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Antibiotic resistance is a massive concern for all cultures and countries around the world.

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Religion plays an important role in the life of Bosnians. The three major religion groups of Bosnia include the Orthodox Christians, Roman Catholics, and Muslims. Religion is so valuable to the Bosnians that the government officials are chosen based on the members of three major groups - Serbian Orthodox Church (SOC),  Roman Catholic Croats, and Muslim Bosniaks (Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2019).

According to the most recent census of Bosnia, Muslims make up 51% of the population, Orthodox Christians make up 31% of the population, Roman Catholics make up 15% of the population, and other religions make up 3% of the population (Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2019).

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By: Melanie, Yuri, Nicole, and Leanna

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The three official languages of Bosnia spoken by 17 million people are Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian. These three languages are very similar and are almost the same in grammar and vocabulary (Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian (BCS), 2023).

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1. What factors have been affecting and increasing the use of medications and/or drugs in Bosnia?

2. What do Bosnians believe make a treatment complete and effective?

3. What are the three main languages spoken in Bosnia?

4. What is Bosnia’s nickname and why?

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The use of tobacco in Bosnia-Herzegovina is being closely regulated.

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The Bosnian alphabet was written with both the Cyrillic and Latin alphabets, and later was written with a version of the Arabic alphabet (Library, 2022).

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The name “Bosnia” comes from an Indo-European word Bosana, which means water (Generation for Peace, 2014).

The currency of Bosnia is the Marka (Generation for Peace, 2014).

Bosnia has the tenth highest coffee consumption per person in the world (Generation for Peace, 2014).

The capital of Bosnia is Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2022).

The country is nicknamed the “Heart Shaped Land” due to the country’s slight heart shape (Generation for Peace, 2014).

The net migration rate for Bosnia in 2022 was -1.410 per 1000 population, a 47.11% decline from 2021 (Bosnia And Herzegovina, 2022).

The population in Bosnia is approximately 3.2 million (Bosnia And Herzegovina, 2022).

Bosnians sometimes use shot guns as a form of celebration (Country Reports, 2018).

Bosnia has the world's highest unemployment rate with over 75% (Country Reports, 2018).

Bosnia has the last remaining jungle in Europe and in the jungle there are trees older than 300 years (Country Reports, 2018).

Bosnian maple is highly valued by violin makers (Country Reports, 2018).

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Specific Health Trends Including Complementary and Alternative Medicine Commonly Utilized in Bosnia

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Specific Health Trends Including Complementary and Alternative Medicine Commonly Utilized in Bosnia

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Noncommunicable diseases such as strokes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer are the main attributors to the country’s mortality rate, and continues to increase (World Health Organization European Region, 2022).

The two main causes for the diseases in Bosnia-Herzegovina are hypertension and tobacco, hence why the country closely foresees tobacco control measures as “tobacco consumptions is a major public health concern” (World Health Organization European Region, 2022). 28% of deaths were due to hypertension, while 26% of deaths were due to the use of tobacco in a 2019 study (World Health Organization European Region, 2022).

Another health trend is that immunization rates have continuously decreased since 2014, thus leading to the “two measles outbreaks in recent years” in Bosnia (World Health Organization European Region, 2022).

Another health trend is that caused by the poor air quality and pollution of the urban areas of Bosnia-Herzegovina, where in 2019 “almost 16% of these deaths happen in the two cities of Sarajevo and Banja Luka” (World Health Organization European Region, 2022).

Overall, antimicrobial resistance in Bosnia-Herzegovina are more than that of the EU/EEA average, for example, the “percentages of third-generation cephalosporin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae and penicillin resistance (non-wild type) in Streptococcus pneuomoniae in Bosnia and Herzegovina are above 25% and higher than the proportions of most European countries” (World Health Organization European Region, 2022).

Because Bosnia’s pharmaceutical sales laws aren’t as strict in comparison to other countries, and depression has been a growing concern in the country, Bosnians “are now spending as much as $13 million a year for pills to treat a range of mental-health complaints. Per month, that’s more than $90 per capita-- more than one-this of the average income” (Arnautovic & Sindelar, 2011).

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A Practical Guide to the Way of Life in Bosnia-Herzegovina. InterNations Connecting Global Minds.https://www.internations.org/bosnia-herzegovina-expats/guide/living-short

Arnautovic, M. & Sindelar, D. (2011, October 10). As Depression Grows in Bosnia, So Does Appetite For Pills. Radio Free Europe/ Radio Liberty. https://www.rferl.org/a/bosnia_s_appetite_for_pills_grows/24354735.html

Bosnia and Herzegovina. Country Reports. https://www.countryreports.org/country/BosniaandHerzegovina.htm

Bosnia And Herzegovina Net Migration Rate 1950-2023. Macrotrends. https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/BIH/bosnia-and-herzegovina/net-migration#:~:text=The%20net%20migration%20rate%20for,a%2032.02%25%20decline%20from%202020.

Bosnia and Herzegovina. (2019). United States Department of State. https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/bosnia-and-herzegovina/

Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian (BCS). (2023). Department of Slavic Languages & Literatures. Retrieved January 25, 2023, from https://slavic.fas.harvard.edu/bcs

Bosnian Muslims a Guide for Health Professionals T - Queensland Health. https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0025/153907/bos_musl.pdf.

Generations for Peace. https://www.generationsforpeace.org/en/10-fun-facts-bosnia-and-herzegovina/

Library, I. and A. S. (2022). LibGuides: Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian Languages: Bosnian. Guides.library.illinois.edu. https://guides.library.illinois.edu/c.php?g=347560&p=2349636

Macrotrends. https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/BIH/bosnia-and-herzegovina/net-migration#:~:text=The net migration rate for,a 32.02% decline from 2020.

World Health Organization European Region. (2022). Health Systems in Action Bosnia and Herzegovina. https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1463801/retrieve

10 Fun Facts: Bosnia and Herzegovina. (2014, March 9). Generations for Peace. https://www.generationsforpeace.org/en/10-fun-facts-bosnia-and-herzegovina/

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Nursing Considerations and Interventions Applicable to Providing Care

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Nursing Considerations and Interventions Applicable to Providing Care

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Nurses should be aware of overprescribing antibiotics because of the growing antibiotic resistance in Bosnia.

Nurses should also take into consideration how much antidepressants have been prescribed as an easy and temporary fix to compensate for the lack of mental health counselors and therapists, as unnecessary addiction to such prescriptions is leading to another problem in Bosnia-Herzegovina. They should do anything within their authority to assess and suggest changes one can try to make in their lifestyle to help cope with depression such as meditation, yoga etc.

Nurses should consider the diet of Bosnians based on their religion. For example, be cautious of the Muslim diet by substituting pork for another protein.

Health care workers providers and workers in Bosnia should try to find easier and better ways to communicate because there is a lack of communication that is causing more and more problems to happen.

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Common Values and Beliefs Impacting Health and Healthcare 

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Common Values and Beliefs Impacting Health and Healthcare 

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Many foreigners who live in Bosnia-Herzegovina choose to take out private medical insurance because of the public system having insufficient funds and being understaffed, as well as doctors who do not speak English (InterNations, 2023).

Health care system is socialized, free, and public (InterNations, 2023).

Expatriates, those who live outside the native country, are allowed to use the health care system (InterNations, 2023).

Bosnian Muslims are concerned with being identified as refugees because it destroys their sense of being part of the general community (Queensland Health).

For women, the pill is not popular because of its recognized side effects and the fear that it may cause cancer (Queensland Health).

Children may have unsolved behavioral problems due to past traumatic experiences in Bosnia (Queensland Health).

Many Bosnian women will refuse to receive gynecological exams by males and prefer to see only female providers (Queensland Health).

Sick patients are motivated to openly discuss their suffering. Family gives moral and physical support (Queensland Health).

The health provider is proposed to give high importance to discussions about any symptoms and complaints (Queensland Health).

Treatment is often considered incomplete without medication (Queensland Health).

Males tend to have a higher than average death rate from diseases of the digestive system (Queensland Health).

Women tend to have a higher than average occurrence of musculoskeletal problems, like joint and back pain (Queensland Health).