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Is a theoretical model concerned with health decision-making. The model attempts to explain the conditions under which a person will engage in individual health behaviors such as preventative screenings or seeking treatment for a health condition (Rosenstock, 1966).

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Under the HBM, a person’s likelihood for health behavior is assumed to be related to four main variables. First, action is more likely if the person perceives himself to be susceptible to or at risk for the condition. Second, the likelihood for action depends on the perceived seriousness of the condition. Seriousness may be judged based on the amount of emotional arousal produced by thinking about the condition as well as the anticipated physical, social, and psychological.

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Was developed initially in the 1950s by social psychologists in the U.S. During the early 1950s, academic social psychologists were developing an approach to understanding behavior that grew from learning theories derived from two major sources: Stimulus Response (S-R) Theory (Watson, 1925) and Cognitive Theory (Lewin, 1951; Tolman, 1932).

S-R theorists believed that learning results from events (termed reinforcements) that reduce physiological drives that activate behavior. Skinner (1938) formulated the widely accepted hypothesis that the frequency of a behavior is determined by its consequences or reinforcement. For Skinner, the mere temporal association between a behavior and an immediately following reward was regarded as sufficient to increase the probability that the behavior would be repeated. In this view, concepts such as reasoning or thinking are not required to explain behavior. Cognitive theorists, however, emphasize the role of subjective hypotheses and expectations held by individuals, believing that behavior is a function of the subjective value of an outcome and of the subjective probability, or expectation, that a particular action will achieve that outcome.

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Constructs that are involved in this model.

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Constructs that are involved in this model.

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Perceived Susceptibility. Perceived susceptibility refers to beliefs about the likelihood of getting a disease or condition.

Perceived Severity. Feelings about the seriousness of contracting an illness or of leaving it untreated include evaluations of both medical and clinical consequences (for example, death, disability, and pain) and possible social consequences (such as effects of the conditions on work, family life, and social relations).

Perceived Benefits. Even if a person perceives personal susceptibility to a serious health condition (perceived threat), whether this perception leads to behavior change will be influenced by the person’s beliefs regarding perceived benefits of the various available actions for reducing the disease threat.

Perceived Barriers. The potential negative aspects of a particular health action—perceived barriers—may act as impediments to undertaking recommended behaviors. A kind of nonconscious, cost-benefit analysis occurs wherein individuals weigh the action’s expected benefits with perceived barriers.

Cues to Action. Various early formulations of the HBM included the concept of cues that can trigger actions.

Self-Efficacy. Self-efficacy is defined as “the conviction that one can successfully execute the behavior required to produce the outcomes” (Bandura, 1997). Bandura distinguished self-efficacy expectations from outcome expectations, defined as a person’s estimate that a given behavior will lead to certain outcomes.

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One of the most important limitations in both descriptive and intervention research on the HBM has been variability in measurement of the central HBM constructs. Several important principles guide development of HBM measurement. Construct definitions need to be consistent with HBM theory as originally conceptualized, and measures need to be specific to the behavior being addressed (barriers to mammography may be quite different from barriers to colonoscopy) and relevant to the population among whom they will be used.

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Champion, L. & Sugg, C. (2022). The Health Belief Model, 3rd chapter. From http://chamilo.cut.edu.mx:8080/chamilo/courses/PSICOLOGIADELASALUDDOCTORADO/document/Bibliografia_complementaria-_Unidad_2/Chp3_Health_belief_model_Champio2008.pdf

Luger, T. Health Beliefs/Health Belief Model. From https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_1227#:~:text=Rosenstock's%20Health%20Belief%20Model%20(HBM,condition%20(Rosenstock%2C%201966).