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- The protestant revivals in the 1800s consisted of meetings held in small towns and large cities throughout the country where people would gather to hear biblical messages and be cleansed to save their souls from sin

- Evangelicalism reinforced the growing power of sovereign states and authority over the individual and centered around the belief in the Bible as God's ultimate and final word

- Charles Finney was a minister and author who advocated for perfectionism, the doctrine that through devoted faith in Christ, believers would receive a "second blessing of the Holy Spirit" and would then achieve a higher level of satisfaction

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The 2nd Great Awakening was a Protestant religious revival in the U.S. during the 19th century. This era led to equally enthusiastic social reform movements, especially abolitionism and temperance.

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- Horace Mann, known as the "father of American education," worked to establish a broadened curriculum that excluded separatist instruction

- Dorothea Dix was an activist who played a vital role in the founding and/or expansion of more than 30 hospitals for the treatment of the mentally ill

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The reform for education in the 1800s was most known for the common school movement which fought for the provision of a free and accessible school system for all citizens. And as for prison reforms, beginning in the late 1800s, some states passed laws restricting labor that profited prisons.

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- The Seneca Falls Convention was the first women's rights convention in the U.S that fought for the social, religious, and civil rights of women, a triggered the women's rights movement as a whole in this century

- The Declaration of Sentiments was the document modeled off the Declaration of Independence at the Women's Convention that was signed by 68 women and 32 men that proclaimed men and women are equal

- Elizabeth Cady Stanton was an American women and political leader who fought for women's rights and formulated the fist organized demand for women's suffrage in the U.S. with the Convention

- Lucrecia Mott became the 1st president of the American Equal Rights Association in 1866 who fought to achieve equality for women and African Americans, in hopes to end all slavery

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During the 1800s women had not gained equality to men and were still unable to vote, couldn't own land, and did not have the power to make business contracts. However, as the 19th century progressed, women began to fight back and protest demanding suffrage, the right to vote.

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- The Know-Nothings started in 1849 as a secret organization with an anti-immigrant belief that immigrants, as well as Catholics, shouldn't be allowed to be elected to political offices

- In the middle of the 19th century, more than 1/2 of the population of Ireland and equal parts of Germans emigrated to the U.S, due to civil unrest, hardships at home, and unemployment

- Five Points, a run-down neighborhood in Manhattan, was filled with criminals, brothels, and intense poverty, where the original gangs of New York were formed

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War and famine in Europe drive unprecedented numbers of immigrants to American shores in the last 1800s, most being poor, Catholic laborers from Ireland or Germany. In Northern cities nativism, a set of beliefs that favored the interests in establishing inhabitants against immigrants.

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- The Minstrel show, or Minstrelsy, was a popular American form of racist theatrical entertainment developed in the 19th century. Shows consisted of comic skits, dancing, music performances, and other variety acts that solely depicted people of African descent

- The Society, founded in 1834, focused on issues of temperance and legal reform, and held initial goals of preventing prostitution and ending sexual double standards

- The Temperance Movement in the early 1800s was a movement to limit drinking to a moderation of complete abstinence in the U.S.

- In 19th century, mainly New York, commercialized sex or prostitution was everywhere for a range of prices

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The 19th century was an era of a new form of popular culture due to technological advancements, that made newspapers, photographs, cartoons, lithographs, and sheet music. Key movements included women's suffrage, limits on child labor (due to overpopulation), abolition, temperance, and prison reform.

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- Brigham Young was an American religious leader, known as being the 2nd present of the LDS or Mormon Church and as a colonizer, influencing the development of the American West. And as a fun fact, he was known to have, in total, 55 wives

- From 1847 to 1868 pioneers took on the trek of the Mormon Trail to find a new home where they could practice their religious beliefs without persecution

- Mormons were violently persecuted and pushed form Ohio to Missouri, to Illinois, and finally to Utah. There were frequent home burning and pillaging, and massacres

- The 1st Amendment in our U.S. Constitution guarantees the free exercise of religion, however, in Reynolds vs. the U.S., polygamy was outlawed, which was a common characteristic of Mormonism

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The Mormons, or Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints are a religious group founded by Joseph Smith which has over 15 million members, and embraced early concepts of Christianity. They believe in God the Father, Christ (the son), and the Holy Ghost, existing as 3 separate entities.

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- Shaker communities followed principles including simplicity, celibacy, and wealth & labor equality, and are known for their simple living, advancements in technology, furniture, and music

- Oneida communities dedicated their living to be with one family who would collectively share their work, property, benefits, and love, and were known for their experimentation with group marriage, communal child rearing, and a change in genetic composition/makeup

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Utopias were sought in America through the creation of model communities within society, created originally for religious purposes. These communities came to reflect social perfectibility as opposed to social purity, and believed in economic and political equality.

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- Transcendentalists advocated for individualism in religion through the idea that one should be able to have a personal knowledge and connection of God without an intermediary, and embraced idealism, by focusing on nature and opposing materialism

- Ralph Waldo Emerson was an American essayist, poet, and philosopher who believed in "the divine sufficiency of the individual." His philosophy is characterized by its reliance on intuition as the true way to comprehend reality

- Henry David Thoreau was an American essayist, poet, and philosopher who believed in the inherent goodness of people and nature, creating a virtue of self-reliance

- Leaves of Grass is a poetry collection by American poet Walt Whitman that explored, discussed, and celebrated his own self and values of individuality. This work was seen as controversial for its time as Whitman included much explicit sexual imagery

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Before 1800, American artists modeled their work off of a classical European style, but by the mid 1800s, artists' began to develop a style that reflected American patriotism and nationalism. These art pieces reflected the influence of technology, geography, economics, and politics in an everyday life of a 19th century American.