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Lessons learned and case studies of sustainable draining.

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1. Weather events
2. Poor maintenance
（sewer networks/ drainage networks/watercourses）
3. Development/planning issues

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Weather events

Flooding is normally caused by natural weather events such as:

heavy rainfall and thunderstorms over a short period

prolonged, extensive rainfall

high tide combined with stormy conditions.

It is also predicted that climate change will increase the risk of flooding in the UK and other parts of the world. The following factors can also cause or contribute to flooding.

Poor maintenance

Faulty sewer networks

Poor or insufficient drainage networks

Inadequate maintenance of watercourses

Development/planning issues

Inappropriate development in flood plains

Building on land in a way that prevents rainfall from draining away naturally - this includes roads and car parks that are impermeable to water, increasing the risk of flooding from rainwater runoff

Flood defence schemes that are defective or badly designed

UKELA is not responsible for the content of external internet sites

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Flooding is normally caused by natural weather events such as: heavy rainfall and thunderstorms over a short period prolonged, extensive rainfall high tide combined with stormy conditions. It is also predicted that climate change will increase the risk of flooding in the UK and other parts of the world.

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Trying to solve the problem at the source

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(1) More people ---> even more sewage in the sewer systems

(2) Building new homes, schools and transport routes --->
more rainwater could reach the drainage systems
(hard surfaces (like roofs and roads) reduce the amount of rainwater that can be absorbed into the soil or by plants)

(3) Climate projections prediction ---> London will experience warmer and wetter winters ---> more frequent and intense rainfall events --- increase the risk of the drainage system being overwhelmed

(4)  To provide car parking or to reduce maintenance ---> garden is disappearing under paving slabs, decking and concrete ---> Paving slabs, decking and concrete reduce the amount of rainwater that can reach the soil ----> more of it will reach the drainage systems.

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1. London's growing population
2. Climate Change
3. Paving of Gardens

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It will help reduce the amount of untreated sewage that is released into the Thames.

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Reconnecting London with the River Thames

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Tideway is building a 25km Super Sewer under the Thames to intercept those nasty spills and clean up our river for the good of London, its wildlife and you.

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1. Capacity
2. Water Quality

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Inner London.
Sewer systems that carry rainwater and sewage.

Outer London.
Separate pipes for carrying rainwater

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Even light rainfall can cause flooding and water quality problems across the whole city.

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Skip to main content You are here: Home What we do Environment Climate change Surface waterSustainable drainage in London If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of a PDF or other document on this page in a more accessible format, please get in touch via our online form and tell us which format you need.

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Japan employs underground spaces to ready urban areas for otherwise catastrophic flooding.

Massive underground spaces, such as this one, below the ring roads that run through major residential areas are critical elements of flood control in Tokyo.

Annual rainfall totals have been increasing worldwide in recent years, given the growing frequency of localized torrential rain, typhoons, hurricanes, and other extreme weather phenomena. Not only does the inundation of buildings and underground structures represent a danger to people living in highly developed urban areas in particular, but it also poses a grave threat to urban functions in general. Therefore, developing measures against flood damage is a pressing issue. The Japanese government considers national resilience-including disaster prevention and mitigation, such as flood control-a central element of its policy, and is moving ahead with both public and private initiatives.

Tokyo, one of the world's foremost metropolitan areas, is making use of underground spaces in the fight against flooding. One example is the underground regulating reservoir being constructed to prevent overflow from small and medium-sized rivers. When heavy rain causes a river's water level to rise, water flows from a weir built into a revetment down into the reservoir, thus reducing the amount of water flowing downstream. So far, 28 such facilities have been constructed, collectively holding a total of 2.56 million of water.

Water from a rising river flows into an underground regulating reservoir instead of spilling over the banks of the levee.

One massive reservoir has been built under a major ring road that runs around central Tokyo. When a typhoon dropped record rainfall of up to 32 mm per hour on Tokyo in 2019, the reservoir retained about 490,000 of water, or 90% of its total capacity. Estimates indicate that it lowered water levels downstream by up to 1.5 m. "We have systematically developed river facilities such as this reservoir, which have helped to prevent massive flood damage," says Director ODANAKA, from the Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG)'s Bureau of Construction, with conviction. The reservoir is currently undergoing expansion. Eventually, it will be able to compensate for localized heavy rainfall coming down at up to 100 mm per hour.

Shibuya is a popular spot among international tourists. Over 3 million people use the station every day.

Life-saving flood control countermeasures are also being implemented in the area around Shibuya Station, one of Tokyo's most well-known and popular sightseeing spots. Since the land around the station is slightly lower than the surrounding area, the underground malls used to be prone to flooding. However, as part of a massive redevelopment project in the area that is currently underway, a new rainwater storage facility with a capacity of 4,000 was completed underneath the station's east exit, and went into operation in August 2020. It temporarily retains rainwater if the rainfall exceeds a certain amount, and the water drains out through sewer pipes when the weather returns to normal. Director OKUDA, from the TMG's Bureau of Sewerage, said, "Combined with the facility previously built underneath the station's west exit, our storage system can now hold a total of 8,000 of water. Shibuya has evolved into an even safer urban area."

New rainwater retention facilities have been constructed below the Shibuya Station area's underground commercial complexes.

Many other efforts to save lives from flooding are also being made across Japan, including the construction of levees and detention basins, as well as the refinement of heavy rain forecasts. A further example of Japan's inundation prevention measures is the use of dams for hydropower and irrigation to control flooding. To prepare for this year's Olympic and Paralympic Games Tokyo 2020 and beyond, Japan is advancing the development of national land infrastructure that is resilient to natural disasters.

In order to prevent floods in downstream areas when heavy rain is predicted, such as during typhoons, the national and prefectural governments have established a system to discharge a certain amount of dam water in advance.

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Utilizing the City's Underground Spaces to Prevent Flood Damage | The Government of Japan - JapanGov -

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Japan employs underground spaces to ready urban areas for otherwise catastrophic flooding. Massive underground spaces, such as this one, below the ring roads that run through major residential areas are critical elements of flood control in Tokyo. 　Annual rainfall totals have been increasing worldwide in recent years, given the growing frequency of localized torrential rain, typhoons, hurricanes, and other extreme weather phenomena.

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The aftermath of Sandy found many underground structures such as tunnels and parking garages inundated with water. In reality there might be very little that can be done to protect underground structures from extreme flooding. For critical infrastructure such as subways the repair cost of simply draining the tunnels out may not be the most important. Lost labor and productivity costs are expected to be much greater than the actual tunnel repair works.

Can flood damage be prevented for underground structures?

Flood damage for undeground structures can be minimized, but it all depends on the flood levels that are experienced. Extreme floods would be more difficult to protect against compared with less intense events.

In theory, one should prevent all passages that water has. Practically this would be very difficult to achieve. For more important structures, flood gates could be installed at critical locations that prevent further water infiltration into a tunnel system. This is easier said than constructed, and costs can be high on existing facilities. Otherwise, for simple cases place sand bags and hope for the best.

What now for underground structures in NYC?

The most important is to first get the city back on its feet. New York and New Yorkers have demonstrated their resilience in the past and this case will be no different. At this stage it is important to collect information about what took place and compile a lessons learned book. This knowledge should be used to mitigate future risks.

Our heart goes out with the victims and we will do our best to help the city get back on it's feet.

Possible flood protection solutions for tunnels include flood gates. In 2003 hurricane Isabel flooded the Midtown tunnels in Virginia:
In September, 2003, the Midtown Tunnel in Virginia was flooded and seriously damaged by hurricane Isabel. Later the tunnels were equipped with floodgates designed for closure to protect them from flooding during extreme weather conditions such as East Coast hurricanes. The flood gates were not adequately tested and it was later determined they were malfunctioning and could not close. The Midtown Tunnel was closed for an extended repair period, causing traffic problems in the weeks following the damage.

VDOT revamped its operating procedures at all of its tunnels in the wake of the incident. Some of this experience can possibly be passed to NYC.

Flood protection in London Underground

Flooding is an increasing problem for the London Underground system. Ground water levels in London have been rising since the 1960s, after the closing of industries such as breweries and paper mills that had previously extracted large volumes of water. By mid-2001, London Underground was pumping 30,000 cubic metres of water out of its tunnels each day.

Until the Thames Barrier was completed in 1986, there was a flood danger from the Thames itself. A series of floodgates were erected in the tunnels which could seal the affected sections of tunnel, allowing services to continue to run either side. The floodgates are not thought necessary since the Thames flood barrier came into service, but they remain in place and are tested infrequently. Some stations occasionally have to be shut for a day because of flooding from cloudbursts.

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Flood Protection For Undeground Structures - DeepExcavation

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The aftermath of Sandy found many underground structures such as tunnels and parking garages inundated with water. In reality there might be very little that can be done to protect underground structures from extreme flooding. For critical infrastructure such as subways the repair cost of simply draining the tunnels out may not be the most important.

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It was when the water started coursing through Covent Garden and Pudding Mill's Docklands Light Railway Stations on July 25 that people began to take out their phones. What they recorded on their cameras looked biblical: torrents of water tearing down steps and submerging ticket barriers.

In all, nine stations on the London Underground were compelled to close by flash flooding caused by heavy rain showers - an intermission in a summer that has been swelteringly hot.

Our weather is getting worse. A report published on July 29 by the Met Office, which monitors the UK's weather, found that 2020 was the third warmest, fifth wettest and eighth sunniest ever recorded. Rain is a major contributor to our extreme weather events, the Met Office found. Last year, two of the three wettest days ever happened. "Such extreme weather impacts show how vulnerable much of our existing infrastructure is even in cities like London let alone in less well-off countries," Asad Rehman, a spokesperson for the COP26 Coalition, told the Financial Times.

We're also causing the problem by developing our cities and shutting off natural flood breaks. "As the city has grown, we've concreted or asphalted over most of the land in the city, so there's less capacity to soak up the rain that comes down," says Dragan Savic, professor of hydroinformatics at the University of Exeter.

"Instances of heavy rainfall leading to flash flooding are going to become more commonplace due to climate change," says Helen Jackson, a researcher at Climate Node, a non-profit using data and historical reports to look for examples of climate impact. The Met Office's report found that the last 30 years in the UK had been six per cent wetter than the 30 that went before it. Yet Jackson is worried that many of those organisations running large infrastructure are prepared for the impact of the climate emergency. "You see that in all areas, from local authorities to people running electric grids and transport systems," she says. "People are going to get caught out."

And that includes the London Underground. July's flooding - which echoed similar issues experienced on the New York subway and a train tunnel in Zhengzhou, China, which killed 12 people by drowning - is just the latest incident of catastrophic flooding that has racked London's transport systems.

Transport for London (TfL), which runs the Underground, acknowledged but did not respond to multiple phoned and emailed interview requests. The organisation has also repeatedly refused to publish a 2016 report that warned it was "only a matter of time" before the Underground was hit by severe flooding. Some of the highest-risk stations highlighted by the report included King's Cross, London Bridge, Waterloo, Finsbury Park, Notting Hill Gate, Seven Sisters, Colliers Wood, Stockwell and Marble Arch - many of them centrally-located and integral to the smooth running of the system.

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The race to save the Underground from flooding

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It was when the water started coursing through Covent Garden and Pudding Mill's Docklands Light Railway Stations on July 25 that people began to take out their phones. What they recorded on their cameras looked biblical: torrents of water tearing down steps and submerging ticket barriers.

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Tokyo Flood Prevention | Insane underground tunnel system in Japan!

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Emergency response for underground flooding

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Emergency response for underground flooding

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Eg:
- Timely Announcement
- Enhancing Facilities

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The heart of the issue doesn’t just affect the tube network in London but reflects a much wider concern about how infrastructure will stand up to increasingly demanding situations as a result of the changing climate.

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A report carried out by London Underground reveals that 85 sites across the capital's tube network are at high risk of flooding.

Consequently, London Underground has announced plans to launch a £3 million investigation into the tube's infrastructure, making flood mitigation a key focus and potentially creating metro jobs to deliver repairs and protective measures on the city's widely used transport mode.

Flood risk

The London Underground Comprehensive Review of Flood Risk, first published in February 2016 and made public in April, outlines the sites and locations on the tube network most at risk of flooding and related damage.

57 tube stations have been highlighted as being at high and increasing risk from heavy rainfall and water pipe bursts causing flooding on the Underground. The tube serves some 3.5 million passengers everyday across its 270 stations in London. Of the busiest locations, King's Cross, Waterloo and London Bridge are pivotal stations that could be threatened by flood damage in the coming years.

Other high risk stations include Angel, Charing Cross, Euston, Finsbury Park, Notting Hill Gate and Piccadilly Circus - representing popular network points across the tube that will undoubtedly cause major journey disruption and potential danger to commuters if flooded.

Alongside the tube's stations, sites including shafts and portals have been noted as being affected by the risk of flooding. Flooding concern is widespread across the city, as numerous further locations have also been recognised as being at significant risk in the report.

With nearly a third of all stations in the capital likely to be affected by floods, the report warns:
"London has been fortunate to escape the worst of recent storm events in the UK, but it is only a matter of time before heavy rainfall seriously affects London and the Underground network."
Flood damage

The report places the causes of likely flooding on the Underground as being the result of potential flash flooding during heavy rainfall and from burst or damaged water mains. The latter affects the tube on average five times a year, and as recently as 2012 a ruptured water pipe cost the network £4 million as the Central line was shut down for 26 hours.

The risk of rainfall flooding is likely to increase as climate change continues to present challenges to infrastructure across many industries. The report states that London's hard surfaces in unison with the clay below could create optimal conditions for increased surface level flooding encouraged by climate change. This, combined with an ever increasing population in the city placing more demand on the sewer system, means that flood risk is heightened.

Flooding on the Underground is likely to take its toll on the economy, with delays and closures resulting in major losses to the network, but, more importantly, it could to lead to safety issues putting passengers at risk on the London Underground.

Ian Uttley, a senior drainage engineer at London Underground, responded to the risks highlighted in the report saying:
"You can't get an asset more vulnerable to flooding than a network of underground tunnels."
Protecting the tube from flood risk

London Underground has recommended that further analysis is done into the infrastructure's risk against flooding, with plans to investigate where further precautions need to be introduced in the network.

London Underground's Programme Director for Renewals, George McInulty, explains:

"Like other metros around the world, we examine the risk of flooding and other issues that might affect the smooth running of the Tube service and what we can do to mitigate these.

"Some parts of the Underground network are prone to flooding and we are investigating what more we can do to minimise any potential disruption this causes to our customers."

The investigation is likely to be carried out over the next three years and London Underground has requested £3 million to help identify the areas most at risk and begin to put flood mitigation measures in place.

Many are concerned, however, that this will not be enough to significantly reduce the risk of flooding and if major losses are to be prevented, more funding is inevitable. The plans will require a skilled workforce to execute further analysis and that's before any work is carried out to safeguard the stations and sites most at risk.

The heart of the issue doesn't just affect the tube network in London, but reflects a much wider concern around how infrastructure will stand up to increasingly demanding situations as a result of the changing climate. The Government should take heed from flooding events in recent years, ensuring that the National Flood Resilience Review delivers an accurate overview of this impact on transport infrastructure and can weather the storms we're likely to see in the future.

Image Credit: Tom Page (wikipedia.org)

Visit the metro recruitment page to learn more about opportunities in the sector.

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London Underground report highlights flooding risk at tube stations | 18th April 2016 | News

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A report carried out by London Underground reveals that 85 sites across the capital’s tube network are at high risk of flooding. Consequently, London Underground has announced plans to launch a £3 million investigation into the tube’s infrastructure, making flood mitigation a key

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What work/research has been done and what precautionary measures are in place to protect the Tube network from flooding risks? Work / Research doneIn the early 1990s, flooding was identified, through a structured process of risk assessment, as the highest contributor to the safety risk profile of the Underground.

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Cllr Govindia outside the new Battersea Power Station Tube

Cllr Govindia travelled underground from Nine Elms station to the new station at Battersea Power Station to celebrate the opening.

The two step-free Zone 1 stations have dramatically improved the connectivity of this riverside part of south London and support the capital's recovery from the pandemic at a vital time.

Transport for London started major construction on the 3km twin-tunnel railway between Kennington and Battersea Power Station, via Nine Elms, in 2015. Despite the challenges of the pandemic, the construction project stayed on track for an autumn opening. Wandsworth Council led the partnership to secure the funding and delivery of the new Tube line as part of a 20-year programme to transform the Battersea and Nine Elms area.

Councillor Ravi Govindia, Leader of Wandsworth Council and Co-chair of the Nine Elms Vauxhall Partnership, said: "Travelling on the Northern Line Extension as it opened its doors today, and seeing excited passengers use these stations for the first time, is a once-in-a-lifetime moment that I will never forget."

"Wandsworth Council has always had huge ambitions for this area and we are delighted that our vision and planning to improve the connectivity of Battersea and Nine Elms has come to fruition. We worked closely in partnership with Battersea Power Station, the GLA, Transport for London, Lambeth Council and all the developers in the area to get this crucial transport link planned, funded and delivered.
Read more: Wandsworth businesses welcome new Tube connections
"In less than 10 years we have achieved a fantastic new Tube connection here, transforming what was once a transport backwater south of the river. These stations help our residents to get to work and other parts of London more quickly, as well as opening up new opportunities for thousands of jobs and businesses in the capital. We're all looking forward to welcoming visitors to Battersea, some perhaps for the first time, so I do encourage everyone to jump on the Tube and discover what a fantastic part of central London this is."

First major Tube extension this century

Tube services started running on the extension, which is on the Charing Cross branch of the Northern line, at 5.28am this morning. Cllr Govindia joined the Mayor of London, Sadiq Khan; Secretary of State for Transport, Rt Hon Grant Shapps MP; London's Transport Commissioner, Andy Byford; Battersea Power Station Development Company's CEO Simon Murphy; Deputy Mayor for Transport, Heidi Alexander and Leader of Lambeth Council, Cllr Claire Holland.

The Northern Line Extension is the first major Tube extension this century and is supporting around 25,000 new jobs and more than 20,000 new homes. In addition, construction of the extension boosted the UK economy and supported around 1,000 jobs, including 79 apprenticeships. TfL has delivered the Northern Line Extension £160m under budget, bringing its estimated final total cost to £1.1bn, despite the cost pressures brought about by the pandemic. The spending authority budget was increased to £1.26bn in January 2016, but TfL has worked hard through collaboration with suppliers to ensure the project provides strong value for money.

The Mayor of London, Sadiq Khan, said: "After years of hard work I'm delighted that we're able to open the Northern Line extension today, and it was great to have the chance to travel on one of the first trains between Nine Elms and Battersea Power Station. This extension will hugely improve the links between these vibrant, growing south London neighbourhoods and the rest of the capital, and will also help to support thousands of new jobs and homes as we move forward with London's recovery from the pandemic. The new stations are beautiful and I encourage Londoners and visitors to start using the Northern Line extension to get around and help them enjoy everything the capital has to offer."

Transport Secretary Grant Shapps said: "London's world-famous tube network has two new stations from today, the first stops to be added so far this century, with names that will soon become familiar to Londoners as they return to public transport after the pandemic.

"Ahead of the opening of the Elizabeth line next year, these upgrades extend vital connectivity across the greatest city in the world and show the power of transport connections."

Double height ceilings

Both new stations, which have been constructed primarily from stone, concrete, stainless steel and glass, use double-height ceilings to create large airy spaces. The new Tube station at Nine Elms has a very visible presence on Wandsworth Road, serving developments including the US Embassy and the re-developed New Covent Garden Market, as well as existing communities. The station has been designed so that 479 new much needed new rental homes, 40 per cent of which will be affordable, can be delivered above and around it.

The new station at Battersea, which sits in the shadow of Gilbert Scott's Power Station and includes a gold-painted geometric roof with a giant skylight, opens onto Battersea Park Road. Art on the Underground's major new permanent artwork by London-based Brazilian artist Alexandre da Cunha - titled 'Sunset, Sunrise, Sunset' - stretches to a total of over 150m in length inside the ticket hall of the new station, which at 2,225m², could fit 80 electric double decker buses side-by-side.

A peak-time service of six trains per hour operates on the extension and this will increase to 12 trains per hour by mid-2022 as more people move into new housing in the area and the demand increases. There are five trains per hour during off-peak times, with this set to double to 10 trains per hour next year.

Andy Lord, Managing Director of London Underground, said: "It is with enormous pride and excitement that we welcome our first customers to our new Northern line stations today. This is the first major Tube extension we've opened this century and the first new stations to open on the Northern line for 80 years. It has been a monumental effort during the most challenging of times but the opening of the Northern Line Extension could not have come at a more vital moment as London's recovery from the pandemic gathers pace and people continue to return to the Tube network for work and leisure."

Simon Murphy, CEO of Battersea Power Station Development Company, said: "The launch of the Northern Line Extension is a major milestone in the regeneration of Battersea Power Station. Improving transport links and connectivity to this area of London has been fundamental to the development from the very beginning, and we are delighted to have played a key role alongside TfL and others in delivering the first major extension to the London Underground this century.

"Seeing trains coming into the new station this morning was a very proud moment, which wouldn't have been possible without the unwavering commitment of our shareholders. As we count down to the Power Station opening its doors to the public next year, we look forward to welcoming more visitors travelling on the new tube line from across the capital and further afield to enjoy the thriving riverside neighbourhood we are creating here at Battersea Power Station."

Alan Dickie, CEO of London First, said: "We are delighted to see the Northern Line Extension open to better connect Battersea. Bringing more public transport options will attract more jobs and more housing, boosting the economic potential of the area and supporting the capital's recovery."

The Northern Line Extension excavated around 850,000 tonnes of waste material in total during the lifetime of the construction project. Ninety-two per cent of the excavated material was carried in around 700 barge journeys along the River Thames to East Tilbury in Essex where it was used to create arable farmland. Transporting the excavated material in this way removed around 47,000 lorry journeys from the capital's busy roads, reducing traffic congestion and helping to keep people walking and cycling safe. It also saved more than 2,600 tonnes of carbon emissions.

Around 100 members of station staff work at the two new stations which are both step-free from street to train. Their opening today takes the total number of London Underground stations to 272 and means that 88 of these stations are now step-free.

Wandsworth Council is working with stakeholders including TfL and the Nine Elms Vauxhall Partnership to deliver a number of improvement schemes making it easier for people to walk, cycle and use public transport in the Nine Elms and Battersea areas.

Key among these is the opening of a Victorian railway arch in Nine Elms, known as Arch 42, to create a vital new walking route between Nine Elms station, Nine Elms Lane and the River Thames. Santander Cycles are also available to hire across the Nine Elms and Battersea area.

New Battersea Tube now open connecting with Nine Elms on the Northern line

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Tube stops at Battersea! New Underground stations open in once-in-a-lifetime Northern line extension - Wandsworth Borough Council

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Cllr Govindia travelled underground from Nine Elms station to the new station at Battersea Power Station to celebrate the opening. The two step-free Zone 1 stations have dramatically improved the connectivity of this riverside part of south London and support the capital's recovery from the pandemic at a vital time.

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The necessity for keeping the normal operation of the facilities

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The necessity for keeping the normal operation of the facilities

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PEOPLE'S PERSPECTIVE
- Andy Lord, Managing Director of London Underground, said:
..... It has been a monumental effort during the most challenging of times but the opening of the Northern Line Extension could not have come at a more vital moment as London’s recovery from the pandemic gathers pace and people continue to return to the Tube network for work and leisure.”
( A peak-time service of six trains per hour operates on the extension and this will increase to 12 trains per hour by mid-2022 as more people move into new housing in the area and the demand increases. There are five trains per hour during off-peak times, with this set to double to 10 trains per hour next year.)

THE ANGLE OF THE REGIONAL ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENT
- Alan Dickie, CEO of London First, said: “We are delighted to see the Northern Line Extension open to better connect Battersea. Bringing more public transport options will attract more jobs and more housing, boosting the economic potential of the area and supporting the capital’s recovery.”
(The two-step-free Zone 1 station has dramatically improved the connectivity of this riverside part of south London and supports the capital’s recovery from the pandemic at a vital time.  )

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Public Transport:  The Underground Facilities 

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Public Transport:  The Underground Facilities 

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Property flood resilience (PFR)
(measures that reduce the risk of flood damage to the property and if water does enter, speed up recovery and help people move back into their property quicker after flooding. )

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WHAT HAPPENS THEN?

1. Our customer service team will generate a quote based on the report generated by the Flood Risk Surveyor

2. If you have applied for Government Grant Funding and have been granted the funding, the local authority will need to approve the quote, alternatively if you are funding the project yourself you will discuss the quotation in detail with our customer care team and once happy, we will arrange for a surveyor to visit to take manufacture dimensions, where required.

3. On receipt of approval of our quotation, we can begin manufacture and confirm an installation date once deposit payment has been made to secure the order. In cases where the local authority is making payment, our Customer Care Team can liaise directly with them to arrange this.

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WHAT HAPPENS THEN? 1. Our customer service team will generate a quote based on the report generated by the Flood Risk Surveyor 2.

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Which Scenario? (When this solution might play a part)

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Which Scenario? (When this solution might play a part)

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Hydro-Brake® Flood
* Series of products from Hydro International in relation to Flow control and flood protection.
(Flow control and storage solutions, help to design systems that slow and hold water during storm events, control surface water, defend against floods and protect people and property.)

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Hydrodynamic vortex behaviour in a demonstration Hydro-Brake® flow control.

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1. Could focus on different aspects (e.g. schools, homes, shops) but give a justification for the reason for choosing a particular focus based on the local context of Battersea.

2. What are critical issues to address in our research?

3. Look at perhaps how new materials or technologies (still today in development) could be incorporated into the proposed design solutions (as well as why perhaps existing products/solutions are not good enough or not existing).

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Propose and design solutions that the local community could use in such a scenario.

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10 years' time and Battersea is about to flood;
It is imminent or has already started flooding.

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Might include, but not limited to:
- academic research papers
- industry reports,
- talks/debates/lectures
- existing products/services and future trends and potentials.

# data[].attributes.body
- present the ‘State of the Art’ review in relation to our flood
mitigation study.
- Could focus on a particular scenario, e.g. protecting a home

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* Do not conduct primary research for this assignment that would require ethics approval.

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Topic :
flood mitigation in Battersea due to climate change and what individuals and/or local communities can do when flooding suddenly occurs (or is about to occur).
Focus:
10 years in the future
(Imagine the possible technologies/solutions in that timeframe.)
Expectations:
propose new products/systems (physical,
possibly combined with digital technology) that might address (but not limited to) how to:
● Protect yourself
● Protect others
● Protect your home and/or valuables
● Protect shops, schools etc.
● Navigate space in a catastrophe
● Deal with transportation (services, public transport, emergency services. etc)
● Deal with health emergencies

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The areas shaded red are those lower than the selected water level with an unobstructed path to the sea. [copyright/credits: Climate Central/Google Maps]

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The map reveals which parts of the capital could be submerged if flooding causes the Thames’ banks to burst

# data[].attributes.subject
The map reveals which parts of the capital could be submerged if flooding causes the Thames’ banks to burst

# data[].attributes.body
The areas shaded red are those lower than the selected water level with an unobstructed path to the sea.
Areas below the water level that seem to be protected by ridges are not shaded.

Link to the website