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1. What does the company or technology do?

Netflix is a global streaming platform that offers on-demand movies, series, and documentaries.

The platform invests heavily in original content such as Stranger Things and The Crown.

2. How does it disrupt the traditional model of the industry?

It shifts viewers from scheduled TV broadcasting to on-demand streaming.

Users can watch anytime, anywhere, without ads.

It changes content production and distribution.

Netflix bypasses cinemas and TV channels by releasing directly on its platform.

Example: the movie Roma (2018) won an Oscar despite limited cinema release.

3. What benefits and challenges does it bring?

Benefits: convenience and personalization for users.

AI-based recommendations increase customer satisfaction.

Affordable subscription prices compared to cable bundles.

Challenges: rising competition and content costs.

Disney+, Amazon Prime, and HBO Max compete for market share.

4. What does its future look like?

Expansion into gaming and interactive entertainment.

Example: Black Mirror: Bandersnatch introduced interactive storytelling.

Netflix is developing mobile games to diversify revenue.

Growth in international markets.

Non-English shows like Squid Game attracted global audiences.

By 2030, Asia-Pacific is expected to be its fastest-growing region.

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MOMO as a digital disruptor - 3, 4, 43, 54

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MOMO as a digital disruptor - 3, 4, 43, 54

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1. What does the company or technology do?

• Provide financial services: money transfer, bill payment, quick loans.

• Provide transportation services: bus tickets, train tickets, flight tickets, etc.

• Provide entertainment services: movie ticket booking, etc.

2. How does it disrupt the traditional model of the industry?

• Banking & finance: Instead of going to banks or ATMs, users can transfer money and pay bills directly on their phones.

• Retail & services: MoMo enables cashless payment in stores, supermarkets, and online platforms, reducing the dependence on cash.

• Entertainment and transportation: With MoMo, users can book movies, bus, train, and flight tickets in one app, offering a seamless and convenient experience.

3. What benefits and challenges does it bring?

Benefits:

• Convenience: pay anytime, anywhere without cash.

• Financial inclusion: helps people in rural or remote areas access digital financial services without a bank account.

• Supports small businesses by offering easy-to-use payment solutions.

• Encourages Vietnam’s digital transformation and cashless economy.

Challenges:

• Strong competition from ZaloPay, ShopeePay, VNPay, and other e-wallets.

• Cybersecurity and data privacy concerns.

• Regulatory issues in fintech.

• Profitability: large marketing and promotion costs to attract users.

4. What does its future look like?

The future is promising as Vietnam moves toward a cashless society, but MoMo must handle challenges in competition, regulations, and security to maintain growth.

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Digital applications in the fashion and apparel industry through Phleek

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Digital applications in the fashion and apparel industry through Phleek

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1. Through Phleek, the app will suggest outfits that match users based on the information they provide, such as height, weight, preferences, etc. This enhances the personalized experience for customers.

2. Instead of having to physically visit a store to try on clothes, customers can simply use their basic body measurements to access a wide range of outfit choices.

3. Benefits: Saves time from having to try on clothes in person and improves user experience by helping them find outfits they truly like.

Challenges: Inaccuracies in measurements may result in less-than-optimal outfit recommendations. However, this challenge is not significant since the app provides diverse and plentiful suggestions.

4. In the future, outfit recommendations may not only be based on body measurements with available clothing, but could also involve tailoring garments to reflect the wearer’s unique personality. Moreover, online measurements cut down costs dramatically compared to going to a tailor in person.

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Big Idea: Cryptocurrency disrupts the traditional money. It uses blockchain instead of banks.

1. What does the technology do?

Works as money online.

Lets people send and receive payments.

Uses blockchain to record every transaction.

Some coins (like Ethereum) allow apps and smart contracts

2. How does it disrupt the traditional model?

Removes banks by letting people pay each other directly.

Changes how money is created: mined by users, not printed by banks.

Makes transfers faster and cheaper than the old system.

Opens access: anyone can join without a bank account.

Reduces government control over money flow.

3. What benefits and challenges does it bring?

Benefits:

Fast international payments.

Lower fees.

Access for people without bank accounts. New ideas and businesses.

Challenges:

Very unstable prices.

Risk of scams and crimes.

Not trusted by many governments.

Hard to regulate.

4. What does its future look like?

Some countries may use it as official money.

Governments may create their own digital currencies.

Could become part of daily life.

Needs stronger rules for safety and stability.

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DIGITAL DISRUPTOR: SPOTIFY

1. What does the company or technology (Spotify) do?

Spotify is a digital streaming service that allows users to access millions of songs, podcasts, and audiobooks instantly. It replaced the need to buy CDs or download MP3s by giving listeners on-demand access to music anytime and anywhere.

The platform works on a freemium model: users can choose the free version with ads or upgrade to premium for ad-free listening, offline mode, and higher sound quality. Spotify also stands out with its use of algorithms and artificial intelligence to personalize playlists and recommend new music, making discovery easier and more engaging.

In addition, Spotify provides tools for artists to upload their music, analyze audience data, and connect with fans. This makes it not only a service for listeners but also a platform that supports musicians and helps them reach global audiences.

2. How does it disrupt the traditional model of the industry?

First, Spotify shifted music consumption from ownership to access. In the past, listeners had to buy albums or pay for each song. With Spotify, they can stream millions of tracks instantly without purchasing them individually. This new model made music more convenient and affordable.

Secondly, Spotify disrupted the power structure of the industry. Record labels once controlled distribution and artist exposure. Today, even independent musicians can upload their songs and reach global audiences through the platform, reducing the dominance of labels.

Finally, Spotify revolutionized how people discover new music. Traditionally, radio and TV decided which songs became popular. Now, Spotify uses personalized playlists like “Discover Weekly” to recommend songs based on each user’s taste. This gives listeners more control and variety in their music choices.

3.What benefits and challenges does it bring?

Benefits

Convenience – Easily access music, podcasts, or even lectures anytime, anywhere.
Student-friendly pricing – Special discounted plans for students (around $1.2/month), making it highly affordable.
Personalized experience – Enjoy customized playlists based on your preferences, discover new recommended songs, and get your yearly highlights with Spotify Wrapped.

Challenges

Artist royalties: This is the most controversial issue. Many artists, especially independent ones, argue that the royalty rates from Spotify are too low, making it difficult to earn a living solely from streaming.

Intense competition: Spotify faces strong competition from other tech giants like Apple Music, Amazon Music, and YouTube Music.

Profitability: Despite growing revenue, Spotify often struggles to achieve consistent profitability due to high royalty costs.

Legal and regulatory challenges: Spotify must comply with complex copyright regulations in various countries and faces lawsuits related to copyright infringement.

4. What does its future look like?

In the future, Spotify will continue to use AI-driven data analysis to recommend highly personalized playlists for every listener.

It may be more deeply integrated into cars, smart devices, and even public transport, so people can enjoy music seamlessly everywhere.

Spotify is expected to launch more interactive features, such as live streaming for podcasts or virtual concerts, where fans can join and interact with creators in real time.

Beyond music, the platform will expand further into podcasts, audiobooks, and other audio formats, aiming to become a complete all-in-one audio ecosystem for both entertainment and learning.

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 VNExpress – A Digital Disruptor in Vietnam’s Media Industry. 68-08-50-16

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 VNExpress – A Digital Disruptor in Vietnam’s Media Industry. 68-08-50-16

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1. What does the company do?
VNExpress is the first online newspaper in Vietnam, launched in 2001. It provides 24/7 news updates across various categories such as politics, business, sports, lifestyle, and technology. The platform also integrates multimedia formats including photos, videos, infographics, and podcasts.

2. How does it disrupt the traditional model?
Traditionally, readers relied on printed newspapers published daily. VNExpress disrupted this model by delivering real-time news online, free of charge and accessible anywhere with an internet connection. This shift reduced the demand for printed newspapers and forced many traditional publishers to move online.

3. What benefits and challenges does it bring?

Benefits:

Fast and continuous news updates.

Rich multimedia content that enhances user experience.

Broader reach without geographical limits.

Lower costs compared to printing and distribution.

Challenges:

Heavy reliance on online advertising revenue.

Strong competition from social media platforms like Facebook and TikTok.

Pressure to publish quickly may lead to errors or sensational headlines.

4. What does its future look like?
VNExpress is expected to continue growing as a leading digital news platform. It will likely focus on AI-driven personalization, premium content (eMagazines, podcasts, and videos), and subscription-based models to diversify revenue. To maintain its position, VNExpress must strengthen credibility, ensure content quality, and adapt to the fast-changing digital media landscape.

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1. What does the company do?

Amazon is a multinational technology company that operates in several major industries:

E-commerce: It runs the world’s largest online marketplace, allowing individuals and businesses to sell products directly to global customers. Millions of items, from books to electronics to groceries, are available with just one click.

Cloud computing (AWS): Through Amazon Web Services, it provides on-demand computing power, storage, databases, and AI services. Today, AWS is a backbone for startups, enterprises, and even governments.

Logistics & delivery: Amazon manages one of the most advanced global supply chain systems, with smart warehouses, robotics, and last-mile delivery networks to ensure fast and reliable shipping.

Digital devices and services: It has created Kindle (e-books), Alexa (smart assistant), and Prime Video (streaming), expanding into entertainment and smart living.

2. How does it disrupt the traditional model of the industry?

Retail relied on physical stores, where customers had to shop in person.

Amazon disrupted this model by offering:

Online shopping

Home delivery

Efficient logistics

Personalized recommendations

3. What benefits and challenges does it bring?

Benefits:

Convenience for consumers

Amazon makes shopping easier with one-click purchasing, fast delivery, and 24/7 access.

Example: Customers can order groceries, electronics, or books from anywhere, anytime.

Wide product variety & competitive prices

Millions of items available, often cheaper than traditional retail due to economies of scale.

Innovation in technology

Amazon Web Services (AWS) transformed cloud computing, helping businesses reduce IT costs.

Global reach & accessibility

Small sellers can use Amazon Marketplace to access international customers.

Challenges:

Pressure on traditional retailers

Many physical stores (e.g., bookstores, department stores) struggle or close due to Amazon’s dominance.

Amazon’s power raises concerns about fair competition and small businesses being pushed out.

Labor and working condition concerns

Warehouse workers often face criticism about long hours, high pressure, and lack of job security.

Data privacy and surveillance issues

Collection of vast amounts of customer data can create risks around privacy and misuse.

Environmental impact

Fast shipping and packaging contribute to carbon emissions and waste.

4. What the Future Looks Like

• Faster, greener logistics: Amazon already matched 100 % of its operations with renewable energy in 2023 and targets net-zero carbon by 2040, signaling investment in electric vans, sustainable packaging, and alternative fuels. ​⁠

• Generative-AI everywhere: Incorporating large-language-model capabilities into Alexa, AWS Bedrock, and retail search could personalize shopping, automate seller content, and power new business tools.

• Omnichannel convergence: Expect more physical-digital hybrids—smart carts, Amazon Go frictionless checkout, and partnerships with grocery chains—that blur the line between online and offline retail.

• Diversified revenue mix: Advertising (already the third-largest U.S. digital ad platform), healthcare ventures (Amazon Clinic, RxPass), and satellite broadband (Project Kuiper) aim to lessen dependence on retail margins.

• Regulatory headwinds: Antitrust lawsuits, labor unionization drives, and digital-tax regimes will test Amazon’s scale; adapting governance and profit models will be as crucial as tech innovation.

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1. What does the company/technology do?

• VNeID is a mobile application developed by Vietnam’s Ministry of Public Security.

• It provides citizens with a digital identity linked to their ID card.

• Functions: store personal data, replace physical documents (ID card, driving license, health insurance), pay fees, and access government services online.

2. How does it disrupt the traditional model of the industry?

• Traditionally, people had to carry physical documents and visit government offices for administrative procedures.

• VNeID digitizes this process → people can prove their identity, fill forms, or pay taxes completely online.

• It reduces paperwork, bureaucracy, and waiting times.

3. What benefits and challenges does it bring?

Benefits:

• Convenience: no need to carry multiple documents.

• Transparency: reduces corruption and errors in administrative work.

• Security: biometrics and digital verification reduce fraud.

• Integration: links with banking, insurance, and health services.

Challenges:

• Digital divide: elderly and rural citizens may struggle to use the app.

• Privacy concerns: storing sensitive personal data online creates risks.

• Dependence on technology: system crashes could block essential services.

4. What does its future look like?

• Likely to become the main digital identity platform for all citizens.

• Will integrate more with e-commerce, transport, education, and healthcare.

• Could help Vietnam move toward a cashless, paperless society.

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Affirm: A New Way to Pay in the Finance World (64- 20 - 21 - 22)

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Affirm: A New Way to Pay in the Finance World (64- 20 - 21 - 22)

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In the world of finance, a company called Affirm is changing how people buy things. It is a "digital disruptor," which means it uses new technology to change an old industry. Affirm offers a service known as "buy now, pay later" (BNPL), and it has become very popular, especially with younger shoppers.

Affirm is a financial technology company that lets people buy items and pay for them over time.When you buy something online or in a store, you can choose Affirm at checkout.Instead of paying the full price at once, you can split the payment into smaller, regular amounts. These payment plans can be as short as a few weeks with no interest, or they can last for several months with interest.The company makes money by charging a fee to the stores that offer its service and by charging interest to customers on some of the longer payment plans. Affirm decides if a person can use its service very quickly by using smart technology to check their information.

For a long time, people used credit cards to buy things they couldn't pay for immediately. However, credit cards can have confusing rules and hidden fees, like charges for paying late. Affirm is different because it is very clear about the total cost.Before you agree to use Affirm, it tells you exactly how much you will pay in total, and that amount does not change.Affirm says it does not charge any late fees, which is a big change from how most credit card companies work.This simple and honest approach is very different from the old way of borrowing money and has made many people, especially younger ones, prefer it over traditional credit cards.

One of the biggest benefits of using Affirm is that it is flexible and easy to understand.You can choose a payment plan that fits your budget, and you always know the full cost from the start.Some plans even have zero interest, which means you don't pay anything extra to spread out your payments. For businesses, offering Affirm can help them sell more products because customers can afford to buy more expensive items.However, there are also some challenges. Some people worry that "buy now, pay later" services can make it too easy for people to spend money they don't have and get into debt. Also, the interest rates on some of Affirm's longer plans can be high, sometimes more than a regular credit card.

The future for Affirm looks bright as more people look for easier and more honest ways to pay for things. The company is planning to offer more financial products, like a debit card and a savings account, to become a bigger part of its users' financial lives. It is also working with more large companies, which helps it reach more customers. While there is more competition from other companies offering similar services, analysts expect Affirm to keep growing. The company is focused on using new technology, like artificial intelligence, to make its services even better and more efficient. As long as it continues to be a simple and clear choice for shoppers, Affirm is expected to remain an important player in the changing world of finance.

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1. What does the company or technology do?

Netflix is a global streaming platform that provides on-demand movies, TV shows, and original content to subscribers worldwide. Instead of buying DVDs or watching scheduled programs on TV, users can instantly stream content anytime and anywhere with an internet connection.

2. How does it disrupt the traditional model of the industry?

Traditional model: People relied on cable TV with fixed schedules, or they bought/rented DVDs.

Netflix’s disruption:

Introduced a subscription-based, on-demand streaming model.

Allowed viewers to “binge-watch” entire series without waiting for weekly episodes.

Bypassed cable providers and movie rental stores (e.g., Blockbuster went bankrupt).

Invested in original productions (Netflix Originals) → competing directly with Hollywood studios.

3. What benefits and challenges does it bring?

Benefits:

Convenience: watch anytime, anywhere, on multiple devices.

Personalized recommendations using AI algorithms.

Affordable compared to cable TV bundles.

Access to global entertainment and diverse content.

Challenges:

Rising competition (Disney+, Amazon Prime, HBO Max, Apple TV+).

Content licensing costs are high.

Regulatory issues in some countries.

Dependency on internet speed and availability.

4. What does its future look like?

Netflix is shifting from only streaming to becoming a global content producer (movies, series, documentaries).

Investing in interactive content (e.g., Black Mirror: Bandersnatch).

Expanding into gaming and possibly integrating with VR/AR in the future.

Needs to adapt pricing and content strategies to remain competitive in the crowded streaming market.

--> Netflix transformed how people consume entertainment by moving from physical media & cable TV to on-demand digital streaming, and its future depends on continuous innovation and differentiation.

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MoMo is one of the leading e-wallets and digital payment platforms in Vietnam. It allows users to handle many daily financial activities such as paying bills, transferring money, topping up mobile phones, shopping online, booking tickets, or donating to charity, all through a single mobile application. By partnering with banks, retailers, and service providers, MoMo has built a diverse and convenient cashless payment ecosystem.

Traditionally, Vietnamese people relied heavily on cash or had to visit bank branches and ATMs for financial transactions. MoMo has disrupted this model by providing instant, cashless transactions directly on smartphones. It reduces dependence on physical banking infrastructure and promotes financial inclusion, especially for people in rural or underserved areas who may not have easy access to banks.

MoMo offers various benefits such as convenience, fast transaction speed, and financial inclusion by serving people without traditional bank accounts. It also contributes to the growth of Vietnam’s digital economy by encouraging cashless payments. However, MoMo faces challenges including security risks like fraud and cyberattacks, strong competition from rivals such as ZaloPay and ShopeePay, and the fact that some people, especially older generations, still prefer using cash. In addition, the company must comply with strict government regulations on e-payments and fintech.

In the future, MoMo may expand into digital banking, investment, and insurance services to become a “super-app.” With increasing smartphone and internet penetration, it could become one of the essential financial platforms in daily life for Vietnamese people. However, MoMo needs to continue improving security, user experience, and strategic partnerships in order to maintain its leading position in the market.

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Digital applications in the fashion and apparel industry through Phleek

1. Through Phleek, the app will suggest outfits that match users based on the information they provide, such as height, weight, preferences, etc. This enhances the personalized experience for customers.

2. Instead of having to physically visit a store to try on clothes, customers can simply use their basic body measurements to access a wide range of outfit choices.

3. Benefits: Saves time from having to try on clothes in person and improves user experience by helping them find outfits they truly like.

Challenges: Inaccuracies in measurements may result in less-than-optimal outfit recommendations. However, this challenge is not significant since the app provides diverse and plentiful suggestions.

4. In the future, outfit recommendations may not only be based on body measurements with available clothing, but could also involve tailoring garments to reflect the wearer’s unique personality. Moreover, online measurements cut down costs dramatically compared to going to a tailor in person.

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1. What does Be do?

Be is a Vietnamese app that provides many transport and delivery services. It started in 2018 and now offers car and bike rides, food delivery, package delivery, and even financial services. With the app, users can book trips, pay online, and follow drivers on GPS in real time.

2. How does it disrupt the industry?

Be has changed the way people use transport in Vietnam. In the past, customers mainly used taxi companies like Vinasun or Mai Linh, which required calling a hotline or waiting on the street. Be introduced a digital platform that connects passengers and drivers directly, shows prices clearly, and uses GPS and ratings to improve service. This new way forced traditional taxis to make their own apps to keep up.

3. Benefits and Challenges

Be brings both opportunities and problems. For customers, it means easier booking, safer trips, and fair prices. For drivers, it gives flexible jobs and more income. However, Be also faces big challenges such as strong competition from Grab and Gojek, government regulations, controlling driver quality, and the issue of low profits in the ride-hailing market.

4. Future Outlook

Be has the chance to grow into more than just a ride-hailing app. It is expanding into finance, logistics, and e-commerce partnerships, and it may use electric vehicles and AI in the future. Being a “Made in Vietnam” brand can help Be build local trust, but its long-term success will depend on how it handles competition, rules, and financial stability.

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1. What does the company/technology do?

TikTok is a short-form video platform launched in 2016 by ByteDance. It allows users to create, edit, and share videos, often enhanced with filters, music, and special effects. Its algorithm recommends highly personalized content, keeping users engaged for long periods.

2. How does it disrupt the traditional model of the industry?

Traditional social media platforms such as Facebook or Instagram initially focused on connecting friends and sharing photos or status updates. TikTok disrupted this model by putting content discovery before social connections. Instead of prioritizing who you follow, TikTok’s “For You Page” is powered by AI that shows viral and trending videos, creating a new model of user engagement.

3. What benefits and challenges does it bring?

Benefits include democratizing content creation (anyone can go viral), boosting creativity through easy-to-use editing tools, and offering powerful marketing opportunities for brands. However, challenges involve data privacy concerns, addictive usage among young audiences, and increasing regulatory scrutiny in many countries.

4. What does its future look like?

TikTok’s future looks strong as it continues to dominate youth culture and influence global marketing trends. To remain successful, it will need to address government regulations, ensure data security, and diversify monetization options such as e-commerce and live streaming.

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What does it do?

Teaches English vocabulary using the “golden time” principle.

Reminds learners to review words right before they forget.

Helps build consistent study habits and improve long-term memory.

How does it disrupt the traditional model?

Traditional method: writing words repeatedly, rote memorization → often forgotten quickly.

MochiMochi: uses spaced repetition + golden time → more efficient, interactive, and lasting.

Benefits

Builds strong learning habits.

Improves efficiency and long-term retention.

Offers diverse vocabulary sets (basic to advanced).

Affordable compared to traditional courses.

Creates a learning community + rewards consistency.

Challenges

Not completely free.

Still depends on learners’ self-discipline.

Mainly focused on vocabulary (less on speaking/writing).

Future outlook

Expand beyond vocabulary to grammar and communication.

Integrate AI for personalization and adaptive learning.

Potential to become a comprehensive language learning platform.

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