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The Indus Valley civilization is the pre-Islamic period in the land of Afghanistan. The civilization is the start of Afghanistan.

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7th century - Afghanistan becomes Sunni Muslim

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7th century - Afghanistan becomes Sunni Muslim

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Islam was introduced into Afghanistan, competing with Zoroastrianism and Buddhism. Islam spread through Afghanistan  through the merchants exchanging, scholars, and "devotional circles" of Sufi teachers.

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Afghanistan won the Third British-Afghan War (1919~1921), and Afghanistan became an independent nation. Amir Amanullah Khan as a ruler, Afghanistan starts socioeconomic reform.

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Afghanistan became a monarchy by the king Amanullah. With the socioeconomic reform, he limited the power of the National Council, which is the Loya Jirga. The National Council got annoyed by Amanullah and revolts against him. As a result, Amanullah leaves the country.

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After Amanullah leaving Afghanistan, Zahir Shah becomes the king of the country. He rules the country for 40 years, with a stable state.

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1934 - United States of America and Afghanistan

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1934 - United States of America and Afghanistan

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The United States of America recognized the government of Afghanistan on August 21, 1934.

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As Pakistan and India became independent states, Afghanistan and Pakistan shared a long border. In addition, Afghanistan against Pakistan to join the United Nations.

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Mohammed Daoud Khan, a cousin of the king, became a prime minister.
Also, he introduces several social reforms, such as expanding women's rights.

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A close alliance is formed between Afghanistan and the Soviet Union under Premier Nikita Khrushchev.

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Babrak Karmal and Nur Mohammad Taraki secretly form the Afghan Communist Party.

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December 1979 - Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 

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December 1979 - Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 

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The Soviet Union invades Afghanistan out of fear that the Amin government would ally with the U.S.

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Due to the war, Afghans fled to Pakistan and Iran. In the country Afghanistan, the unofficial military group controlled rural areas. Soviet military troops controlled urban areas, after invading the country.

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A bomb exploded near of the international airport at Kabul, which led Afghanistan to accuse Pakistan of the incident. To support anti-Soviet fighters, Saudi Islamist Osama bin Laden goes to Afghanistan after the Soviet invasion.

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Islamists formed a group called al-Qaida to continue the jihad (holy war) to fight against anti-Islamists. By the Soviets faltered in the war, they claimed victory in the first battle.

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The Taliban, Islamic militia, is formed by promising peace in Afghanistan, where droughts, famine, and war exhausted the people. After the Taliban rising to power, they banned opium trade and reduced women's rights. Women were required to be veiled after the Taliban's formation.

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Because al-Qaida bombed American embassies in Africa, President Clinton, in the United States, attacked bin Laden's training camps in Afghanistan.

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After the bombing, the United States wants bin Laden, an international terrorist, to stand trial. However, the Taliban does not accepts the demand and keeps bin Laden in Afghanistan. Due to this situation, the United Nations sanctions trade and restricts economic devlelopment in Afghanistan.

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The United States went to Afghanistan in 2001 to wage a necessary war of self-defense. On September 11, 2001, al-Qaida terrorists attacked United States. They were able to plan and execute such a horrific attack as their Taliban hosts had given them safe haven in Afghanistan.

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The United States' invasion of Afghanistan was intended to target terrorist Osama bin Laden's al-Qaida organization.

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The 2004 Constitution of Afghanistan resembled the old monarchy, with the president having wide powers . The elected government had support from different ethnic groups, international recognition, as well as being within Afghan traditions.

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2006 - War between NATO Forces and Taliban

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2006 - War between NATO Forces and Taliban

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NATO Allies went into Afghanistan after the 9/11 attack to ensure that the country would not secretly keep the terrorists who attacks NATO member countries.

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President Obama named Richard Holbrooke as an envoy of Afghanistan and Pakistan. He announced to dispatch more military and civilians to Afghanistan for the war. This also supported Pakistan.

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Obama announces to significantly reduce the United States troop sizes in Afghanistan by 2016.

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As NATO ends its combat in Afghanistan, the United States' NATO troops remain in Afghanistan to train and advise Afghan forces.

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Obama abandons the plan he set on May 2014, to reduce the United States troop in Afghanistan.

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Trump continues military involvement in Afghanistan to prevent emergence of terrorists.

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The United States and Taliban sign an agreement on a peace deal to prevent fights and terrors.

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Trump cancels peace talks after the United States' soldier's death by a Taliban attack.

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The United States announces the plans to reduce the United States troop in Afghanistan into half by January.

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July 5, 2021 - The United States Leaving Afghanistan

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July 5, 2021 - The United States Leaving Afghanistan

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The United States leaves Afghanistan's airfield, the Bagram Airfield, without informing the new Afghanistan commander.

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As the Taliban takes over Kabul, the Afghanistan government collapses.

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“Ancient History of Afghanistan.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 11 Oct. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Afghanistan.

Berkley Center for Religion, Peace and World Affairs. “Islam, Afghanistan, and the Fraught History of State-Making.” Berkley Center Fo Religion, Peace and World Affairs, https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/responses/islam-afghanistan-and-the-fraught-history-of-state-making.

PBS News, "A Historical Timeline of Afghanistan", Updated on Aug 30, 2021, Published on May 4, 2011

https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/asia-jan-june11-timeline-afghanistan

"1984 in Afghanistan." Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 17 Oct. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_in_Afghanistan.