by “selective traditions”.

At my school, history textbooks presented a filtered national narrative, focusing on the rise of the nation, while complexities like the Cultural Revolution were glossed over. Apple's emphasis on “reorienting” the world from the perspective of the dispossessed made me think: Whose voices are being ignored? The educational scene in which I live is focused on grades and obedience, and there is little room for questioning or exploration in the classroom. This model of education coincides with Apple's critique of the reproduction of power.

The case of Indian schools he mentions, where technological reforms failed by ignoring gender facilities reminded me of my own experience. Girls in my class were often told by teachers to be “gentle” and “understanding” while boys were encouraged to be competitive. This gender difference, though not obvious, reflects, as Apple says, a hidden structural contradiction. I began to imagine that if education had addressed these issues, would we have grown up differently?

I was particularly struck by Apple's notion of the “long struggle,” as my education taught me to accept the status quo rather than challenge injustice in the 1990s, when China was experiencing rapid economic growth and a widening gap between the rich and the poor. His tasks for educators, such as witnessing injustice and rebuilding knowledge, inspired me to think: if I could influence education, how would I make it more critical? Today I understand that true learning is not about passive acceptance, but about confronting the past and reality in pursuit of a more just future.

# data[].attributes.body
A proposed new Texas curriculum has sparked controversy. The report released by Texas Tribune on November 18, 2024, says the curriculum leaves out critical context when instructing the history of slavery, racism and civil rights in the US. For instance, the first-year curriculum glorifies Thomas Jefferson's Monticello estate without noting that it was constructed by slaves, and Jefferson himself owned hundreds of people as slaves. The second-grade curriculum does mention the evils of slavery but downplays its racial nature and Robert E. Lee's racist views. Parents and historians have condemned the move as a "whitewashing of history" that deprives students of the chance to learn about America's past. Michael W. Apple's The Struggle for Democracy in Critical Education offers helpful theoretical perspectives on the controversy.

Using Indian schools as an example, Apple argues that technological reforms, designed to empower, have failed by ignoring gender facilities. The Texas curriculum also ignores the institutionalized oppression of people of color under slavery. This "selective tradition" is a reflection of the dominant group's ideology, undermining the ideals of thick democracy -the cultivation of critical citizenship-in support of thin democracy- an abridged narrative that placates the status quo.

The curriculum battle is as much a fight over power, as over subject matter, and Apple reminds us that education for democracy is a fight against "inevitability" that is long-term. The Texas example is a lesson that if the past is rewritten, a subsequent generation will not be able to have an interest in a pluralistic democracy. Education can only empower by confronting the past.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How some Texas parents and historians say a new state curriculum glosses over slavery and racism

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Education officials say the materials were designed to be age appropriate but critics argue they repeatedly omit key context and oversimplify history.

# data[].attributes.body
Reading Bell Hooks' study, as well as the OECD report, gave me a deeper sense of education and gender equality. Hooks' emphasis on participatory education made me reflect on my own learning experiences. Throughout my elementary through high school experiences, most classes were dominated by teacher lectures and students rarely had the opportunity to express themselves. Her idea of “decolonization” further touched me and made me re-examine the biases embedded in the education I was receiving. The narratives in history textbooks are often dominated by male perspectives, such as leaders and heroes are almost all males, and female characters are often marginalized. Similarly, in my research method class last semester, the professor mentioned a study on Irish textbooks, which pointed out that the images of professions such as scientists are mostly presented by men, with a serious imbalance in the ratio of men to women. This phenomenon made me realize that educational content may inadvertently reinforce gender stereotypes and influence our perception of gender roles.

The OECD report, on the other hand, gave me a better visualization of the gender gap. The report mentions the low participation of women in STEM fields. I have observed a similar phenomenon in my life: “Girls are not suitable for science and technology” is a widely accepted view in China. This made me realize how deeply the social concepts restrict women. The critical education philosophy of Hooks may break down these biases by encouraging multiple narratives and questioning authority, while the OECD data reminded me that more comprehensive statistical support is needed to address gender inequality. These two researches made me not only reflect on my past educational experiences, but also realize the potential and power of education in promoting gender equality.

# data[].attributes.body
In 2024, UNESCO awarded the Prize for Girls' and Women's Education to two projects in Uganda and Zambia. This not only expands girls' access to education, but also allows them to participate in society.

This practice aligns with the theories of bell hooks' Teaching Critical Thinking, which holds importance for teacher-student interaction and community formation in enhancing the voice of marginalized communities in Participatory Education, and in Decolonization, where it encourages problematizing gender and cultural biases and empowering the critical thinking skills of students.

Meanwhile, the OECD's report Applying a Gender Lens on SDGs highlights that the distance between Quality Education and Gender Equality remains in women's engagement, particularly in areas of STEM and in the Feeling Safe indicator. The award-winning projects directly respond to this challenge by guaranteeing safe learning environments and promoting girls' access to secondary and higher levels of education.

UNESCO's award is a bridge between practice and scholarship, demonstrating the potential of education as a tool for empowerment. From hooks' critical pedagogy, to OECD's policy study, it demonstrates actions in PEAS and CAMFED and how they all illustrate the truth that education is not just the transmission of knowledge, but also the basis of gender equality and social justice.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
UNESCO awards 2024 Prize for Girls’ and Women’s Education to transformative projects in Uganda and Zambia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The 2024 UNESCO Prize for Girls’ and Women’s Education has been awarded to two groundbreaking initiatives: Promoting Equality in African Schools (PEAS) from Uganda and the Campaign for Female Education (CAMFED) from Zambia.

# data[].attributes.headline
Reflective Journal 05   The Struggle for Human Rights in China

# data[].attributes.subject
Reflective Journal 05   The Struggle for Human Rights in China

# data[].attributes.body
In China's political and social environment, the understanding and practice of human rights by the Protest School are of special significance. The Protest School focuses on how human rights are obtained through protests and social movements against oppression, and how lower-class people and oppressed communities ask for social change through social movements and protests. This view has some resonance with Chinese social movements and rights protection efforts in recent years, especially in the areas of such issues as the economy, the environment, and labor rights and interests, where citizens and social groups have often expressed their demands in the form of protests. In China, though, even as social movements have grown in number and variety, the restraints of the political system have made this form of protest severely limited.

The Chinese government is highly sensitive to large protests and demonstrations, and public expressions of social discontent and opposition are repressed. Under such circumstances, the theory of the resistance school has a very pragmatic challenge: how to promote the realization of human rights and social change through effective nonviolent resistance in a highly politically centralized country and one where information is tightly controlled? But in the last decades, with the assistance of the Internet and social media, there have been more and more civil forces emerging, and "civil disobedience" has become an increasingly powerful force for social change. In areas such as anti-corruption, environmental protection, and labor rights, an increasing number of Chinese citizens have been participating in social movements in one way or another to resist power and injustice.

Briefly, although China's political and social environment makes it difficult to apply the Protest School, the driving force for social change can still come from popular action and resistance.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
PODCAST - Planning and Teaching Human Rights Courses: Experiences from Human Rights Educators

# data[].attributes.headline
Learning Artifacts WEEK 5      HRE in Taiwan

# data[].attributes.subject
Learning Artifacts WEEK 5      HRE in Taiwan

# data[].attributes.body
In the eighth episode of the podcast Talking Well About Human Rights (3) Issues and Practices in Human Rights Education 08 - Planning and Teaching Human Rights Courses: Experiences Shared by Human Rights Educators, teachers Wang Shengyuan and Yang Sufang share on-the-ground experiences of teaching human rights.

Ms. Yang Sufang, a civics teacher of Tainan Girls' High School, combines the teaching of human rights into lessons through everyday situations and participative teaching, which focuses on letting students comprehend concepts of human rights through debates and discussions, in particular, via cases from life to catch the interest and better understanding of the students.

Mr. Wang Shengyuan, on the other hand, utilized mathematics as an example of how one could integrate human rights education within a course that seemed not to have any relationship with human rights. By constructing math problems pertaining to social justice and fairness, he guided students to consider ways in which they could apply mathematical methods to social problems. Such inter-disciplinary work not only enriched the mathematics class, but also made students reflect on deep social issues while resolving problems.

Both the teachers indicated often facing the problem that students showed a low enthusiasm for human rights courses in classes, but with special contextualization and interactive education, they were able to effectively stimulate the sense of engagement and thinking among students.

Overall, the program emphasized human rights diversity and education importance and demonstrated the methods through which human rights thinking could be taught in the classroom by utilizing adaptive instruction to develop social responsibility and civic awareness among the students.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
好好談人權（三）人權教育的議題與實踐

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Courses Podcast · 10 Episodes · Updated Semiweekly

# data[].attributes.headline
Reflective Journal 04      BEYOND GRADES

# data[].attributes.subject
Reflective Journal 04      BEYOND GRADES

# data[].attributes.body
While the incorporation of a multidisciplinary approach to environmental education is widely recognized as a means of improving learners' understanding of environment related issues, the success of such a step has been controversial. The overall goal of environmental education is to develop a critical awareness of the environment and an understanding of sustainable development. However, the fact usually remains that there is a disconnect between this ideal and the actual concerns of students. Most students, especially in competitive educational environments, are more concerned with getting good grades than learning about environmental responsibility. The question then becomes whether current educational practices are actually effective in changing students' attitudes and behaviors, or whether they actually reinforce a superficial approach to environmental issues.

In order to close these gaps, it is necessary to question certain pedagogical approaches to narrow the gap between learning achievement and the assimilation of environmental values. For example, experiential learning, hands on experiences through experiments, field trips, community projects, and problem-based learning, may help students develop a stronger connection to the environment. By introducing learners to real life situations, these methods foster critical thinking, empathy, and a sense of responsibility beyond test preparation. In addition, through reflective techniques such as group discussions or journaling, learners can relate abstract concepts to their own actions and values. Finally, achievement in environmental education will depend on the development of teaching strategies that not only convey knowledge but also instill a genuine commitment to environmental sustainability, allowing students to go beyond academic achievement to become active, informed and responsible citizens of the world.

# data[].attributes.body
This article presents how 15-year-old students should be educated on climate change and stirred into action. According to the article, teaching students about climate change is not all about providing knowledge, but rather equipping the students to grasp their role and strengthen their power to act using examples and projects. Although Australia has been somewhat behind in climatic change education, and curriculum content in the subject has been included in recent years, it has been largely science and geography-based. Experts called for a national strategy in climatic change education to be created and integrated across all subjects and year levels. Students reported that climate change is an issue that bothers them, but they want to learn the skill and the expertise to solve the issue through learning, and it should help them understand the complication of the issue. Overall, the article highlights the importance of climate change learning and calls for empowering students in order to resist climate change using learning.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How to teach climate change so 15-year-olds can act

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
OECD’s Pisa program will measure the ability of students to take action in response to climate anxiety and ‘take their position and role in the global world’

# data[].attributes.headline
Reflective Journal 03   AM I A GLOBAL CITIZEN MYSELF? 

# data[].attributes.subject
Reflective Journal 03   AM I A GLOBAL CITIZEN MYSELF? 

# data[].attributes.body
I was born in China in the 1990s, when the Chinese education system remained focused on knowledge indoctrination and exams. Learning in the classroom was more about test-taking and less about acquiring critical thinking and a global sense of awareness. The elementary to high school curriculum was overloaded with the nation's history, culture, mathematics and science and less with global issues. However, this education was not entirely bad, it provided me with a solid base and enabled me to develop good study habits.

Learning English was the start of my journey towards being a global citizen. Although I initially learned English for the sole purpose of passing exams, it is now an invaluable tool for me to learn about the world. Through English, I am able to read international news and literature, watch foreign documentaries, and interact with people from all over the world. It opened a door for me to expose myself to different ideas, values and cultures, and progressively shed my initial mental constraints.

Yet, it was not education but experience and exploration that truly enabled me to acquire global consciousness. As I grew up, I came to comprehend phenomena like globalization, and disparities between the poor and the wealthy by reading global news and sociology texts. Moreover, traveling enabled me to visualize the social structure and culture of foreign nations and become aware of the diversity and complexity of the world. All these experiences awakened me to begin thinking about how I engage with the world and be interested in world matters, not just within the matters of my country.

I see myself as a global citizen now. I am interested in social justice and environmental issues in the world, and I try to be engaged in some manner. But in retrospect, my own global awareness was partially self-created, and the education system did not significantly help it. That led me to wonder if in the future, education might be able to pull the attention of students towards global concerns sooner, instead of actually training them to be active citizens of the world, and not merely talented citizens of their own country. Though it is still very hard to actually do so.

# data[].attributes.body
Global citizenship education: topics and learning objectives, released by UNESCO in 2015, is an educational guide designed to help educators develop globally aware, socially responsible and critically thinking students. The document not only explores the core concepts of Global Citizenship Education (GCE), but also details learning objectives for different age levels, providing a clear framework for educational practice.

After scanning this document, I realized that GCE is not only about the transfer of knowledge, but also the shaping of values. The document emphasizes that GCE should not only develop students' awareness of global issues, but also inspire them to take action. This concept echoes Paulo Freire's idea of critical education, which emphasizes that education should not just be a one way infusion of information, but a process that prompts learners to think and do on their own initiative.

# data[].attributes.headline
Reflective Journal 02           Global Education Policy and Double Reduction in China     

# data[].attributes.subject
Reflective Journal 02           Global Education Policy and Double Reduction in China     

# data[].attributes.body
Under globalization, there is a growing convergent educational policy across the world. China's 2021 "Double Reduction" policy, to a certain extent, goes against such global trends. In contrast to the focus of numerous countries on market competition and industrialization of education, the "Double Reduction" policy puts greater emphasis on educational equity, lessens the extracurricular workload of students, and seeks to restrict excessive capital entry in education. This policy shift made me wonder: how do countries balance global trends and domestic requirements in the midst of increasing?

Ramirez, Meyer, and Lerch's research points out that neoliberalism has influenced the world education policy since the majority of countries have encouraged private school, after-school tutoring, and high-stakes testing regimes. Simultaneously, China's "Double Reduction" policy led the reduction of test-centered education pressure and attempted to narrow the gap of educational resources imbalance, for instance, by curbing the business operation of extracurricular training schools and encouraging the optimal allocation of public education resources.

Nevertheless, there is still a necessity to study whether the policy actually can promote equity in education. Will restrictions on extra-curricular training lead to substitution by affluent families with more expensive private tutoring, while low- and middle-class children lack complementary learning opportunities? Will the procedure strengthen new educational inequalities? All these are worth studying in future research.

The promulgation of the "Double Reduction" policy proves that, in the midst of global convergence of education policies, countries can still localize according to their own socio-cultural needs and create their own education equity agendas. It also proves that education policies globally are not one-size-fits-all, and that each country would have to negotiate international norms and national conditions in an attempt to actually realize the balancing of equity and quality.

# data[].attributes.body
In this week's reading, it was mentioned that Finland's education system ranks high internationally. Previously I had also heard about the excellence of the system.

So I searched for documentaries about Finnish education on youtube. This short video just records a small clip of the children's class. I was impressed by a few points, the first one is that students call teachers by their first name, the second one is that students, as young kids can leave the classroom freely to go to the toilet, and the third one is that the teacher said that there is no competition, no ranking among schools in Finland, because education is "not a competition", and the schools here aim to give every child a fair chance to have a good education.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Schooling in Finland | Darren McGarvey: The State We're In | BBC Scotland

# data[].attributes.body
According to Douglas Bourn's study, and UNESCO's framework, the main goal of development education is to raise awareness about international issues, create social responsibility and global citizenship in the context of learning. This pedagogy approach, which emphasizes critical thinking and active learning, stresses the significance of establishing development education in China. But it is also faced with many challenges.

For China, the rapid development of globalization combined with the modernization of education has resulted in a progressive incorporation of development education into primary and higher education systems. For instance, curriculum content on sustainable development, environment protection, as well as the Belt and Road Initiative, has been incorporated into the curriculum of primary and secondary schools, whereas concepts on globalization have been incorporated into the system of general education within higher learning institutions. In addition, the values embedded in traditional Chinese culture are aligned with social justice and global responsibility in development education, thus providing it with a cultural foundation for adoption.

However, the Chinese education system has traditionally been based on examination-oriented paradigms. The performance of practical skills and critical thinking of students is still a significant area of concern. Second, teachers are not usually trained in systematically on the principles and practical methodologies of development education.

In order to implement the practice of development education in China, more experiential and inquiry based pedagogies need to be incorporated into curriculum construction, while students' global vision and participation should be encouraged too. At the same time, efforts must be made to increase cooperation with foreign educational institutions, learn from successful experiences, and coordinate development education with the respective needs of the Chinese education situation in an integrated manner.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.developafrica.org/about-develop-africa

Develop Africa is a website aimed at aiding African countries. The website often uses terms such as “uplifting” and “empowering” to emphasize the importance of external assistance in Africa's development, which indirectly suggests that African societies are passive recipients of aid, thus implying a hierarchical relationship in which donors are superior to recipients. By reinforcing this unidirectional “help-be-helped” dynamic, it actually demonstrates the hegemony of the global North over the South.

Some websites like this try to evoke sympathy by sharing photos of impoverished children and families to inspire donors, but this only reinforces stereotypes of Africa and reduces its diversity and richness to a picture of a person in need of “help.” This narrative obscures the agency of African people and diminishes their central role in their own development. As a result, such an approach may be useful for temporary fund raising campaigns, but it is hardly effective in achieving equitable global cooperation and meaningful social change.