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Queering Law and Order: LGBTQ Communities and the Criminal Justice System examines the state of LGBTQ people within the criminal justice system. Intertwining legal cases, academic research, and popular media, Nadal reviews a wide range of issues—ranging from historical heterosexist and transphobic legislation to police brutality to the prison industrial complex to family law.

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Queering Law and Order: LGBTQ Communities and the Criminal Justice System

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In Queering Law and Order, Kevin Leo Yabut Nadal examines the state of LGBTQ people within the criminal justice system, through legal cases, academic research, and popular media. This book serves ...

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Core content includes:

• Contested definitions of and conceptual frameworks for Queer Criminology
• The criminalization of queerness and gender identity in historical and contemporary context
• The relationship between LGBTQ+ communities and law enforcement
• The impact of legislation and court decisions on LGBTQ+ communities
• The experiences of queer victims and offenders under correctional supervision

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The field of Queer Criminology is evolving quickly, as our knowledge about the nuance and complexity of gender and sexuality continues to grow. Research in this area has exploded since the publication of the first edition of　Queer Criminology, and the second edition provides an important update to our knowledge as we continue to "queer" criminology and embark upon the process of centering a field that was once marginalized.
Christina DeJong, Associate Professor of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University
Queer Criminology broke new ground by providing an accessible introduction to the field; it quickly became a foundational text. The authors bring a crucial focus on intersectionality in this second edition as they engage with recent scholarship to present contemporary debates in the discipline and deepen their analysis and recommendations.
Aimee Wodda, Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice, Law and Society, Pacific University
The world changed quickly and Buist and Lenning responded with this exceptionally approachable and timely new edition that is sure to remain a cornerstone text. Queer Criminology expands its intersectional scope and brings in the latest on queer victimization and offending, newly emerging political contexts, and developments in theory and practice.
Xavier Guadalupe-Diaz, Associate Professor of Sociology, Framingham State University

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This book surveys the growing field of Queer Criminology. It reflects on its origins, reviews its foundational research and scholarship and offers suggestions for future directions. Moreover, this book emphasizes the importance of Queer Criminology in the field and the need to move LGBTQ+ issues from the margins to the center of criminological research.

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Race, Crime and Criminal Justice- International Perspectives

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Race, Crime and Criminal Justice- International Perspectives

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This book provides a focused and critical international overview of the intersections between race, crime perpetration and victimization, and criminal justice policy and practice responses to crime perpetration and crime victimization.

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About this book

This book provides a focused and critical international overview of the intersections between race, crime perpetration and victimization, and criminal justice policy and practice responses to crime perpetration and crime victimization.

Reviews

'This is a provocative book that illustrates the complexities inherent in attempting to understand the role that race plays in crime and criminal justice in European and non-European countries renowned scholars from 13 countries highlight similarities and differences in definitions of race, the availability of race-based crime statistics, and the race-related issues that animate debate and influence policy. This book should be required reading for anyone interested in comparative crime and criminal justice.'

- Cassia Spohn, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University, USA

'A comprehensive, historically contextualised and contemporary analysis of the presence - and absence - of the relationship bewteen 'race', 'crime and the administration of criminal justice internationally. It is a wide-ranging collection written accessibly and providing a wealth of empirical information on the populist and political dynamics of racism and its institutionalisation within nation-states.' - Phil Scraton, Institute of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Queen's University Belfast, UK

'Kalunta-Crumpton's collected essays...do an admirable job of shedding new light on an international issue that has bedeviled criminologists for generations and continues to defy easy solutions at both the micro and macro levels. Copious references, both in standard and Internet citation format, generate a wellspring of knowledge for students and policy makers alike.' - CHOICE

'This book should be included on every reading list for the topic' - Global Crime

About the editor

ANITA KALUNTA-CRUMPTON Associate Professor of Administration of Justice, Texas Southern University, USA BANKOLE A. COLE University of Northumbria in Newcastle, UK PAMELA IRVING JACKSON Rhode Island College, USA HANS-JOERG ALBRECHT Max-Plank-Institut fuer auslaendisches und internationals Strafrecht, Freiburg, Germany VINCENZO RUGGIERO Middlesex University, UK JOSINE JUNGER-TAS University of Utrecht, the Netherlands MAMUELA IVONE CUNHA University of Minho, Portugal JOSHUA GOODE Claremont Graduate University, USA SAMANTHA JEFFRIES Queensland University of Technology, Australia GREG NEWBOLD University of Canterbury, New Zealand IGNACIO CANO State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil LUDMILA RIBEIRO Candido Mendes University, Brazil ELISABETH MEIRELES State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil CLAYTON MOSHER Washington State University, Vancouver, Canada TAJ MAHON-HAFT Washington State University, Vancouver, Canada KGOMOTSO BOSILONG CSIR - Defence, Peace, Safety and Security (DPSS), South Africa PAULIN MBECKE CSIR Defence, Peace, Safety and Security (DPSS), South Africa DANIEL E. GEORGES-ABEYIE Texas Southern University, USA MICHAEL TONRY University of Minnesota, USA

Bibliographic Information

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This book provides a focused and critical international overview of the intersections between race, crime perpetration and victimization, and criminal justice policy and practice responses to crime perpetration and crime victimization.

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Criminological Perspectives on Race and Crime, Fourth Edition, is the only text to look at the array of mainstream and unconventional explanations for crime as they relate to racial and ethnic populations.

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Criminological Perspectives on Race and Crime

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Criminological Perspectives on Race and Crime, Fourth Edition, is the only text to look at the array of mainstream and unconventional explanations for crime as they relate to racial and ethnic populations.
Each chapter begins with a historical review of each theoretical perspective and how its origi…

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Feminist criminology grew out of the Women’s Movement of the 1970s, in response to the male dominance of mainstream criminology – which meant that not only were women largely excluded from carrying out criminological research, they were also barely considered as subjects of that research.

In this volume, Claire Renzetti traces the development of feminist criminology from the 1970s to the present, examining the diversity of feminisms which have developed

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"The tone of this book is neat and pedagogical. It is aimed at students, perhaps more so than academics, and would therefore be a thoughtful addition to any core undergraduate or postgraduate course. As the story of an idea, Feminist Criminology is also admirably comprehensive. Renzetti digs deeper into the history of feminist activism and theory than is typical in a survey of this sort, connecting liberal feminist criminology to Freudian theory and feminist critiques of sexual violence... The result is a book that conveys, rather than announces, the scope and import of feminist thought....Renzetti has done a service to both students and academics by writing a careful archaeology of feminist thought over the last four decades. Her readers will be left with a greater appreciation of where feminist criminology began, and with pressing questions about where the field can go from here."

Emma Kaufman, Yale Law School
Theoretical Criminology 2014 18: 393

"It is a commendable achievement to have packed so much into such a short space without losing the flavour of debate, the demands of interdisciplinarity, and the tension and challenge that feminist informed work has posed, and continues to pose for criminology. Renzetti's accomplishment in this regard is remarkable. More importantly, what a student would get from this book is an appreciation of the relationship between different theoretical perspectives, how they might make different sense of the data and then might, as a consequence, result in different explanations. Renzetti also offers a view on where criminology might benefit in the future from its further engagement with feminists' concerns... This is a book that should be on any reading list that claims to be interested in feminist criminology. It is thoughtful and thought provoking and will provide an excellent platform from which to develop deeper understandings of the issues that it raises."

Sandra Walklate, University of Liverpool,
British Journal of Criminology

"In a comprehensive yet concise way, Renzetti explores, captures and challenges feminist criminology successfully. I recommend the book to students - not only to those interested in feminist criminology, but also in other disciplines. For scholars, students and practitioners who are serious about how women were/are disadvantaged and subordinated, how women suffered in the course of history, how issues such as gender, race, sexuality and class link with crime, violence and inequality, this little book is a must!"

Hannelie Wood, University of South Africa
Gender Questions

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Feminist criminology grew out of the Women's Movement of the 1970s, in response to the male dominance of mainstream criminology - which meant that not only were women largely excluded from carrying out criminological research, they were also barely considered as subjects of that research.

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Gendering Criminology - Crime and Justice Today

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Gendering Criminology - Crime and Justice Today

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The textbook provides evidence for the argument that gender socially situates people in their risks for criminal engagement, victimization, and what occurs in the aftermath of crime: arrest, the judicial process, and sentencing. Aside from investigating the role of men and women, the authors also explore the experiences of LGBTQIA+ communities involved in or working within the criminal-legal system

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Gendering Criminology provides a contemporary guide for understanding the role of gender in criminal engagement and experiences as well as reactions to these offenses among laypersons and agents of social control. The textbook provides evidence for the argument that gender socially situates people in their risks for criminal engagement, victimization, and what occurs in the aftermath of crime: arrest, the judicial process, and sentencing. Aside from investigating the role of men and women, the authors also explore the experiences of LGBTQIA+ communities involved in or working within the criminal-legal system. The volume provides a comprehensive account of various offenses-violent and nonviolent-and individual motivations, drives, and methods, to help students develop the skills they need to work as professionals in and around the criminal-legal system.

Key features:

Applies theoretical concepts to real-life applications, media bytes, and case studies

Includes new and timely information regarding gender and online victimization

Provides an overview of each topic within eleven chapters, delving into the literature in each area

Promotes active learning activities in each chapter to fully immerse and engage students in the material

Shelly Clevenger is Department Chair and Associate Professor in the Department of Victim Studies at Sam Houston State University. With Jordana Navarro, she previously coauthored and coedited The Intersection between Intimate Partner Abuse, Technology, and Cybercrime: Examining the Virtual Enemy, Understanding Victimology: An Active-Learning Approach, and Teaching Criminological Theory.

Jordana N. Navarro is Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice at The Citadel. Previously she was Assistant Professor of Sociology and Director of the Criminal Justice Concentration at Tennessee Technological University. With Shelly Clevenger, she has authored multiple books and peer-reviewed articles on cybercrime, intimate partner abuse, and sexual violence.

Both authors have also presented their research to the US Congress.

CONTENTS

Preface: New Language for a New Way of Thinking

1. The Story of Gender: Definitions, Origins, and Current Issues
2. The Why and How: Theories of Gender, Crime, and Victimization
3. "Manly" Crimes: The Relationship between Masculinity and Criminality
4. "Ladies Only": An Examination of Women and Crime
5. At the Margins: Criminalization in the LGBTQIA+ Communities
6. Gender-Based Online Victimization
7. "Boys Will Be Boys" and "Sugar and Spice": The Relationship between Gender and
Victimization
8. The Victimization of Individuals Who Identify as LGBTQIA+
9. Policing Crime: How Gender Influences Arrest Decisions and Court Cases
10. The Gendered Nature of Punishment
11. "Boys' Clubs": Gender and Employment in the Criminal-Legal System
12. Gender, Crime, and the Media

References
Index

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Gendering Criminology provides a contemporary guide for understanding the role of gender in criminal engagement and experiences as well as reactions to these offenses among laypersons and agents of social control. The textbook provides evidence for the argument that gender socially situates people in their risks for criminal engagement, victimization, and what occurs in the aftermath of crime: arrest, the judicial process, and sentencing.

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A Feminist Perspective for Forensic Practice - Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law

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A Feminist Perspective for Forensic Practice - Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law

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In forensics, Ednie noted early on that female experts are viewed as having less authority and power, are recruited less often by attorneys, and have difficulty finding referrals and mentors. More recently, Price et al., recognizing that the number of female forensic experts had increased, found that women of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law were underrepresented in criminal work, traditionally a male-dominated field

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Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law

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Abstract

Despite recent social movements and increasing public awareness, gender disparities persist. These affect daily forensic and clinical practice by providing unexpected obstacles to women professionals and evaluees who face centuries of established bias. State laws may conflict with professional ethics, women experts may be sidelined in important cases, pregnant substance users are prosecuted aggressively, and fetal personhood laws challenge the autonomy of competent adults. Such inequities call for a review of professional ethics and the common male-centered lens of traditional theory. Feminist thinking has played a key role in highlighting the way traditional views of autonomy and rights undervalue the narratives and perspectives of disadvantaged populations. Applying the cultural formulation, telling the full story, and taking a default position in favor of the vulnerable individual, this article advances intersectionality, positionality (narrative), and credibility for understanding the profession's interaction with women.

The Inadequacy of Traditional Approaches

In the past three decades, medical ethics has been heavily guided by the principlism of Beauchamp and Childress. Adapted for forensic psychiatry by Paul Appelbaum in 1997, classic principles of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice were weighed or ordered to identify the most ethical outcome. Although justice, for example, may restrict autonomy and cause harm by imprisoning a defendant, it is still highly valued in the social order; beneficence and autonomy may consequently take a back seat in the courtroom.

The problem arises when these concepts are applied in ways that treat a class of persons asymmetrically. When a woman seeks an abortion, for example, many jurisdictions require state-approved consent materials. In such cases, the values of the state, often based on the religious or world views of predominantly male representatives, outweigh contemporary principles of clinical practice like individualized treatment, patient-centered care, and trauma-informed practice.

When Indiana convicted a woman of feticide in 2015 based on an antiquated 1979 law, the elevation of fetal rights over those of an adult failed the balancing approach of most traditional ethics schemes: rights of autonomous individuals are not usually outweighed by non-persons (the fetus or embryo). This is an outcome that can be traced to the landmark Roe v. Wade (1973) decision itself. Based on a woman's right to privacy, the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Roe required that any government infringement be justified by a compelling state interest-but only until fetal viability. Setting aside the debate over when viability occurs, Roe and its subsequent interpretations downplayed the agency of the person who was carrying the fetus to term. States like Colorado and Mississippi have consequently faced, and defeated, repeated fetal personhood measures at the ballot box, measures that have sought to put fetal rights above those of the pregnant woman.

Critics have been clear that creating separate civil or constitutional rights for a fetus goes beyond the Supreme Court's decision in Roe, as well as other appellate precedents. Paltrow and Flavin, in their well-known 2013 study, highlighted a range of related punitive actions against pregnant women in the United States, ranging from detention to incarceration. States could intervene if the woman acted to end a pregnancy, expressed the intention to end a pregnancy, suffered an unintentional loss of the pregnancy, or was unable to guarantee a healthy birth. This lengthy catalogue also identified forced medical interventions such as blood transfusions, vaginal exams, and cesarean surgery. Forensic authors have also highlighted the ethics problems associated with the use of restraints in pregnant incarcerated women, as well as detention of pregnant substance users.

Men are not immune from legal interventions related to their gender either: the Tender Years doctrine long cast mothers as the caregiving parent in custody disputes, submerging those qualities and attendant rights in fathers. The risk that such societal designs are influenced by long-held, harmful generalities emphasizes the need for an alternative view of professional ethics.

A Historical Narrative of Feminism

Historical narrative is a powerful tool for identifying themes that affect professional ethics. It harnesses a retrospective view that identifies the harmful biases that social institutions take over time. Authors in forensic psychiatry have used the approach to unpack the historic and cultural influences of important case studies like "The Parable of the Black Sergeant," and "Dr. Leo [and the Jewish defendant]." Psychiatrist and law professor Alan Stone did not have the tools of historical narrative or cultural formulation to describe the institutionalized racism facing his Sergeant, or the anti-Semitism facing Dr. Leo. Examining the historical narrative of feminism is consequently a useful tool for underscoring the themes that have been neglected by past commentators.

The First Wave of contemporary feminism in Europe and the United States is often thought to have arisen in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was led largely by white women of the upper classes. The focus on matters of inheritance and property rights, as well as women's suffrage, commonly excluded minority women. The early suffragettes like Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton did highlight domestic violence in their writings, but they did not address in a substantive manner general matters pertaining to women's personal lives like contraception and abortion.

The Second Wave was launched by women filling the employment demand created by the Second World War. The absence of hundreds of thousands of men was no small influence. Second Wave feminism coincided with the ongoing civil rights movement and recognized, to some extent, the disadvantages faced by black women who fought on the frontiers of race as well as gender. Different well-known schools of feminism arose from this period, especially Liberal Feminism, which focused on equality between the sexes, and Radical Feminism, which viewed society as inherently patriarchal and sought fundamental change to eradicate female oppression.

While grounded in the Second Wave, Third Wave feminism of the 1990s sought to redefine what it meant to be a feminist. These advocates embraced individualism and diversity and introduced intersectionality to the discussion. Coined by legal scholar Kimberle Williams Crenshaw in 1989, intersectionality identifies the overlap of multiple layers of oppression arising from gender, race, and class. This inclusiveness recognizes oppression wherever it exists, whether among persons with disabilities, persons of color, or any mistreated nondominant group. Moreover, it advances the classic dominant-nondominant distinction toward a language of humanity in general-toward an understanding of inequality that covers all those who are, or may become, marginalized.

The Third Wave formally includes race, sexual orientation, and the varying personal narratives of women. Notably for forensics, this era coincides with the introduction of Ezra Griffith's cultural formulation into mainstream professional practice. Built on the impressive data identifying the differential treatment of people of color by police and courts, it could be no surprise that multiple layers or themes of oppression would become a larger part of public, professional, and forensic discourse.

Some authors identify a Fourth Wave of feminism beginning in 2012. This period mirrors advances in cultural sensitivity and communication by using technology, the Internet, and social media to spread the call for justice. Identification of violence against women, sexual harassment, workplace discrimination, body shaming, sexist imagery, and assaults on public transportation increasingly relied on social media and online petitions for communication and organizing. For forensic psychiatry, the connection to social goals advocated in this issue of The Journal by Richard Martinez may well be part of this development. Choosing recognizable social goals and purposes for the community, as Martinez does, is also advanced by feminist writers like Finn MacKay, whose goals include equal pay, affordable child care, equal representation, and the end of violence against women. Martinez's social goals for forensic psychiatry are closely aligned with such aspirations.

Cultural bias can be easily identified in this historical narrative, a narrative that ultimately calls for equality for all, not just for women. We contend that this intersectional story evolved in a way that now informs psychiatry and law in important ways. Specifically, it addresses the bias against the "tainted witness," the woman, or indeed any witness, who offers an account that contradicts the established world view.

Leigh Gilmore's tainted witness is relevant for many forensic settings. Whether it is Anita Hill (who in her Senate testimony accused Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas of sexual harassment), Susan Estrich (the presidential campaign manager and political commentator who was raped as a student), or Nafissatou Diallo (who was attacked by International Monetary Fund chair Dominique Strauss-Kahn in a New York hotel room), contemporary professional ethics recognizes how the nondominant individual is diminished by a predictably dismissive response. Anita Hill's staunch narrative faced ignominious attempts to undermine it, and Susan Estrich's report of rape was undercut when police did not take her seriously. According to Gilmore, these are the established, biased paradigms that create society's tainted witness: "We don't really know what happened," or "It's he-said-she-said," are the defaults that diminish women's voices. For forensic experts who evaluate pregnant women, rape victims, victims of harassment, and women in general, this history requires professional redress.

The collective concern of many feminist writers remains the elimination of group and individual oppressions, especially the silencing of women's voices. The overuse of civil and criminal statutes against pregnant women of color and economic disadvantage, for example, resonates strongly with forensic psychiatry's concern with vulnerable groups in court. It is one area where forensic experts can give voice to the vulnerable-especially since Griffith's cultural formulation recognizes the narrative of all nondominant groups, not just those of color.

In exploring how the feminist perspective informs forensic psychiatry, we turn next to the barriers that signal the need for specific ethics tools to augment current professional practice.

Themes That Modernize Traditional Values

Tools for Applying a Feminist Perspective

The agency of vulnerable evaluees remains a potent concern for forensic practice. How do practitioners achieve fairness and completeness? How do they value women or other oppressed groups? How do they identify true liberation, true voices, and true choice?

One way to advance professional ethics toward a fair, contextually informed model is by incorporating narrative into the work. Described as "positionality" by MacKay and others, narrative is another tool for expanding the professional's perspective. Identified for forensic practice by Griffith in his call for cultural formulation, telling the full story is ideal for any number of forensic reasons.

The stories of incarcerated women, for example, like that of women whose reproductive decision-making is restricted by feticide laws, require an understanding of personal and historical narrative. The greater impact of incarceration on women requires that forensic professionals take the women's positionality into account, provide gender-sensitive evaluation, and conduct a thorough exploration of risks and mitigating factors. If forensic ethics is moving toward dignity, compassion, and social goals as some have suggested, a kind of transparent social advocacy that exposes systemic problems may be required.

Both forensic and clinical practitioners can explore the individual's place in the community, in the workplace, in the capacity to earn money independently, in the family structure, and in the responsibilities for child-care. These are all areas where inherent disadvantages have influenced choice and can affect voluntariness and accountability.

Being more thorough in evaluating the perspective or positionality of evaluees, as Griffith has counseled, is another means of recognizing and exploring the inequities that alter one's circumstances. Practitioners who do not account for the experience of those facing discrimination inevitably interpret outcomes through the same old cultural and historical lens. This is not consistent with contemporary ethical and cross-cultural practice. Being thorough joins positionality as another useful practice for overcoming inherent bias.

Defaulting in favor of the vulnerable individual, however, may be the ultimate approach to overcoming the bias of historical forces. Advocated by forensic commentators who recognize the disadvantage of the vulnerable individual controlled by a social institution (e.g., a court, prison, or hospital), defaulting in favor of the defendant's truthfulness, credibility, and narrative can be a potent counterweight to centuries of biased thought. It is akin to the usual presumptions of innocence and competence, or to the reasonable-doubt standard for criminal cases. Forensic practitioners can start from an original position of skepticism about the system, then check with collaterals, verify records, and explore the data that support the vulnerable individual. This is both a rigorous preparation for cross-examination and a recognition of the vulnerable individual in the control of a flawed social institution.

Liberal feminists are chief among those who maintain that the primary cause of women's inequality is the lack of laws that support their advancement. Even when non-discrimination rules are codified, their application may be weak or ineffectual. The notorious Brock Turner case, for example, in which the 20-year-old Mr. Turner received a six-month sentence for raping an unconscious woman, is consistently criticized for its leniency and perpetuation of white privilege. This case illustrates how, despite California's sexual assault laws, inherent bias played out in the context of embedded discrimination when the judge appeared to treat an unconscious victim differently from a conscious one and a white person differently from people of color.

Authors such as Susan Sherwin have characterized this absence of female agency as an "invisibility" in making decisions that affect their lives. In fact, Diana Meyers traces this lack of agency back to the traditional socialization of women into non-leadership roles-roles that rob them of autonomy. For the medical profession, this is evident in American Association of Medical Colleges data, which indicate that women make up only 14 percent of permanent medical school department chairs and only 12 percent of deans. The American Association of University Professors is among those who identify a difficult culture for women leaders starting in graduate school: despite earning more than half of all graduate degrees, women faculty are less likely than men to hold full-time positions, and women are under-represented in tenured positions. Women CEOs compose only 6 percent of Fortune 500 companies and 8 percent of the Fortune 100. There are only 23 female senators in the U.S. Senate; indeed, only 52 women have served in the Senate since 1789. Thus, women are often missing a seat at the table in discussions that involve them. This is a significant disadvantage in exercising moral agency and has a clear impact on the interpretation of laws and policies that affect them.

Conclusion

The need for representation, thoroughness, and positionality ultimately underscores the default position in favor of the vulnerable individual. It is a standard that opposes the common model of the autonomous male decision-maker devoid of context. Feminist theory consequently supports those forensic evaluations that recognize there is no authentic decision-making without history and perspective. The application of feminist thought demonstrates that forensic cases cannot easily be resolved in favor of the lone nondominant individual, especially if professionals and institutions maintain traditional ethics affected by centuries of partiality.

At the height of the Hollywood and Wall Street harassment allegations, and before his recent support of Justice Kavanuagh, U.S. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell said simply, "I believe the women." His statement reflected a view that overcomes the model of the tainted witness who cannot be trusted to testify or make her own decisions. Practitioners in the social forum of the courts have the opportunity to say this too.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Susan Hatters Friedman, MD, and Prof. Caroline Rogus for their comments on an earlier draft.

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A Feminist Perspective for Forensic Practice

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Despite recent social movements and increasing public awareness, gender disparities persist. These affect daily forensic and clinical practice by providing unexpected obstacles to women professionals and evaluees who face centuries of established bias. State laws may conflict with professional ethics, women experts may be sidelined in important cases, pregnant substance users are prosecuted aggressively, and fetal personhood laws challenge the autonomy of competent adults.

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Anthony Harriott is a Professor of Political Sociology and Director of the Institute of Criminal Justice and Security at the University of the West Indies

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In this text the authors assert that the Jamaican state is a form of predatory state that incorporates contradictory social forces into an arrangement that i...

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Basil Reid

Professor of Archaeology at The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago

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Unacceptably high murder and crime rates in the Caribbean have captured the attention of the world and Caribbean policymakers, and forensics provides a key t...

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Women in Forensics: An international overview - Anna Barbaro

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Women in Forensics: An international overview - Anna Barbaro

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Women in Forensics: An international overview

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Forensic science plays a crucial role in criminal justice. In the last few years, due to great advances in technologies and the effect of many TV show…

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Adam Rosenblatt examines the ethical, political, and historical foundations of the rapidly growing field of forensic investigation, from the graves of the "disappeared" in Latin America to genocides in Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia to post–Saddam Hussein Iraq.

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Adam Rosenblatt examines the ethical, political, and historical foundations of the rapidly growing field of forensic investigation, from the graves of the "disappeared" in Latin America to genocides in Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia to post–Saddam Hussein Iraq.

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Winner of the 2016 Outstanding Academic Title Award, sponsored by Choice.

The mass graves from our long human history of genocide, massacres, and violent conflict form an underground map of atrocity that stretches across the planet's surface. In the past few decades, due to rapidly developing technologies and a powerful global human rights movement, the scientific study of those graves has become a standard facet of post-conflict international assistance. Digging for the Disappeared provides readers with a window into this growing but little-understood form of human rights work, including the dangers and sometimes unexpected complications that arise as evidence is gathered and the dead are named.

Adam Rosenblatt examines the ethical, political, and historical foundations of the rapidly growing field of forensic investigation, from the graves of the "disappeared" in Latin America to genocides in Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia to post-Saddam Hussein Iraq. In the process, he illustrates how forensic teams strive to balance the needs of war crimes tribunals, transitional governments, and the families of the missing in post-conflict nations. Digging for the Disappeared draws on interviews with key players in the field to present a new way to analyze and value the work forensic experts do at mass graves, shifting the discussion from an exclusive focus on the rights of the living to a rigorous analysis of the care of the dead. Rosenblatt tackles these heady, hard topics in order to extend human rights scholarship into the realm of the dead and the limited but powerful forms of repair available for victims of atrocity.

About the author

Adam Rosenblatt teaches Peace, Justice, and Human Rights at Haverford College.

"This scholarly, richly documented work is written with great compassion for victims of human rights abuses. Rosenblatt delineates the norms, ethical issues, and complex politics that are relevant when forensic teams investigate gravesites after mass violence has occurred . . . A template for international, multidisciplinary, and volunteer teams with norms of enhanced sensitivity to cultural and political realities has clearly emerged . . . Recommended."

-P.G. Conway, CHOICE

" Digging for the Disappeared is an easy to read text which takes you on a journey in forensic anthropology, archaeology, and human rights work from its insurgence in Latin America and growth in the field thanks to the influence of luminaries such as the late Clyde Snow and Bill Haglund . . . [I]t carries its weight when it comes to the contents, detailed discussion on various themes including the merging human rights movement, transitional governments, and tribunals."

-Keith K. Silica, Staffordshire University

"A work of heart and mind, Digging for the Disappeared is a fascinating, much-needed critique of international forensic ethics and human rights. Rosenblatt rightly calls for a more humanistic approach to the medico-legal examination and care of mortal remains in the wake of mass atrocities and disasters. Required reading for anyone interested in the promotion of justice and social reconstruction in post-war societies."

-Eric Stover, coauthor of The Graves: Srebrencia and Vukovar

" Digging for the Disappeared chronicles an unavoidable chapter in the contemporary struggle for human rights-the search for the remains of the victims of the heinous crime of forced 'disappearances' and the inspiring efforts to train new generations of forensic scientists. It is a moving, thoroughly researched, essential book."

-José Zalaquett, University of Chile

" Digging for the Disappeared opens up the world of forensic investigations of human rights violations to reveal its political, practical, and philosophical complexities. Moving from Argentina to Poland, former Yugoslavia to Rwanda and beyond, Rosenblatt invites us to consider the rights of the dead alongside the politics of the living. The result is a compassionate, compelling call to understand the logics underwriting efforts to recover and name the missing."

-Sarah Wagner, George Washington University

"This book is as bottomless and as urgent as the grief of those whose loved ones lie in mass graves."

-Elaine Scarry, Harvard University

"Adam Rosenblatt's compelling narrative and searing analysis ensure that this book is not only an essential addition to the shelf but also a thoroughly engaging read. His is a perfectly timed analysis of why forensic science is done and the questions that should always be asked, written with a depth of compassion that is unexpected. The simple and accessible approach in parts belies a fiery critical analysis and personalised knowledge . . . The narrative style is a model for forensic writing and analysis that should be highly prized going forward."

-Lucy Easthope and Stephanie Armstrong, Chartered Society of Forensic Sciences

"Despite dealing with subtle and challenging concepts, the book is engaging, self-reflective and surprisingly accessible; Rosenblatt's most significant achievement could, in fact, be the ability to make an academic book on a highly technical subject a page-turner for a broad readership The innovative scope of the book, the unique questions it raises and comprehensively addresses, and its accessibility make it a must-read for anyone interested in human rights, transitional justice, and post-conflict studies more broadly."

-Iosif Kovras, Human Rights Review

"To conclude, Adam Rosenblatt wrote a highly urgent book about the use of forensic science after atrocity. He clearly articulates the politics and contingencies of such humanitarian practices, and makes a persuasive argument for a holistic, victim and mourners centric approach. As such, the book does not necessarily articulate a new approach to forensic practice, yet Rosenblatt's contribution is that he is one of the first authors to eloquently pose the "big" moral, ethical and philosophical questions that human rights workers face during their work. In that sense, the book is an astonishing achievement and should become mandatory reading for anyone interested in human rights, transitional justice, victim identification operations after atrocity and disaster, or forensic science."

-Victor Toom, Journal of Human Rights

" Digging for the Disappeared is an informative, moving, and enriching read, well written and perceptive. This book will serve as a great student introduction to the politics and ethics of exhumation, as it manages to be highly readable and accessible, without glossing over the complexity of these investigations in the real world. It will also be helpful to scientific and forensic practitioners, offering a more reflective perspective than those standard case reports that emphasize protocol and best practice. For those working in dead-body politics, it is a key text, which will stimulate further debate."

-Layla Renshaw, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute

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Digging for the Disappeared: Forensic Science after Atrocity - Adam Rosenblatt

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The mass graves from our long human history of genocide, massacres, and violent conflict form an underground map of atrocity that stretches across the planet's surface. In the past few decades, due to rapidly developing technologies and a powerful global human rights movement, the scientific study of those graves has become a standard facet of post-conflict international assistance.

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This book charts the development of forensic anthropology teams in Latin America and surveys their main characteristics, achievements, and challenges in light of a recent past fraught with state repression and violence.

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This book charts the development of forensic anthropology teams in Latin America and surveys their main characteristics, achievements, and challenges in light of a recent past fraught with state repression and violence.

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Forensic Anthropology Teams in Latin America

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This book charts the development of forensic anthropology teams in Latin America and surveys their main characteristics, achievements, and challenges in light of a recent past fraught with state repression and violence. The volume contains contributions by an interdisciplinary group of scholars from…

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Medical evidence and proof of cause of death in Nigerian courts - Medicine, Science and the Law  journal

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Medical evidence and proof of cause of death in Nigerian courts - Medicine, Science and the Law  journal

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Routledge Handbook of South Asian Criminology

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Although the literature and cultural practices of the South Asian region demonstrate a rich understanding of criminology, this handbook is the first to focus on crime, criminal justice, and victimization in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. South Asia…

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Drawing on multi case studies the book  proffers key concepts and historical background that will be of interest to researchers, students and professionals in a broad range of areas of social sciences and humanities research, including fields such as criminology and policing, science and technology studies, arts studies, literary studies, race and ethnic studies and, finally, memory studies.

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Drawing on multi case studies the book  proffers key concepts and historical background that will be of interest to researchers, students and professionals in a broad range of areas of social sciences and humanities research, including fields such as criminology and policing, science and technology studies, arts studies, literary studies, race and ethnic studies and, finally, memory studies.

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Chapter Chapter 8

Postcolonial racial surveillance through forensic genetics

Chapter Chapter 9

Politics of (non)belonging

Enacting imaginaries of affected publics through forensic genetic technologies

Chapter Chapter 10

The (re)invocation of race in forensic genetics through forensic DNA phenotyping technology

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Racism and Racial Surveillance | Modernity Matters | Sheila Khan, Nazi

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Based on the premise that the project of Western Modernity is a structuring element of our societies, Racism and Racial Surveillance explores in detail its

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• Assembles an international team of contributing author experts to present the latest developments in their crime scene field of specialty• Examines global best practices and what are consistently the most reliable tactics and approach to crime scene evidence collection, preservation, and investigation

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• Assembles an international team of contributing author experts to present the latest developments in their crime scene field of specialty• Examines global best practices and what are consistently the most reliable tactics and approach to crime scene evidence collection, preservation, and investigation

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Features writing by Gregory J, Williams, President of The Caribbean Association of Forensic Sciences

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Over the past several years, myriad manuals on crime scene investigations have been published with each focusing on select, or partial, aspects of the investigation. Crime scene investigation, done right, is a multi-faceted process that requires various forms of evidence to be collected, examined, and analyzed. No book available has addressed procedures to present global best practices by assembling a collection of international experts to address such topics.

Manual of Crime Scene Investigation is a comprehensive collaboration of experts writing on their particular areas of expertise as relates to crime scenes, evidence, and crime scene investigation. The book outlines best practices in the field, incorporating the latest technology to collect, preserve, and enhance evidence for appropriate analysis. Various types of forensic evidence are addressed, covering chain of custody, collection, and utility of such evidence in casework, investigations, and for use in court. The approach, and use of international contributor experts, will appeal to a broad audience and be of use to forensic practitioners, and the forensic science community worldwide.

Key features:

* Assembles an international team of contributing author experts to present the latest developments in their crime scene field of specialty

* Examines global best practices and what are consistently the most reliable tactics and approach to crime scene evidence collection, preservation, and investigation

* Provides numerous photographs and diagrams to clearly illustrate chapter concepts

Manual of Crime Scene Investigation serves as a vital resource to professionals in police science and crime scene investigations, private forensic institutions, and academics researching how better real-world application of techniques can improve the reliability and utility of evidence upon forensic and laboratory analysis.

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Manual of Crime Scene Investigation | Anna Barbaro, Amarnath Mishra |

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Over the past several years, myriad manuals on crime scene investigations have been published with each focusing on select, or partial, aspects of the investigation. Crime scene investigation, done right, is a multi-faceted process that requires various forms of evidence to be collected, examined, and analyzed.

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Editors: Forensic Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India - Jaskaran Singh. School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional Univeristy, Jalandhar, India - Neeta Raj Sharma

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Editors: Forensic Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India - Jaskaran Singh. School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional Univeristy, Jalandhar, India - Neeta Raj Sharma

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1. Jaskaran Singh

School of Allied Health Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India

2. Neeta Raj Sharma

School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, India

Highlights the role, impact, and processes involved in obtaining forensic evidence in the criminal justice system

Discusses the importance of autopsy in criminal investigations

Describes methods of crime-scene investigation and evidence collection

Table of contents (8 chapters)

About this book

This book provides deep insight into the significance of various forensic techniques underlying the methodical approaches in criminal investigations. The book comprises numerous case studies, examples, and reference materials. It emphasizes on the better practices for criminal investigations including contemporary examinations. The book also describes various methods for investigation of crime scene and evidence collection including biological evidences to the resources of law enforcement agencies.

This book encompasses the procedure for crime scene-documentation through photography, video, and diagrams and highlights the best practices of packaging the biological evidences at a crime scene. Further, it summarizes the role of forensic autopsy to the criminal investigation system. As such, the book is helpful for forensic scientists, medical practitioners, educators and law enforcement personnel.

Editors and Affiliations

School of Allied Health Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India

Jaskaran Singh

School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, India

Neeta Raj Sharma

About the editors

Dr. Jaskaran Singh is the Assistant Professor (Forensic Sciences) and Assistant Deputy Controller of Examination in School of Allied Health Sciences at Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP. He also served as Head of the Department of Forensic Sciences at Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India. He completed his Masters in Forensic Sciences (Gold Medalist) & Ph. D in Forensic Sciences at Amity University Noida. He has published more than 20 research articles and one edited book, and holds 18 patents and 6 copyrights (granted). He has collaborated with multi- and transdisciplinary experts in other branches of science and engineering in the forensic field, both nationally and internationally, and he is also a guest trainer for international and national police officers. He is an executive member of the Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology, and has been a guest speaker at various conferences around the globe. He has received various prestigious awards and fellowships, notably, an INSPIRE fellowship (DST), Ministry of Science and Technology, Govt. of India; CSIR travel grants for International conferences; and a Shri. Baljit Shastri award for human values and ethics. He has served as a referee for a number of International and National journals.

Prof. Neeta Raj Sharma who holds a prestigious Ph.D. degree in Biochemistry from Jiwaji University, Gwalior, is currently leading the School of Bioengineering and Biosciences in Lovely Professional University, India, that encompasses several departments like Biotechnology, Microbiology, Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics and Forensic Sciences, as Additional Dean. She has a vast research, academic and industrial experience for over 24 years and has played a pivotal role in bolstering the foundation of department of Forensic Sciences in the school and keen in developing the diagnostic tools for forensic crime scene examinations, with her adept multifaceted experience. She is a visiting Professor at Birmingham City University, UK and is actively working in association with several esteemed universities in Canada like University of British Columbia, McGill University, Laval University and University of Victoria. She has been the investigator of several externally funded international and national projects and is a fellow member of Association of Biotechnology and Pharmacy, India. She also bears to her credential membership of prestigious societies (Indian Science Congress, Association of Microbiologists of India). Till date, she has published 65 publications in peer-reviewed journals of high repute, 30 patents (published); 2 patents granted, and 8 copyrights, 4 edited books with Springer Nature and several articles in reputed magazines. She has been currently acting as guest editor and reviewer for several Scopus indexed journals of high standing and esteem.

Bibliographic Information

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Crime Scene Management within Forensic science

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Jaskaran Singh School of Allied Health Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India Neeta Raj Sharma School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, India Highlights the role, impact, and processes involved in obtaining forensic evidence in the criminal justice system Discusses the importance of autopsy in criminal investigations Describes methods of crime-scene investigation and evidence collection Table of contents (8 chapters) This book provides deep insight into the significance of various forensic techniques underlying the methodical approaches in criminal investigations.

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CRIMINOLOGY IN AFRICA edited by Tibamanya Mwene Mushanga

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CRIMINOLOGY IN AFRICA edited by Tibamanya Mwene Mushanga

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First published by the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute, this revised edition remains a rare study of criminology in the African context, considered from a pan-African perspective. The paucity of information and analysis on crime in Africa, both at national and continental levels, and the ongoing concerns about crime and its negative impacts on law, human rights and development in the region, assure the work continual relevance.

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Written by 64 experienced and internationally recognized forensic scientists, the volume documents the practice of forensic science in 28 countries from Africa, the Americas, Asia, Australia and Europe.

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Written by 64 experienced and internationally recognized forensic scientists, the volume documents the practice of forensic science in 28 countries from Africa, the Americas, Asia, Australia and Europe.

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About the editor vii

List of contributors ix

Foreword by Daniel A. Martell xxvii

Series preface xxix

1 Introduction 1
Douglas H. Ubelaker

2 The practice of forensic sciences in Argentina 5
Luis Fondebrider & Luis Bosio

3 Australia 13
Stephen Cordner & Alastair Ross

4 Forensic sciences in Canada 29
Anny Sauvageau & Graham R. Jones

5 The Chilean Forensic Medical Service 39
Patricio Bustos Streeter & Marisol Intriago Leiva

6 Forensic science in Colombia 49
Andres Rodríguez Zorro & Aída Elena Constantín

7 Forensic science in Denmark 67
Niels Lynnerup & Steen Holger Hansen

8 The practice of forensic science in Egypt: a story of pioneering 73
Dina A. Shokry

9 The practice of forensic science in Estonia 83
Marika Väli, Üllar Lanno & Ivar Prits

10 History and current status of forensic science and medicine in Finland 95
Erkki Sippola & Pekka Saukko

11 Forensic medicine in France 105
Bertrand Ludes

12 Forensic medicine in Germany 115
W. Eisenmenger & O. Peschel

13 Forensic science in Hong Kong 121
Sheilah Hamilton & Philip Beh

14 The practice of forensic science in Hungary 135
Eva Keller Peter Sótonyi & Agnes Dósa

15 Forensic science in India 147
P.K. Chattopadhyay

16 Forensic sciences in Italy 155
Cristina Cattaneo Antonio Grande & Luigi Ripani

17 History and current status of forensic science in Japan 173
Hitoshi Maeda Takaki Ishikawa & Toshikazu Kondo

18 Forensic science in Korea 189
Heesun Chung Soong Deok Lee & Sikeun Lim

19 Forensic medicine in Libya 195
Fawzi Benomran

20 The practice of forensic science in Mexico 199
Mario Alva-Rodríguez & Rolando Neri-Vela

21 The Netherlands 217
Arian van Asten Wim Neuteboom Sijtze Wiersma & Zeno Geradts

22 History and current status of forensic science in Singapore 231
George Paul & Paul Chui

23 The history and current status of forensic science in South Africa 241
Herman Bernitz Michael Kenyhercz Burgert Kloppers Ericka Nöelle L'Abbé Gérard Nicholas Labuschagne Antonel Olckers Jolandie Myburgh Gert Saayman Maryna Steyn & Kyra Stull

24 Forensic science practice in Spain 261
Angel Carracedo & Luis Concheiro

25 Legal medicine and forensic science in Switzerland 267
Patrice Mangin & Pierre Margot

26 Forensic medicine and sciences in Turkey 279
Mete Korkut Gulmen & Cengiz Haluk Ince

27 Forensic medicine in the United Arab Emirates 289
Fawzi Benomran

28 Forensic science practice in the United States 301
Joseph Peterson & Matthew Hickman

29 Legal medicine and forensic science in Uruguay 335
Hugo Rodríguez Almada

30 Conclusions: global common themes and variations 351
Douglas H. Ubelaker

Index 361

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The Global Practice of Forensic Science presents histories, issues, patterns, and diversity in the applications of international forensic science. Written by 64 experienced and internationally recognized forensic scientists, the volume documents the practice of forensic science in 28 countries from Africa, the Americas, Asia, Australia and Europe.

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Fully updated and revised to fit in with the new laws and structure in the Commonwealth Caribbean law and legal systems, this new edition examines the institutions, structures and processes of the law in the Commonwealth Caribbean.

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Fully updated and revised to fit in with the new laws and structure in the Commonwealth Caribbean law and legal systems, this new edition examines the institutions, structures and processes of the law in the Commonwealth Caribbean.

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Book Description

Fully updated and revised to fit in with the new laws and structure in the Commonwealth Caribbean law and legal systems, this new edition examines the institutions, structures and processes of the law in the Commonwealth Caribbean.

The author explores:

- the court system and the new Caribbean Court of Justice which replaces appeals to the Privy Council

- the offshore financial legal sector

- Caribbean customary law and the rights of indigenous peoples

- the Constitutions of Commonwealth Caribbean jurisdictions and Human Rights

- the impact of the historical continuum to the region's jurisprudence including the question of reparations

- the complexities of judicial precedent for Caribbean peoples

- international law as a source of law

- alternative dispute mechanisms and the Ombudsman

Effortlessy combining discussions of traditional subjects with those on more innovative subject areas, this book is an exciting exposition of Caribbean law and legal systems for those studying comparative law.

Table of Contents

Part 1: The Nature of the Law and Legal Systems and its Historical Precepts Part 2: The Sources of Law in the Commonwealth Caribbean and Their Impact on the Legal System Part 3: The Administration of Justice in the Commonwealth Caribbean

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Commonwealth Caribbean Law and Legal Systems

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Fully updated and revised to fit in with the new laws and structure in the Commonwealth Caribbean law and legal systems, this new edition examines the institutions, structures and processes of the law in the Commonwealth Caribbean.

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Blood group frequencies of the population of Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies

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Blood group frequencies of the population of Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies

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Recommended articles (6)

Mexico presents the highest richness of Opuntia Mill. species. These species are an important economic factor for the country, and source of nutrients, bioactive compounds, pigments, and nutraceuticals which can be of interest for the food and pharmaceutical industry. However, there are some wild Opuntia species in the Chihuahua desert, that have not been analyzed to establish their properties and potential use. The aim of study was to evaluate the sensory, physicochemical and protein profile in wild prickly pear fruits ( O. macrocentra Engelm. (OM), O. phaeacantha Engelm. (OP), and O. engelmannii Salm-Dyck ex Engelmann. (OE)) from Samalayuca, Chihuahua and compare them with two commercial prickly pear fruits ( O. ficus-indica (L.) Mill. (green-OFG, red-OFR). The sensory profile of wild species was characterized by highest color, odor, and sour taste compared to the commercial fruits. Pulp, peel, and seeds from wild prickly pear fruits showed lower pH, and higher titratable total acidity, total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, protein, lipids, ash, carbohydrates (only peel), and crude fiber content than commercial Opuntia species. Furthermore, O. engelmannii showed a tendency to present the highest betacyanins, betaxanthins, and betalains contents. A total of 181, 122, 113, 183 and 140 different proteins were identified in OM, OP, OE, OFG, OFR species, respectively. All species showed the highest enrichment in three main pathways such as amino acids biosynthesis, glycolysis (dark)/gluconeogenesis (light), and the citric acid cycle. The wild prickly pear fruits of this study showed important nutritional, protein, and antioxidant properties with biological interest, and can be a potential source of functional ingredients and nutraceuticals.

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Blood group frequencies of the population of Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies

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Recommended articles (6) Mexico presents the highest richness of Opuntia Mill. species. These species are an important economic factor for the country, and source of nutrients, bioactive compounds, pigments, and nutraceuticals which can be of interest for the food and pharmaceutical industry.

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Highlights the socially and culturally contextualized nature of crime and responses to crime specific to the Asian region

6 references to forensic science

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1. Jianhong Liu

Department of Sociology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, Macao

2. Bill Hebenton

Centre for Criminology and Criminal Just, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

3. Susyan Jou

School of Criminology, National Taipei University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.

Provides a comprehensive English-language reference work on crime across the countries of Asia, where existing books have a partial substantive or country bias, this will be a complete single-volume reference to crime and criminal justice in Asia

Provides detailed quantitative country level coverage of crime, victimization and corrections data: unique at the Asian regional level and very valuable for researchers

Highlights the socially and culturally contextualized nature of crime and responses to crime specific to the Asian region

About this book

The Handbook of Asian Criminology aims to be a key reference for international scholars with an interest in the broad theme of international criminology in general, and the Asian region in particular. Contextualization is a key theme in this book. The role of context is often underemphasized in international criminology, so the Handbook of Asian Criminology's premise that crime and the responses to it are best understood as deeply embedded in the cultural specificity of the environment which produces them will play a key role throughout the work. Attention will be given to country- and region specific attitudes towards crime and punishment.

Editors and Affiliations

Department of Sociology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, Macao

Jianhong Liu

Centre for Criminology and Criminal Just, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

Bill Hebenton

School of Criminology, National Taipei University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.

Susyan Jou

About the editors

Dr. Jianhong Liu is the University Chair Professor and Dean, at the School of Law, Southwest University of Political Science and Law, People's Republic of China and a Professor of Humanities, at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, at the University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China. Dr. Susyan Jou is a Professor of Criminology, at the National Taipei University, Taiwan. Dr. Bill Hebenton is an Associate Professor at the Centre for Criminology and Criminal Justice, School of Law, at the University of Manchester, United Kingdom.

Bibliographic Information

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Jianhong Liu Department of Sociology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, Macao Bill Hebenton Centre for Criminology and Criminal Just, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom Susyan Jou School of Criminology, National Taipei University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.