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"Wie kann man das Phänomen des Cyber-Mobbing effektiv bekämpfen und was können Individuen, Schulen und Regierungen tun, um eine sichere Online-Umgebung zu schaffen?“

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Sarah:  Die psychische Verfassung durch digitale Medien

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Sarah:  Die psychische Verfassung durch digitale Medien

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Fragestellung:
Inwiefern haben digitale Medien Einfluss auf die psychische Verfassung ?

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Fragestellung:
Ist die Anonymität im Internet ein Fluch oder ein Segen?

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Fragestellung: Wie kann man sich dagegen wehren/schützen?

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Welche gesundheitlichen Probleme treten bei Abhängigkeit der digitalen Medien auf

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Helin: Gesundheitliche Beeinträchtigungen der User durch Internetsucht

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Helin: Gesundheitliche Beeinträchtigungen der User durch Internetsucht

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Wie kann Internetsucht die Gesundheit der User beeinträchtigen?

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Inwieweit können soziale Medien soziale Kontakte beeinflussen?

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Frage: Inwiefern ist die digitale Kommunikation gefährlich?

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Thema :Soziale Medien

Fragestellung:Welche Einfluss haben die Sozialen medien auf junge Menschen ?

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Wie gefährlich ist Anonymität in den sozialen Medien ?

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Emelie: Soziale Medien und ihre Auswirkung 

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Emelie: Soziale Medien und ihre Auswirkung 

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Fragestellung:
Welchen Einfluss haben Soziale Medien auf die Psyche der Konsumenten?

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Frage: Wie gefährlich ist eine Internetsucht?

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Wie sicher sind Soziale Medien?

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Fragestellung: Inwiefern wirkt sich digitale Kommunikation auf Extremismus aus ?

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Was sind die Gefahren die Anonymität im Internet mit sich bringt

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Wie machen digitale Medien abhängig?

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1. Viren und Malware: Viren und Malware sind Schadprogramme, die Ihren Computer oder Ihr mobiles Gerät angreifen und beschädigen können. Diese Bedrohungen können beispielsweise Ihre persönlichen Daten stehlen oder Ihr Gerät für böswillige Zwecke nutzen.

2. Phishing-Angriffe: Phishing-Angriffe sind betrügerische E-Mails oder Websites, die so gestaltet sind, dass sie wie vertrauenswürdige Quellen aussehen. Sie können Sie dazu verleiten, sensible Informationen wie Passwörter oder Kreditkartennummern preiszugeben.

3. Hackerangriffe: Hacker können versuchen, Ihre Computer- oder Netzwerksysteme zu kompromittieren, um sensible Informationen zu stehlen oder Ihre Geräte für böswillige Zwecke zu nutzen.

4. Datenverlust: Datenverlust kann durch technische Ausfälle, versehentliches Löschen oder Hackerangriffe verursacht werden.

5. Online-Betrug: Online-Betrug bezieht sich auf eine Vielzahl von Aktivitäten, bei denen Betrüger Sie dazu verleiten, Geld oder sensible Informationen preiszugeben.

6. Datenschutzprobleme: Soziale Medien, Online-Shops und andere Websites sammeln oft persönliche Daten, die für böswillige Zwecke verwendet werden können.Viren und Malware: Viren und Malware sind Schadprogramme, die Ihren Computer oder Ihr mobiles Gerät angreifen und beschädigen können. Diese Bedrohungen können beispielsweise Ihre persönlichen Daten stehlen oder Ihr Gerät für böswillige Zwecke nutzen.

7. Phishing-Angriffe: Phishing-Angriffe sind betrügerische E-Mails oder Websites, die so gestaltet sind, dass sie wie vertrauenswürdige Quellen aussehen. Sie können Sie dazu verleiten, sensible Informationen wie Passwörter oder Kreditkartennummern preiszugeben.

8. Hackerangriffe: Hacker können versuchen, Ihre Computer- oder Netzwerksysteme zu kompromittieren, um sensible Informationen zu stehlen oder Ihre Geräte für böswillige Zwecke zu nutzen.

9. Datenverlust: Datenverlust kann durch technische Ausfälle, versehentliches Löschen oder Hackerangriffe verursacht werden.

10. Online-Betrug: Online-Betrug bezieht sich auf eine Vielzahl von Aktivitäten, bei denen Betrüger Sie dazu verleiten, Geld oder sensible Informationen preiszugeben.

11. Datenschutzprobleme: Soziale Medien, Online-Shops und andere Websites sammeln oft persönliche Daten, die für böswillige Zwecke verwendet werden können.

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Sophie: Mobbing und Hassreden im Internet

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Sophie: Mobbing und Hassreden im Internet

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Ist Mobbing im Internet ernst zu nehmen?

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Louis: Einfluss der digitalen Medien auf Verhalten der Benutzer 

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Louis: Einfluss der digitalen Medien auf Verhalten der Benutzer 

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Wie können soziale Medien das Verhalten des/der Nutzer/in beeinflussen? (Cybermobbing)

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Wie verändern bzw. beeinflussen die digitalen Medien die Sprache?

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Robin:
Wie können sich Soziale Medien auswirken?

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https://www.sicher-im-netz.de/
https://www.bsi.bund.de/
https://www.bka.de/DE/UnsereAufgaben/Deliktsbereiche/Cybercrime/cybercrime_node.html

Beispiel Foren:
https://cracked.io/
https://crimemarket.is/

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DsiN-Sicherheitsindex 2020

Während sich die digitale Sicherheitslage für antreibende und bedachtsame Nutzer:innen weiter verbessert hat, werden digital außenstehende Nutzer:innen in puncto Online-Sicherheit weiter abgehängt. Das zeigt der DsiN-Sicherheitsindex 2020. Insgesamt hat sich die digitale Sicherheitslage für Verbraucher:innen in Deutschland in diesem Jahr leicht verbessert: Im Vergleich zum Vorjahr steigt der DsiN-Index 2020 um 0,5 Indexpunkte auf 62,8 Punkte an. Damit wächst der Wert im zweiten Jahr in Folge.

Trotz der verbesserten Sicherheitslage fühlen sich Verbraucher:innen in diesem Jahr nicht sicherer im Netz. Das Verunsicherungsgefühl steigt um 0,9 Punkte auf 29,6 Punkte an. Es erreicht damit seinen bisher höchsten Wert seit Beginn der Erhebung im Jahr 2014. Die Zahl der Sicherheitsvorfälle geht hingegen bereits im zweiten Jahr in Folge deutlich zurück, nachdem dieser im Zeitraum 2016 - 2018 stark angestiegen war.

Zudem beleuchtet der DsiN-Sicherheitsindex die digitale Sicherheitslage für unterschiedliche Nutzertypen im Netz und stellt erstmalig die Einstellung von Internetnutzenden in Deutschland zu sogenannten „Digitalen Bürgerportalen" dar. Dabei geht es um Informationsangebote und Dienste von Behörden sowie öffentlichen Einrichtungen. Sie ermöglichen es beispielsweise, sich digital umzumelden, Kindergeld zu beantragen oder die Steuererklärung auf elektronischem Weg einzureichen.

Eine Print-Ausgabe des DsiN-Sicherheitsindex 2020 können Sie unter info@sicher-im-netz.de kostenfrei bestellen.

Hier finden sie alle DsiN-Sicherheitsindexe seit 2014 in der Übersicht.

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Während sich die digitale Sicherheitslage für antreibende und bedachtsame Nutzer:innen weiter verbessert hat, werden digital außenstehende Nutzer:innen in puncto Online-Sicherheit weiter abgehängt. Das zeigt der DsiN-Sicherheitsindex 2020. Insgesamt hat sich die digitale Sicherheitslage für Verbraucher:innen in Deutschland in diesem Jahr leicht verbessert: Im Vergleich zum Vorjahr steigt der DsiN-Index 2020 um 0,5 Indexpunkte auf 62,8 Punkte an.

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https://www.informationszentrum-mobilfunk.de/wirtschaft-gesellschaft/mobile-gesellschaft/sprache-kommunikation

https://www.swr3.de/aktuell/whatsapp-facebook-so-beeinflussen-soziale-medien-die-deutsche-sprache-102.html

https://www.koenigswinter.de/de/datei/anzeigen/id/47857,1081/lea_scha╠êfer_forschungsarbeit_zum_sprachwandel.pdf

https://www.sofatutor.com/deutsch/videos/sprachwandel-einfluss-neuer-medien

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E-Mail, Twitter, WhatsApp und nicht zuletzt die klassische SMS: Moderne Mobiltelefone bieten - neben dem Telefonieren - eine ganze Palette an Möglichkeiten, nahezu in Echtzeit miteinander zu kommunizieren. Diese digitale Kommunikation hat einen eigenen, typischen Sprachstil hervorgebracht.

Charakteristisch für solch digitale Kommunikationsformen ist eine einfache, prägnante Ausdrucksweise, oftmals eher in Fragmenten als in ganzen Sätzen, die Inhalte „kurz und bündig" auf den Punkt bringt. Oft begrenzen allein die technischen Möglichkeiten den Umfang einer Nachricht, denn bei einer SMS oder einem Tweet steht nur eine bestimmte Zeichenzahl zur Verfügung. Für das „Simsen" und Chatten haben sich daher Abkürzungen etabliert, beispielsweise HDL (Hab dich lieb), 4U (for you = für dich), OMG (oh my God = Oh mein Gott) oder fyi (for your information = Zu deiner Information).

Netzkommunikation als eigenständige Sprachkategorie

Während kritische Stimmen diese Entwicklungen immer wieder als Anzeichen für einen „Sprachverfall" gerade bei der jüngeren Generation werten, sind Sprachforscher weniger pessimistisch: Sie sehen die sogenannte „Netzkommunikation" als eigene Sprachkategorie an, die sich durch die spezifischen Kommunikationsformate digitaler Medien herausgebildet hat. Die Germanistik-Professorin Angelika Storrer etwa spricht von einer „interaktionsorientierten Schreibhaltung", bei der nicht das Schreibprodukt (also die Textqualität), sondern die laufende Interaktion im Mittelpunkt steht. Generell sei bei dieser Kommunikationsform eine schnelle Reaktion auf Nachrichten wichtiger als ein geschliffener sprachlicher Ausdruck.

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Wie beeinflusst die digitale Kommunikation unsere Sprache?

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E-Mail, Twitter, WhatsApp und nicht zuletzt die klassische SMS: Moderne Mobiltelefone bieten - neben dem Telefonieren - eine ganze Palette an Möglichkeiten, nahezu in Echtzeit miteinander zu kommunizieren. Diese digitale Kommunikation hat einen eigenen, typischen Sprachstil hervorgebracht.

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https://www.verywellfamily.com/what-are-the-effects-of-cyberbullying-460558

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Any type of bullying can have physical and psychological effects on a child. Anxiety, fear, depression, low self-esteem, behavioral issues, and academic struggles are just of the few challenges kids may experience if they are targets. Cyberbullying, however, may be particularly damaging.

There are several possible reasons for this. For example, unlike traditional bullying-which is often limited to school and known bullies-cyberbullying can occur at any time, day or night, and be perpetrated by anonymous sources. This makes it more relentless and, often, more cruel.

Even the type of victimization may impact the severity of its consequences. For instance, one study found that online pictures and posts were more damaging than harassment received through text messaging or phone calls.

While cyberbullying can happen in a public digital space, like on social media post, it can also take the form of private messages-leaving some kids managing this secret, and its effect on them, alone.

Being aware of all of the effects of cyberbullying cannot only help you support a child you know is affected, but help you become more aware of signs that may be reason for concern-and a conversation.

Emotional Effects of Cyberbullying

Not surprisingly, cyberbullying is a significant stressor in a young person's life. In fact, research shows that 32% of kids who are targets of cyberbullying report experiencing at least one symptom of stress.

In addition to feeling distressed, they also may feel embarrassed, hurt, and even fear for their safety. They may even blame themselves for the cyberbullying.

Humiliation

Because cyberbullying occurs in cyberspace, online bullying feels permanent. Kids know that once something is out there, it will always be out there. They can feel exposed, embarrassed, and overwhelmed.

When cyberbullying occurs, the nasty posts, messages, or texts can be shared with multitudes of people. The sheer volume of people that know about the bullying can lead to intense feelings of humiliation.

Cyberbullying sometimes causes kids to be excluded and ostracized at school. Consequently, they often feel alone and isolated. This experience can be particularly painful because friends are crucial at this age. When kids don't have friends, this can lead to more bullying.

When cyberbullying occurs, parents sometimes recommend shutting off the computer or turning off the cell phone. But for many kids, using these devices is considered the most important way they communicate with others. Turning them off often means cutting off their connection with their world, which can make them feel more secluded.

Many victims of cyberbullying will get angry about what is happening to them. In fact, research indicates that anger is the most common response to cyberbullying (followed by being upset and worried).

Some kids that are victimized may even plot revenge and engage in retaliation. Aside from the trouble they could get into, this approach is dangerous because it can keep them locked in the bully-victim cycle.

While it's always better to forgive a bully than it is to get even, this is often easier said than done. If your child seems intensely angry over cyberbullying, it may help for them to speak with a counselor or therapist who can teach them to channel that anger in productive ways.

Powerlessness

Victims of cyberbullying often find it difficult to feel safe. They may feel vulnerable and powerless. Typically, these feelings surface because the online bullying can invade their home through a computer or cell phone at any time of day. They no longer have a place where they can escape.

Additionally, because the bullies can remain anonymous, this realization may escalate feelings of fear. Sometimes kids who are targeted may have no idea who is inflicting the pain, although some cyberbullies choose people they know and have no problem identifying themselves.

Mental Effects of Cyberbullying

When cyberbullying is ongoing, victims may relate to the world around them differently than others. For many, life can feel hopeless and meaningless.

They may lose interest in things they once enjoyed and spend less time interacting with family and friends. And, in some cases, depression and thoughts of suicide can set in.

Depression and Anxiety

Victims of cyberbullying may succumb to anxiety, depression, and other stress-related conditions. The added stress of coping with cyberbullying on a regular basis can steal their feelings of happiness and contentment. It also can increase feelings of worry and isolation.

Research has consistently supported the notion that increasing levels of cyberbullying lead to higher levels of depression. In fact, one study found that 93% of those victimized by cyberbullying reported feelings of sadness, powerlessness, and hopelessness.﻿﻿﻿

Low Self-Esteem

Cyberbullying often zeros in on what already makes victims feel most vulnerable. For example, maybe a child who feels insecure about a birthmark ends up being bullied about just that.

Even when that's not the case, though, online bullying can have an impact on self-esteem. Targets of bullying may begin to feel intense dissatisfaction with who they are. As a result, they can begin to doubt their worth and value.

Researchers speculate that because young people have an intense psychological need to be part of and accepted by a peer group, cyberbullying may cause psychological maladjustment, reduced well-being, and ultimately low self-esteem.

Academic Issues

Kids being victimized by cyberbullying may lose interest in school. As a result, they often have much higher rates of absenteeism than non-bullied kids. They may skip school to avoid facing the kids cyberbullying them or because they are embarrassed and humiliated by the messages that were shared online.

Their grades may also suffer because they find it difficult to concentrate or study. And in some cases, kids may either drop out of school or lose interest in continuing their education after high school.

Suicidal Thoughts and Self-Harm

Sometimes targets of cyberbullying respond to their intense feelings by harming themselves in some way. For instance, some might engage in self-harm such as cutting or burning themselves. In fact, research has consistently linked bullying and self-harm.

Cyberbullying also increases the risk of suicide. Kids that are constantly tormented by peers through text messages, instant messaging, social media, or apps often begin to feel hopeless and that the only way to relieve the pain is ending their life.

As a result, they may fantasize about dying in order to escape.

Behavioral Effects of Cyberbullying

Kids who are cyberbullied may display the same behavioral changes as those who are bullied in more traditional ways. For example, they exhibit a loss of interest in activities and engage in secretive behavior.

In extreme cases, or when cyberbullying is prolonged, kids sometimes even exhibit more significant behavioral changes. These can include:

Using drugs or alcohol: Kids who are harassed online are more likely to engage in substance abuse. In fact, one study found that targets of cyberbullying were 2.5 times more likely to use marijuana or engage in binge drinking than their peers.

Skipping school: Sometimes when kids are cyberbullied, the thought of going to school is just more than they can handle. Consequently, it's not uncommon for them to skip school or even behave in such a way that results in suspension. In one survey, those who were cyberbullied reported two or more suspensions or detentions in the prior year.

Carrying a weapon: Even more concerning is the fact that kids who are cyberbullied are more likely to bring a weapon to school. In fact, one survey found that targets of cyberbullying were eight times more likely to have brought a weapon to school in the last 30 days than their peers.

Physical Effects of Cyberbullying

Being targeted by cyberbullies can be crushing, especially if a lot of kids are participating in it.

The feelings of overwhelm and stress can manifest physically, which issues such as:

Gastrointestinal issues: The stress of bullying also can cause or worsen conditions like upset stomach, abdominal pain, and stomach ulcers. Kids may also struggle with frequent nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Disordered eating: Kids who are cyberbullied may experience changes in eating habits like skipping meals or binge eating. Because their lives feel out of control, they look to their eating patterns as something they can control. These efforts may morph into a full-blown eating disorder, especially if the bullying has caused a distorted body image.

Sleep disturbances: Experiencing cyberbullying can impact a person's sleep patterns. They may suffer from sleep issues like insomnia, sleeping more than usual, or nightmares.

If you notice that your child is experiencing changes in their eating and sleeping habits, or if they are experiencing increased physical issues, it's important to speak with your child's doctor. These could be signs of bigger issue that needs evaluation.

A Word From Verywell

If your child is being cyberbullied, it's important to help them take steps to end the torment. This may mean reporting cyberbullying to social media companies, school officials, and even the police. Make sure you do what you can to put an end to the torment, including becoming familiar with the laws surrounding cyberbullying.

In the meantime, do not dismiss your child's feelings. Do what you can to make them feel empowered. Communicate with them daily and keep close tabs on changes in mood and behavior. Seek the help of a healthcare professional if you notice any changes at all.

Every person victimized by cyberbullying can benefit from having a counselor or therapist who teaches them how to cope with and respond to cyberbullying in healthy ways. Developing effective coping strategies can help your child weather this storm while building resilience and perseverance.

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Learn to Recognize the Real-Life Effects of Cyberbullying on Children

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Learn about the range of emotional and psychological effects that cyberbullying can have on children and teens.

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https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/pressure-proof/201506/the-impact-cyberbullying-3-strategies-help

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When I think of a bully, the first image that comes to my mind is Scut Farkus-the red haired menace who picks on Ralphie and his brother in A Christmas Story. Bullies used to take your lunch money and hang you in your locker, but thanks to the Internet and modern technology, there is now a more insidious form of bullying.

Cyberbullying is a general term used to describe a form of bullying that takes place via electronic technology, such as blogs, chat rooms, emails, and other social media sites. It's such a devastating form of bullying because it can happen literally at any time-24 hours a day, 7 days a week. In addition, words and images can be posted anonymously and distributed in a very quick and permanent way to a very large audience. It can be hard to track down an offender or trace a post back to its original source.

Cyberbullying is a form of public shaming that carries with it a tremendous cost, and the person leading the effort to create a more compassionate social media environment, Monica Lewinsky, knows a thing or two about public shaming. In her popular TED talk, she describes herself as "Patient Zero of losing a personal reputation on a global scale almost instantaneously."

The consequences of public shaming can be long lasting. Kids who are cyberbullied are more likely to skip school, be unwilling to attend school, have lower self-esteem and more health problems. The psychological fallout from a traumatic event like public shaming and bullying can be profound. Anxiety, anger, guilt, general irritability, dysfunctional patterns of thinking, psychological numbness, and physical symptoms like fatigue, muscle tension and digestive issues can be common. Depending on the duration and intensity of the bullying, these types of responses can persist for a long time after the bullying has stopped (Tedeschi & Calhoun, 2004).

People who are cyberbullied may need the help of professional resources to stop the bullying and deal with its impact. In addition to seeking out those professional resources, here are three strategies that might provide some help:

Develop High-Quality Connections. High-quality relationships are critical to resilience. According to business and psychology professor, Dr. Jane Dutton, there are four distinct pathways for building high-quality connections:

1. Respectful engagement-communicate supportively and be an effective listener;
2. Task enabling-facilitate another person's success with guidance, recognition and support;
3. Trust-built on a foundation of valuing similar things, being able to predict each other's behavior, and understanding that if you're not going to act in my best interest, you will let me know in advance; and
4. Play-there is a "lightness" within a high-quality connection and play evokes positive emotions, which help facilitate resilience.

Build Shame Resilience. According to Dr. Brené Brown, shame is the fear of disconnection-it's the painful feeling or experience of believing that we are flawed and therefore unworthy of love and belonging. Shame is highly correlated with addiction, depression, eating disorders and bullying (Brown, 2012). Shame is something we all experience, and one of Dr. Brown's twelve shame categories is surviving trauma. It might be hard to talk about the intensely painful experience of being cyberbullied, but speaking shame is one key way to dissolve it and build shame resilience. Here are all four components of shame resilience (Brown, 2012):

1. Recognize your shame triggers;
2. Practice critical awareness-acknowledge and filter all of the messages and beliefs that block your way;
3. Reach out-find the people in your circle who will offer empathy and support around these issues (see high-quality connections above); and
4. Speak shame-talk about how you feel and ask for what you need.

Recognize Post-Traumatic Growth. Many people have heard of post-traumatic stress disorder, but far fewer know about post-traumatic growth ("PTG"). Post-traumatic growth is, "the experience of positive change that occurs as a result of the struggle with highly challenging life crises" (Tedeschi & Calhoun). As the concept continues to be studied, research shows that the struggle and the growth can happen at the same time. Not everyone experiences PTG during or after a trauma, but far more people experience growth experiences than psychiatric disorders; in fact, PTG can manifest itself in a variety of ways (Tedeschi & Calhoun):

1. Increased appreciation for life in general;
2. More meaningful interpersonal relationships;
3. Increased sense of personal strength;
4. Changed priorities; and
5. A richer spiritual life.

If you've ever reflected on a highly challenging life crisis, you may have thought, "It would have been nice if that hadn't happened!" As you reflect on that same crisis again, are you able to see one or more of the five manifestations of PTG in that same situation?

The trauma of cyberbulling can stay with a person for a lifetime. Knowing that you don't need to live in the closet of shame and that growth after such an intense experience is possible, may give you a little light at the end of the tunnel.

______________________________________________________________________

Paula Davis-Laack, JD, MAPP is a former lawyer and burnout prevention and stress resilience expert who helps companies and individuals prevent burnout and build stress resilience. For more tips and strategies to build stress resilience, download Paula's e-book, Addicted to Busy: Your Blueprint for Burnout Prevention, at www.pauladavislaack.com.
References
Brown, B. (2012). Daring Greatly. New York: Gotham Books.

Dutton, J.E. (2014). Build high-quality connections. In J.E. Dutton & G.M. Spreitzer (Eds.), How to Become a Positive Leader (pp. 11-21). San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc.

Tedeschi, R.G., & Calhoun, L.G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1-18.
This content was sponsored by Ogilvy & Mather

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The Impact of Cyberbullying: 3 Strategies to Help

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When I think of a bully, the first image that comes to my mind is Scut Farkus-the red haired menace who picks on Ralphie and his brother in A Christmas Story. Bullies used to take your lunch money and hang you in your locker, but thanks to the Internet and modern technology, there is now a more insidious form of bullying.

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Taktiken an dehnen man oft Cybermobbing erkennt: 

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Taktiken an dehnen man oft Cybermobbing erkennt: 

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https://bullyproofclassroom.com/10-most-common-cyber-bullying-tactics

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Cyber bullying is a term used to define recurrent and sustained verbal and/or physical attacks by one or more children towards another child who is unable or unwilling to deescalate the engagement using information and communication technology. Like classic bullying, cyber bullying is harmful, repeated and hostile behavior intended to deprecate and disparage a targeted child.

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https://www.br.de/nachrichten/netzwelt/facebook-was-wuerde-eine-klarnamenpflicht-bringen,SviKT1a

https://praxistipps.focus.de/was-ist-eine-klarnamenpflicht-einfach-erklaert_145223

https://www.dw.com/de/anonymität-im-internet-sinnvoll-oder-gefährlich/a-51994066

https://www.tagesspiegel.de/gesellschaft/medien/pflicht-zu-klarnamen-im-netz--wer-hasst-mich-4333237.html

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Nach Facebook-Urteil: Was würde eine Klarnamenpflicht bringen?

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Der Streit um die Klarnamenpflicht im Netz ist fast so alt wie das Internet selbst - und wird auch nach dem Facebook-Urteil weitergehen. Doch was versprechen sich Befürworter davon? Was spricht dagegen? Und welche Alternativen gibt es?

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https://stracy.ch/digital/6-vorteile-die-digitale-medien-im-vergleich-zu-printmedien-haben/

https://www.bmi.gv.at/511/Verantwortungsvoller_Umgang_mit_digitalen_Medien.aspx

https://www.bpb.de/

https://www.sanitas.com/de/magazin/zusammenleben-heute/digitales-leben/digitale-versuchung.html

https://www.ionos.de/digitalguide/

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https://www.sofatutor.com/deutsch/videos/sprachwandel-einfluss-neuer-medien

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https://www.derpragmaticus.com/r/soziale-medien-sucht/

https://www.medical-tribune.de/medizin-und-forschung/artikel/wie-soziale-medien-abhaengig-machen

https://www.stern.de/gesundheit/psychologie/internetsucht--was-digitale-medien-attraktiv-und-so-gefaehrlich-macht-8502852.html

https://blog.wdr.de/digitalistan/dopamin-das-aus-dem-smartphone-kommt/

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https://www.therapie.de/psyche/info/index/diagnose/internetsucht/artikel/

https://www.t-online.de/gesundheit/krankheiten-symptome/id_72316326/folgen-von-internetsucht-koerperlich-sozial-und-psychisch.html

https://www.dak.de/dak/gesundheit/internetsucht-kinder-schuetzen-2074254.html

https://www.oberbergkliniken.de/artikel/internetsucht-anzeichen-folgen-therapie-ansaetze

https://blog.gitnux.com/de/digitale-abhaengigkeit-statistik/

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https://www.informationszentrum-mobilfunk.de/wirtschaft-gesellschaft/mobile-gesellschaft/sozialverhalten

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https://sites.bu.edu/perryd/2018/08/17/promote-free-speech-via-tor-earn-a-slapdown/

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[I wrote this a few years ago, but it is still relevant, perhaps even more so now -PD]

I've been a privacy advocate for a long time; back in the mid-90s I'd wear my while walking around the Boston common, both to support Phil Zimmerman's defense fund and to enact my own small protest against government restrictions on free speech.

I'm also a big fan of Cory Doctorow's writing, and a few months read both Little Brother and Homeland, his vision of not-too-distant future of a dystopian United States in which Homeland Security mounts an all-out offensive against freedom in the name of safety. The books are frightening in that it's easy to see a path between where we are right now and the world he depicts. I stocked up on tin foil after finishing the books.

I resolved to do my part to help secure the basic human right of freedom of speech, even if in just a small way, by setting up a Tor relay on one of my servers. I run a small business and have ample bandwidth and compute cycles, and I felt that helping the Tor network grow was a great way to participate in the free-speech movement.

The Tor network architecture uses a three-hop graph. A user connects to the network via a bridge; the next hop is to a relay, and the final hop to an exit node which makes the final hop to the service the user wants to use. Bridges and relay nodes are equivalent in terms of how they are set up, and a bridge can be either public or hidden, the latter being used to help obscure the initial connection tor the Tor network in regimes where network traffic is heavily scrutinized or suppressed. You can read full details of the architecture at the Tor Project home page .

Exit nodes carry potential legal issues and so I decided to run a relay. It takes only a few minutes to set this up on a Linux distribution...a download and a few configuration file tweaks and you are up and running. I gave the node 1 MB/s of bandwidth so that it would have a good chance of being promoted to being a published entry point.

I set the node up on a Monday. The first sign of trouble was on Wednesday, when my wife asked why she couldn't watch a show on Hulu. I took a look and saw an ominous message: "Based on your IP-address, we noticed that you are trying to access Hulu through an anonymous proxy tool..."The streaming ABC site displayed a similar message. The new Tor relay was an obvious source of the message, but I'd also recently been using a VPN to watch World Cup games that were blocked in the USA, and that could've been a trigger, too.

The next day I logged on to one of my banking sites. I was blocked. A second banking site had also blocked me. I needed to renew a domain at Network Solutions. Denied: "There's something wrong with your credit card..."

What had happened?

A fundamental weakness of Tor is that in order to connect to the first node, you need to know the IP address of the first node. Tor handles this in two ways; a small set of bridge nodes are kept secret and distributed only by email...these are used by dissidents in China, for example, where Tor traffic is heavily censored. The large majority of bridges, though, are available in public lists , and many companies scrape these lists and blacklist any IP found on them. I'd been blacklisted for supporting free speech.

Some of the blocks were easy to fix. I called Hulu and the support technician manually removed my IP from their blacklist. Others (my banks, for example) cleared themselves automatically a few days after I disabled my Tor relay.

Some were not so easy to fix. Network Solutions is still blocking me, and just yesterday I tried to do an online transaction on my state government's web site: "There is something wrong with your credit card..."

My solution to this nagging problem is the same one that I used to watch the blocked World Cup games...a VPN to a server somewhere else in the world. Since my IP is blacklisted, I just come in with a different IP.

My advice to anyone who wants to support free speech by running a Tor relay on their home or small business network is simple:

The Tor Project downplays or ignores the risk of running a Tor relay, focusing instead on exit nodes. Their goal is to grow the network, so I can't fault them. However, it's clear that many organizations are throwing a wide net around Tor traffic and putting all of it in the 'evil-doer'basket. Even if you are just trying to do your part as a citizen of the world to promote free speech, you will be slapped down. My IP presumably is now on watch lists that I don't know about, both private and governmental. Is my traffic being collected? What tripwires did this trigger? What other ramifications are there? These are questions that I don't know the answer to right now.

I still support Tor and what it stands for. The Tor Project is making a big push right now to encourage individuals to create Tor nodes in the Amazon cloud , and I'm all for that as long as you keep in mind that Amazon is a third party and subject to subpoena and to national security orders. It might well be that the AWS Tor nodes are currently under heavy scrutiny...we just don't know. If you don't physically own the entry node, there's no guarantee that your traffic is not being . The Tor Browser Bundle can be useful in providing a layer of anonymity to your web browsing, but you should approach it with a dose of skepticism.

If your goal is anonymous network access, one approach would be to set up a private Tor entry point, one that you physically control, and obfuscate the traffic coming out of it. This would prevent your IP from being scraped off the list of public relays, and presumably would help prevent traffic analysis at your ISP from identifying your IP as being part of the Tor network. This approach doesn't help the Tor project, really, but it will help anonymize your traffic. The Tor Project maintains a list of hidden entry nodes, but it's trivial to build a list of them (they are distributed by email) and so you should assume that they have been compromised and just use your private bridge.

I still want to promote free speech. My focus is shifted away from Tor and I'm instead promoting . The idea is that if more people use encryption for everyday communication such as email and IM messages, the encrypted traffic becomes the norm rather than sticking out like a big flag. Unfortunately, 20 years after Zimmerman posted his PGP code, it's still not easy for the average user to implement strong encryption. That's where I'll spend my effort...in making things simpler.

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Promote free speech via Tor, earn a slapdown

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I wrote this a few years ago, but it is still relevant, perhaps even more so now -PD] I've been a privacy advocate for a long time; back in the mid-90s I'd wear my while walking around the Boston common, both to support Phil Zimmerman's defense fund and to enact my own small protest against government restrictions on free speech.

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1. https://www.aerzteblatt.de/nachrichten/90533/Krankenkasse-warnt-vor-Abhaengigkeit-von-Sozialen-Medien
2.
https://www.infranken.de/ratgeber/alltagstipps/social-media-und-die-psyche-tipps-fuer-einen-gesuenderen-umgang-mit-instagram-co-art-5438854
3.
https://www.dak.de/dak/bundesthemen/onlinesucht-studie-2106298.html#/

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https://www.apc.org/en/news/anonymity-and-encryption-are-key-freedom-expressio

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Submission by the Association for Progressive Communications (APC) to the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the right to freedom of opinion and expression
In June 2015, the UN Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression David Kaye will present a new report on anonymity and encryption before the Human Rights Council (HRC) in Geneva. APC welcomes these efforts, which present a significant opportunity to strengthen fundamental freedoms in the digital age, and this is why we contributed to Mr. Kaye's consultation reaffirming the freedom to use encryption technology and to communicate anonymously.

As an organisation that advocates for everyone to have affordable access to a free and open internet to improve their lives and create a more just world, our submission focuses on the relationships between privacy, confidentiality and human rights in the age of the internet.
We specifically urge Mr. Kaye to include in his report that:
* Anonymity is fundamental for the full exercise of the right to freedom of expression, as enshrined in Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

* Anonymity is also inextricably linked to the right to privacy.

* Communications surveillance, or even perceived surveillance, is understood to have a chilling effect on freedom of expression, leading to self-censorship.

* Encryption protocols and standards should be constructed with privacy in mind.

* Anonymity is an important enabler of the right to freedom of association and assembly online and the right to be free from discrimination.

* As duty bearers for human rights, states have an obligation to positively ensure that people have a right to free expression, ensuring that applied cryptographic solutions are widely available.

* Anonymity and encryption are both critical for circumventing censorship.

* The ability to share information confidentially with various people - for example, one's doctor, lawyer or intimate partner - on one's own terms, known as the "right to whisper", is essential.

* Anonymity and encryption are critical for empowering and protecting groups at risk. Communities who are socially and politically excluded, and face discrimination or violence, often turn to the internet as a "safer" space.

* Anonymity and encryption are important tools for combating hate speech and online violence.

* Anonymity and encryption facilitate the expression and realisation of sexual rights.

* Anonymity and encryption facilitate the exploration and expression of sexual identity and the realisation of sexual rights. They are also important tools for accessing information about sexual and reproductive health.

* The introduction of real-name policies - requiring users to use their real names on online platforms - can compromise users' ability to express themselves anonymously, particularly in countries where human rights are frequently violated or where the space for civil society participation is limited beyond representative democracy.
Furthermore we make the following recommendations:
* States should not interfere with the use of encryption technologies, nor compel the provision of encryption keys.

* States should not undermine the integrity of open cryptographic protocols by building in backdoors.

* States should remove all restrictions on the import, export, development and use of encryption.

* States should not require individuals to provide their encryption keys in response to a judicial order of limited scope.

* States should not require internet intermediaries to provide the personal data of users without a judicial order.

* Internet intermediaries should contribute to reinforcing the right to privacy by not disclosing the personal data of their users without a judicial order.

* Intermediaries should not prevent users from accessing their services while using circumvention and anonymity tools.

* Developers should construct and design communication protocols and standards with privacy in mind, so that they cannot be used to deduce or construct the identity of an anonymous individual either by linking properties of anonymous traffic on a computer network (linkability), or by comparing the properties of anonymous traffic to externally available data (fingerprintability).

* States should put in place effective mechanisms for remedy that protect individuals whose rights have been violated due to limitations on anonymity, particularly for individuals from groups at risk.

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Anonymity and encryption are key to freedom of expression

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Submission by the Association for Progressive Communications (APC) to the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the right to freedom of opinion and expression In June 2015, the UN Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression David Kaye will present a new report on anonymity and encryption before the Human Rights Council (HRC) in Geneva.

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https://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/classes/6.805/student-papers/fall95-papers/rigby-anonymity.html

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Karina Rigby Paper for MIT 6.805/STS085: Ethics and Law on the Electronic Frontier, Fall 1995

1. Introduction

1. The quality of state of being unknown or unacknowledged.
2. One that is unknown or unacknowledged.[26]

The internet community is quickly changing and evolving as more of the world comes on-line. Free speech and anonymity have always been important real-world societal issues and have been the topics of numerous heated court cases. These issues are becoming increasingly important as more people discover the digital world and find the need for anonymity in this new society. Over the last few years, an intense battle has been raging between the citizens of the net over the issue of whether on-line anonymity should be eliminated. One side feels that people should have enough conviction in their beliefs to state them without hiding behind anonymity. The other side feels that anonymity is vital for the protection of freedom of expression. Whichever side one agrees with, it is obvious that the technology for anonymity on the internet is readily available and that a definite vacuum is being filled by anonymity services.
This paper will examine the issue of anonymity on the internet, first providing a background on how anonymity services work and why these services came into existence. In this discussion, I will limit the scope of my subject to the services provided by anonymous and pseudonymous remailers and posting sites which are currently used by thousands of people each day to send email and post to internet newsgroups. Although the issues of digital cash and cryptography have close ties to anonymity, these subjects will not be discussed here. After a background on anonymity has been provided, I will go on to present arguments for and against anonymity on the internet and discuss a number of famous conflicts involving anonymity on the internet. I will then present some specific barriers to on-line anonymity, including attacks by net citizens, concerns of system administrators, and legal issues. Finally, based on this discussion, I will show that anonymity on the internet provides a vital service and enhances freedom of expression and that most negative affects of anonymity can be minimized by following a few guidelines related to how anonymous services are provided and used.

2. Background

2.1 How on-line anonymity works
Although internet users can send messages by borrowing other user's accounts or by forging identities, one of the most common and least complicated ways of obtaining anonymity on the internet is by making use of one of many anonymity services. Some of these services are connected directly to specific newsgroups on the usenet. Other anonymity providers are global and service the entire internet. These anonymity servers make use of what are called "remailers", which are basically computers on the internet that forward electronic mail or files to other network addresses. Before the remailer forwards the information, it strips the header from the original email so that the information showing where the message originated is no longer attached to the email. Many anonymity services replace the header with anonymous addresses such as nobody@nowhere. The eventual recipient of the message then has no idea about who sent the email and where it originated. This type of service is termed truly anonymous. Other anonymity services use similar remailers, but also give each user an anonymous ID, almost like a mailbox on the server, which stores the address of the sender so that any replies to anonymous email can be forwarded to the original sender. This type of anonymity, called pseudonymity, allows users to be anonymous but reachable.
2.2 History
Anonymous posting/reply services on the internet were started around 1988 and were introduced primarily for use on specific newsgroups which discussed particularly volatile, sensitive and personal subjects. One of the first of these services was started by Dave Mack for use on alt.sex.bondage. Anonymous postings on newsgroups such as this one soon became the primary method of communication. Anonymity services which utilized remailers originated with the Cypherpunk group in mid-1992. Global anonymity servers which served the entire internet soon sprang up, combining the functions of anonymous posting as well as anonymous remailing in one service. The new global services also introduced the concept of pseudonymous emails which allowed replies to anonymous mail.[19] These and other global servers which were started in the US died quickly as a result of numerous barriers such as attacks by net citizens and system administrators. These issues are discussed in section 6. The average life span of most anonymity servers is about 6 months because of these barriers and there are usually only 20 to 30 of these servers operating around the world at any one time.[26] Some of the most used of these global servers include the Kleinpaste, Clunie and Helsingius servers.[19] Even these servers were temporarily and/or permanently shut down due to the intense conflict surrounding their use. Foreign anonymity servers often fare better due to a more relaxed attitude of foreign system administrators.
The Helsingius server, which is called penet.fi and run by Johan "Julf" Helsingius, is one of the most stable global anonymity servers. Julf Helsingius' original impetus to provide a global anonymity service was his desire to prove that censorship on the internet is impossible because there is always a technological solution which can circumvent the problem.[3] The site is based on scripts and C code which was written by K. Kleinpaste and was originally intended to serve only Scandinavia. Helsingius eventually expanded to worldwide service due to a flood of international requests. This server, which is one of the most popular, currently has over 200,000 registered users.[20] Although penet.fi has undergone numerous temporary shutdowns and has been involved in a recent police investigation (discussed in section 6), it has survived for over 3 years. Penet.fi and similar servers are currently the primary anonymity servers on the internet today. According to Raph Levien, graduate student at the University of California, Berkeley who tracks the anonymity providers, up to 15,000 email messages a day are sent through anonymous remailing services.[16] A list of some of the current anonymity services can be found at the University of California at Berkeley.[22]

3. Arguments for anonymity
The society in which we live can frequently be extremely conservative, often making it dangerous to make certain statements, have certain opinions, or adopt a certain lifestyle. Anonymity is important for on line discussions involving sexual abuse, minority issues, harassment, sex lives, and many other things. Additionally, anonymity is useful for people who want to ask technical questions that they don't want to admit they don't know the answer to, report illegal activities without fear of retribution, and many other things. For example, the state of Florida maintains an anonymous hotline for government workers to report wastes and abuses to the comptroller's office.[12] Without anonymity, these actions can result in public ridicule or censure, physical injury, loss of employment or status, and in some cases, even legal action. Protection from harm resulting from this type of social intolerance is a definite example of an important and legitimate use of anonymity on the internet. An example of how vital such anonymity can be is exemplified by the following excerpt from a newsgroup post during a temporary shutdown of penet.fi:
"I had been posting to a nontechnical misc newsgroup about an intimate topic for which I felt I required privacy. I have received immeasurable help from the people in that news group....Please, folks, believe me, I *need* this service. Please consider my point of view and permit admin@penet.fi to turn the service back on."[18]
Doctors who are members of the on-line community often encourage their patients to connect with others and form support groups on issues about which they do not feel comfortable speaking about publicly.[18] It is essential to be able to express certain opinions without revealing your true identity. One relevant example of anonymity in the real world is the debate over Caller ID on telephones.[4] A great deal of people were extremely disturbed that the person on the receiving end of a telephone call would know the identity of the caller. People had taken for granted that they could be anonymous if they wanted and were distressed at the idea of that anonymity being taken away. Many net users feel the same way about on-line anonymity.
Anonymity is extremely effective in promoting freedom of expression. Julf Helsingius asserts that anonymity is beneficial because it gives people an outlet for their opinions, even controversial ones. He feels that it is "good to bring out things like that in daylight because that actually allows you to ...start processing it, see how people react to it, and so on."[3] This may have sort of a cathartic effect in that it allows people to get their feelings out without physically hurting people of other cultures, races, etc. Additionally, anonymity hinders some methods of controlling the actions of other people. This is an additional argument in the usefulness of anonymity in the protection of freedom of expression.

There are many long-standing precedents for anonymity in publishing. The responsibility of a journalists not to reveal their sources is recognized almost universally. Many authors write under pen-names and there are still some cases where the true identity of the author has never been discovered. Even the Federalist Papers were published under a pseudonym.[12] Most newspapers publish letters to the editor and help columns and allow the letters to be anonymous or signed with a pseudonym and many newspaper articles are merely credited to "AP Newswire". Additionally, anonymous peer reviews of proposals and articles is common in academic circles.

An additional argument for anonymity is that it is a part of society and unavoidable. Anonymous communication can be achieved in real life by sending an unsigned letter or making an anonymous phone call. From the large number of users who take advantage of anonymous services on the internet, it can be seen that these services are truly necessary and fill a specific need. The availability of the technology to set up such an anonymous server also makes the elimination of such servers virtually impossible; as soon as one is shut down, another one is created.[19] The current availability of such services eliminates the need to forge an identity or use another person's identity to correspond anonymously. People on the net are anonymous to some degree anyway because of the inherent characteristics of the medium. Services providing additional anonymity are only expanding on this feature of the net.

Pseudonymity comes in useful in that it allows users to send mail to pseudonymous users in response to their mail or post. People are able to respond to emails that they like or dislike or that they find offensive or disruptive. This makes the pseudonymous user more responsible for his or her actions than the completely anonymous user. They are still accountable for their actions on the net but are protected from "real world" damage.

Abolishing anonymity servers is not necessary since the technology exists to produce kill files which allow users to choose for themselves what they consider offensive. This allows individuals to filter out anonymous posts and emails which they dislike, while still reaping the benefits afforded by anonymous services. Although some people will automatically discount any anonymous postings, other people don't care who wrote it, as long as it is intelligent or funny. Still others use anonymity specifically to allow their opinions to be judged on their merit, rather than by the name attached to them.

4. Arguments against anonymity
With the benefits of on-line anonymity also come the disadvantages. Extreme abuse and illegal activity on the net is one of the most visible drawbacks to anonymity on the net. In general, abusive and frivolous anonymous email and posting is done mostly by users who have just discovered anonymity servers and whenever the novelty wears off, the frequency of the abuse decreases. However, a small minority of people who use anonymity servers are sociopaths who are attracted by the ease with which they can avoid responsibility and accountability for their actions. Examples of the these actions include kidnapping, terrorism, harassment, personal threats, hatespeech, financial scams, disclosure of trade secrets and exposure of personal information or secrets, among other things. One user expressed the desire to ban anonymity from the internet because he had no recourse against an anonymous user who posted his address, phone number and the name of his employer on the internet in retaliation for something that he had said.[18] Although such uses of anonymity go against the philosophy of 'netiquette' which citizens of the net use to partially govern the net, it can be argued that the user who complained would have been protected from this retaliation if he had posted his original comment anonymously.
Some people argue that the use of on-line anonymity in these cases of abusive or hurtful activity are especially bad because people are more likely to believe things that they see in print, as opposed to something they hear in an anonymous phone call or conversation. The instantaneous means by which this printed information can be distributed around the world also gives many people cause for concern. Additionally, it is almost impossible to control illegal activity which is perpetrated or discussed anonymously over the internet since, in most cases, police are not able to track the offender down. The recent case involving penet.fi and the Finnish police is one exception, but this instance is in the extreme minority of cases where the identity of an anonymous user who has used the internet for criminal activity has not remained secret.

Some users value free speech so much that they have no problems with the hatespeech which a minority of users profess in anonymous posts and emails. They do, however, object to the fact that these users use anonymity as a shield for their beliefs. Some people use the existence of this problem to argue that anonymity is only needed to avoid retribution due to lack of understanding in the on-line society. They feel that dealing with societal problems which make people feel the need to express their opinions anonymously is a better solution than sanctioning these problems by allowing the existence of anonymous services. Additionally, many of the people who cause the intolerant conditions in some areas of the net which cause people to feel the need to express their opinions anonymously are the same people that abuse the anonymous services by using them to attack their opponents with impunity. There is a possibility that this problem could be diminished if societal problems were dealt with directly instead of discussed anonymously. This argument loses significant power, however, due to the fact that these problems have persisted for centuries in real-life society as well. Rude, inappropriate and offensive emails and posts were present on the internet long before anonymity servers were created. The best way do deal with rude people is to ignore them, and not to eliminate a service which has many benefits to the net. As one user mentioned: "It is akin to ...closing down the highway system because a few people speed."[18]

Some users agree that anonymity is useful for some newsgroups or discussions on sensitive topics, but they object to the fact that anonymity servers provide anonymity for everybody on every newsgroup. They feel that each newsgroup should decide whether or not they want anonymous posts and then set up a server designed specifically for that group. A number of newsgroups already function like this, but other newsgroups that object to anonymous posts are still subjected to them because users are able to use global services such as penet.fi. Many users feel that the introduction of such services has changed the culture of the net.

5. Famous cases

5.1 The ARMM censorship case
The issue of how anonymous people should be allowed to be has always been a controversial subject. Julf Helsingius has always felt that the anonymity of the people who use his service should be protected completely (or as completely as possible, as will be described in section 5.2). Many net users disagreed with this policy and felt that users who employ anonymity services in order to post abusive messages or commit illegal acts should be exposed. One of the greatest supporters of this view was Dick Depew, the news administrator on usenet. Depew strongly disagreed with Helsingius' policy of complete anonymity and announced in March of 1993 that he would cancel all anonymous messages originating from Helsingius' server.[19] Depew had written a piece of software which he called ARMM (standing for Automatic Retroactive Minimal Moderation) which was designed to send out cancel messages instead of posting the anonymous posts. Since Depew was an administrator on usenet, he was in a position to do this, whereas normal users of the system did not have this capability.[19]
After 2 anonymous messages were canceled using the ARMM program, an anonymous user called an8785 retaliated by posting Depew's address of employment and the name and phone number of his supervisor on the net. He told users that he had done this in response to Depew's censorship and urged users to complain to Depew's supervisor. Helsingius eventually deactivated the account of anonymous user an8785, but never revealed his identity. About a month later, Depew released a revised version of the ARMM program on the Helsingius server, which some people felt was in response to the fact that Helsingius refused to reveal the identity of an8785. The revised program severely backfired, both technically and politically. The software had a bug which caused it to post hundreds of messages on various newsgroups, causing a few mailservers to crash and generally making many net users angry.[19] This situation caused a great deal of outcry over attempts at censoring and policing the net. It also caused many users to publicly express their support for Helsingius' policy of absolute anonymity. Both of these issues are extremely important in the ongoing debate about what sort of legal restrictions should be put on the net and what types of legislation will be created for this purpose (this will be discussed in section 7).

5.2 Anonymity and the Church of Scientology
In January of this year, the Church of Scientology asserted that somebody had broken into a CoS computer and had stolen privileged information. An anonymous user then spread this information on the internet and posted it on alt.religion.scientology and other newsgroups, where supporters and critics of the church have been feuding for 3 1/2 years.[15,16] The church submitted a request to one of the newsgroups to close down completely because the posts had allegedly violated trademarks and copyrights held by the church. The church also threatened to hold the newsgroup operator and Netcom, the internet provider, legally responsible for such violations.[16] A federal judge eventually refused the Church's request for an injunction against Netcom and the newsgroup operator to stop posting such information. The judge ruled that it would be an impossible burden on the service provider to have to monitor all of the traffic through its service.[17] This ruling shows that there is some hope that anonymity on the internet will eventually be legally preserved.
On February 2, lawyers for the Church of Scientology also contacted the operators of several anonymity services, including Julf Helsingius, and demanded that they stop further anonymous posts to the newsgroups or legal action would ensue. After Helsingius made it clear that he would not voluntarily reveal the identity of the user in question, he was informed that the Finnish police were being contacted via Interpol. On February 8, Finnish police informed Helsingius that if he did not reveal the identity of the anonymous user, they would serve him with a search warrant to seize his entire server with the identities of all of the users who utilize his anonymity service. The Finnish police used the fact that the anonymous user was suspected of "unauthorized use of a computer" as the grounds for their search and the confiscation of the information from Julf Helsingius. Faced with the choice between revealing the identity of only one of his users or all of them, Helsingius reluctantly supplied the Finnish police with the name of the anonymous user involved in the CoS case. On February 14, Helsingius is informed that the criminal investigation in the CoS has been dropped.[14,20,21] In this case, Helsingius was forced to choose between protecting a user who relied on their service for anonymity at a time when anonymity was crucial and protecting the records of all of the other users of the system. The most practical choice was made and Helsingius intends to continue his anonymity service, but it will be interesting to see if any changes are made in the penet.fi system as a result of this choice. Additionally, the fact that complete anonymity on the internet was compromised by the authorities brings up many legal questions about the future of anonymity on the internet. This issue will be discussed in section 7.

5.3 Anonymity in criminal cases
Recent debates about regulation of the internet have involved the hot topics of child pornography and abuse. The use of anonymity or pseudonymity in these criminal activities has recently come up in a court case involving two men in Texas. Gene Howland and Daniel Van Deusen ran a bulletin board service called "Lifestyles" in Houston, Texas which provided its more than 1000 subscribers with pornographic material, including child pornography. The two men, using the pseudonyms "Poo Bear" and "Wild One", lured two young boys to their home and forced them to commit sexual acts. Both men were indicted on March 11 on charges of sexual assault, aggravated sexual assault and indecency with a child.[7] Cases such as this one encourage assertions that the internet should be regulated and that anonymity should be eliminated since it enables people to use on-line services to commit criminal acts more easily.
6. Barriers to anonymity

6.1 Attacks by net citizens
About once a month, Julf Helsingius, who runs penet.fi, receives mailbombs from irate net users who are upset about an anonymous post or email that came through his server. This causes many delays or the loss of data. Julf's general solution to this problem is to block the service of the site from which the mailbomb came for a few days. This usually discourages the mailbomber enough to stop, at least temporarily.[4] However, if enough people bomb the server, the loss of anonymity service could be more widespread or the server may even end up being shut down completely.
6.2 Concerns of system administrators
System administrators are often adamantly against the use of their sites for anonymity servers. They are afraid that they will be held responsible for acts such as terrorism or kidnapping which take place because of anonymous messages which pass through their system. Administrators would often rather shut down an anonymity server than deal with all of the politics that surround the use of such servers. This is one of the main reasons for the short life spans of many anonymity servers on the net. At one point in the life of the penet.fi server, an unknown authority on the internet appealed to the main administrator of the Finnish university network to shut down the anonymous server. At that point in time, the server shared the internet connection with the university network and it created a difficult situation for Julf Helsingius. He decided to shut down the service for a few weeks until he could get a completely commercial connection that was totally separate from that of the university network.[3] Other server operators often do not have this option and are forced to shut their servers down due to a conflict of interest with system administrators.
The validity of the concerns of system administrators can be demonstrated in the civil court case of Stratton vs. Prodigy. An anonymous user of Prodigy accused Stratton Oakmont Inc., a New York investment bank, of acting fraudulently and illegally in one of its initial public offerings. As a result of this anonymous statement, Stratton filed a $200 million libel suit against Prodigy and the anonymous user. Stratton considers the network responsible for shielding the user with anonymity and stated: "If Prodigy is in the publishing business, then it opens itself up to libel charges."[6] Cases such as this one intimidate numerous system administrators and result in the shutdown of many anonymity servers each year.

Sometimes system administrators try to block anonymity service in their areas by using tactics other than just trying to shut the anonymity server down. An example of such a scheme was the famous case involving the ARMM program which tried to censor anonymous messages and remove them from newsgroups. Although this program backfired and generated much opposition to censorship on the net, the possibility of future use of such programs is not eliminated. Any system administrator with enough technical knowledge to create a better program of this kind may be able to effectively censor any anonymous messages at their site.

7. Legal issues
US law does not specifically guarantee the right to anonymity, although it is generally understood that anonymity in some form is protected under the First Amendment to the Constitution.[22] This is exemplified in the Supreme Court decision on the case of New York Times Co. vs. Sullivan, 1964. The court stated that: "an author's decision to remain anonymous...is an aspect of the freedom of speech protected by the First Amendment" and "the anonymity of an author is not ordinarily a sufficient reason to exclude her work product from the protections of the First Amendment."[22,24] In 1958, the Supreme Court upheld the right of the NAACP to keep from disclosing their membership list to the government.[22] The Supreme court has also struck down several laws which require the disclosure of the names of member of dissident groups.[22] Additionally, an example as simple as that of going into a voting both and anonymously entering your vote demonstrates that the US government does understand the importance of anonymity in some cases. Other countries are also gradually realizing the importance of anonymity. The most recent Canadian Copyright Act specifically guarantees the right of an author to write under a pseudonym or remain anonymous.[8]
US legislation is sure to examine the subject of on-line anonymity as laws slowly begin to catch up with important issues regarding the internet. One daunting look into current legal cases, however, seems to paint a grim picture for anonymity on the internet. Justice Scalia recently stated in a ruling on McIntyre vs. Ohio Elections Commission that he found anonymity generally dishonorable. He wrote that "It facilitates wrong by eliminating accountability, which is ordinarily the very purpose of the anonymity." He also felt that creating legal protection for anonymous communication without a reason to expect "threats, harassment or reprisals seems to me a distortion of the past that will lead to a coarsening of the future".[22,23] Additionally, the Supreme Court of California recently upheld a state law prohibiting anonymous mass political mailings by political candidates.[22] The fact that this case involves limiting anonymous speech, which is strongly protected by the First Amendment, does not bode well for media such as on-line communications which would have inherently less protection.

The recent clash between Finnish police and penet.fi, the longest running anonymity server, is bound to inspire many net citizens who prize their anonymity to push for legislation, in Finland and around the world, to protect this precious resource and make it harder to legally raid anonymity servers. The recent court ruling earlier this year in the dispute between Netcom and The Church of Scientology which held that network administrators should not be responsible for all of the traffic through their server, including anonymous messages, shows that defenders of the right to anonymity do have the support of some members of the judicial system. On the other hand, the rise in the number of criminals who have joined the on-line community and are using the internet to discuss or participate in criminal activity is sure to inspire legislators to push for stricter laws on the limitations of anonymity in cases where illegal activity has occurred. Companies are also beginning to fight against anonymity on the internet because they fear that it will undermine long-established laws designed to protect the ownership of information and control its dissemination. It will be interesting to watch this battle play itself out in the coming years.

8. Rules
Current rules regarding anonymity on the internet are not global and are severely dependent on the opinion of the service providers who run the servers. Net users and readers of anonymous posts are also not unified in their opinions of what is acceptable or not. Julf Helsingius' policy is that if people on his system abuse the anonymity service to repeatedly post abusive articles in cultural newsgroups he will usually send them a warning message, and in some cases even cut them off.[3] He has also instituted a policy which limits the size of the files which can be sent through his server. This was done to minimize the amount of copyrighted software and pornographic images that could be transmitted via his service since both of these types of files are usually rather large.[15]
There has been a significant push on the internet to force anonymity providers to reveal the identity of users who have committed criminal or severely abusive acts. Julf Helsingius opposes this idea and feels that he does not have the right to judge what is right and wrong. Additionally, the international scope of his service means that the concept of illegal activities is not universal. He uses the example of pornographic images to prove his point. Posting pornographic images on the internet is considered illegal in many countries, while it is perfectly legal in others. He feels that it is not his place to draw the line on these issues.[3] Additionally, in many countries which have entered the on-line community, writings which are critical of the government, such as the exposure of human rights abuses in China and elsewhere, are illegal. The international nature of the net simply makes it impossible to enforce the laws of every country individually. It is quite possible that on-line anonymity will be reduced as soon as US legislation catches up with internet activities unless the digital community shows that it can regulate itself. One way to do this, is to draw up a set of guidelines on the use of anonymity services and stick to them. A very good example of such a set of rules can be found in a document written by L. Detweiler called Anonymity on the Internet.[19] Examples of some of the most important rules that must be followed in order to discourage legislators from stepping in are as follows:

For users:

Use anonymity only if you have to. Frivolous uses weaken the seriousness and usefulness of the capability for others.

Do not use anonymity to provoke, harass, or threaten others.

Be aware of the policies of the anonymous site and respect them. Be prepared to forfeit your anonymity if you abuse the privilege.[19]

For operators:

Document thoroughly acceptable and unacceptable uses in an introductory file that is sent to new users. Have a coherent and consistent policy and stick to it. State clearly what logging and monitoring is occuring.

Formulate a plan for problematic ethical situations and anticipate potentially intense moral quandaries and dilemmas.

Take precautions to ensure the wecurity of the server from physical and network-based attacks and infiltrations.[19]

Require a vote either to allow or disallow anonymous posts on individual newsgroups.

For readers:

React to the anonymous information unemotionally. Abusive posters will be encouraged further if they get irrationally irate responses. Sometimes the most effective response is silence.

Notify operators if very severe abuses or criminal activity occur, such as piracy, harassment, extortion, etc.[19]

If these and other guidelines are followed, problems associated with anonymity on the internet can be minimized.
9. Conclusion
Freedom of expression must be allowed. With this freedom comes all sorts of problems, but these types of problems are not unique to the internet. Unpopular speech is a necessary consequence of free speech and it was decided long ago, during the drafting of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, that the advantages of free speech outweigh the disadvantages. This principle should hold on the internet as well. Anonymity servers on the internet provide a vital service with many benefits to the on-line community. The minority of users who abuse this service by sending harassing messages or engaging in illegal activities are a definite disadvantage to anonymity on the internet but this problem can be reduced significantly by following guidelines suggested here. The fact remains that more than 15,000 email messages are sent anonymously each day which shows that there is a significant need for anonymity services on the net. If anonymity service is a truly negative thing for the internet, it will eventually die out by itself from lack of use. Attempts to artificially eliminate this service through legislation would not be right. This wish that the internet remain unregulated seems rather naive, however. It is hoped, at least, that future national and international legislation on the internet allows the vital service of anonymity to remain. A common set of guidelines for the use of anonymity on the entire internet is vital. Such guidelines will only function on an international scale if both lawmakers and net users work together and try to figure out a solution.
References

1. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition, Houghton Mifflin Company, Copyright 1992.

2. Anonymity on the Internet, Part 2 <

3. Don't try to Control the Network Because it's Impossible Anyway

4. Anonymously Yours --Part 1

5. Anonymously Yours --Part 2

6. Solutions to On-Line Lies

7. A Crime By Any Other Name...

8. Canadian law supporting right to anonymity

9. Legally Online

10. Personal Technology

11. Anarchy, Chaos on the Internet Must End

12. Response to editorial by Avi Baumstein

13. Response to editorial in the SF Cronical

14. Police actions in Finland

15. Unmasked on the Net, Time Magazine, March 6, 1995 Volume 145, No. 9.

16. Internet's anonymity a boon the the 'twisted' Phyladelphia Inquirer by Reid Kanaley, February1, 1995.

17. Ruling Supports Internet Provider Against Copyright Violation ChargeEdupage, March 2, 1995.

18. Anonymity on the Internet, Part 3

19. Anonymity on the Internet, Part 1

20. World-wide internet community appalled over the Scientology seizure

21. Press release on anon servers, child porn and scientologists Helsinki, Finland, February 20, 1995.

22. Anonymity and Its Enmities (Article 4)by A. Michael Froomkin.

23. 63 U.S.L.W. 4294, 4293-94 (Scalia, J., dissenting).

24. McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission, 63 U.S.L.W. 4279 (U.S. April 18, 1995)

25. Feb. 22, 1995, Postcard from Cyberspace: The Helsinki Incident and the Right to Anonymity, by Daniel Akst, Los Angeles Times.

26. Comment by Raph Levien on the Dec. 31, 1994, New York Times article: Computer Jokes and Threats Ignite Debate on Anonymity.

27. Computer Jokes and Threats Ignite Debate on AnonymityThe New York Times, December 31, 1994, pp. 1, 53.

28. Identity Crisis on the InternetNew Scientist 11 Mar 95

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Anonymity on the Internet Must be Protected

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This paper will examine the issue of anonymity on the internet, first
providing a background on how anonymity services work and why these services
came into existence. In this discussion, I will limit the scope of my subject
to the services provided by anonymous and pseudonymous remailers and posti…

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https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/terrorists-and-internet
https://www.ivint.org/the-rise-of-digital-extremism-how-social-media-eroded-americas-political-stability/
https://www.bpb.de/lernen/bewegtbild-und-politische-bildung/reflect-your-past/313941/online-radikalisierung-und-online-propagandierung/
https://www.bpb.de/themen/parteien/rechtspopulismus/290851/diskussionsraeume-und-radikalisierungsprozesse-in-sozialen-medien/

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https://www.start.umd.edu/pubs/START_PIRUS_UseOfSocialMediaByUSExtremists_ResearchBrief_July2018.pdf

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https://www.start.umd.edu/pubs/START_PIRUS_UseOfSocialMediaByUSExtremists_ResearchBrief_July2018.pdfhttps://www.start.umd.edu/pubs/START_PIRUS_UseOfSocialMediaByUSExtremists_ResearchBrief_July2018.pdfhttps://www.start.umd.edu/pubs/START_PIRUS_UseOfSocialMediaByUSExtremists_ResearchBrief_July2018.pdf

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Derzeit bietet Statista Infografiken für zwei Bereiche an: Der Infografikdienst "Medien & Technik" veröffentlicht jeden Werktag aktuelle Statistiken aus den Industrien Medien, Internet, Telekommunikation und Unterhaltungselektronik. Unter Infografik "Deutschland" finden Sie aktuelle Statistiken zu den wichtigsten Wirtschaftsdaten in Deutschland sowie zu Themen aus Politik und Gesellschaft.

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Derzeit bietet Statista Infografiken für zwei Bereiche an: Der Infografikdienst "Medien & Technik" veröffentlicht jeden Werktag aktuelle Statistiken aus den Industrien Medien, Internet, Telekommunikation und Unterhaltungselektronik. Unter Infografik "Deutschland" finden Sie aktuelle Statistiken zu den wichtigsten Wirtschaftsdaten in Deutschland sowie zu Themen aus Politik und Gesellschaft.

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Anonymität im Netz - Eher Fluch als Segen? | ZEITjUNG

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Instagram, TikTok und Co. nehmen im Leben vieler Menschen eine höchst prominente Rolle ein. Die gebotene Anonymität in den sozialen Medien scheint dabei ein zweischneidiges Schwert zu sein. Sie fördert einerseits die Meinungsäußerung, gewährt allerdings auch die Verbreitung von Hass und Hetze. Die Pflicht zur Nennung des Klarnamens könnte dem Problem Abhilfe schaffen.

In der heutigen Zeit sind die sozialen Medien für viele Menschen ein integraler Bestandteil ihres Lebens. Immerhin nutzen über 4,62 Milliarden Menschen die sozialen Netzwerke, wobei ein einzelner Mensch im Durchschnitt 7,5 verschiedene Social Media Accounts besitzt und nahezu zweieinhalb Stunden pro Tag auf ihnen verweilt. Dabei teilt man private Angelegenheiten mit Follower*innen, kommentiert Beiträge oder tauscht sich über zahlreiche Themen mit anderen User*innen aus. Oftmals rückt die Tatsache, dass das Onlineleben reale Konsequenzen haben könnte, dabei jedoch in den Hintergrund und scheint vergessen. Gerade die Anonymität, die einem in den sozialen Netzwerken geboten wird, verursacht immer wieder Probleme und schädigt dabei andere Menschen.

Wie sich Hass und Hetze verbreiten können

Viele Menschen nutzen die sozialen Medien insbesondere aufgrund der Tatsache, dass sie dort anonym agieren können. Ein gewisser Grad an Anonymität kann dabei durchaus Vorteile mit sich bringen. So wird es den Menschen einfacher gemacht, ihre Meinung offen zu teilen oder sich in Communities einzubringen, die sie ohne die Möglichkeit der Anonymität gemieden hätten. Die Schattenseite des Ganzen ist allerdings, dass Anonymität schnell dazu führen kann, dass die Hemmschwelle einer Person drastisch sinkt.

Zahlreiche Studien belegen, dass die Anonymität, welche im Netz gegeben ist, die User*innen dazu verleitet, Aussagen zu tätigen, welche sie sonst für sich behalten würden. Nie war es einfacher, Menschen, deren Lebensweisen man nicht befürwortet, seine Meinung zu geigen. Der Grund dafür: Bisher gab es kaum beziehungsweise keine Konsequenzen für solch ein Handeln. Hass und Anfeindungen im Internet nehmen ungehindert immer weiter zu, mit massiven Auswirkungen für die Betroffenen. Personen, welche bereits im jungen Alter mit Hass im Netz konfrontiert wurden, laufen stärker Gefahr, eine Angststörung oder Depression zu entwickeln. Andererseits kann es auch dazu kommen, dass Jugendliche radikalisiert werden. Ihnen wird beigebracht, Beleidigungen und sonstige Anfeindungen gegenüber anderen Gruppen seien gerechtfertigt. Die Folge davon ist, dass einzelne Individuen weniger dazu geneigt sind, über sich selbst oder ihre Community zu sprechen oder sich ganz aus den sozialen Medien zurückziehen.

Das Melden von Hassbeiträgen oder Accounts wird von den Betreiber*innen wird oftmals ignoriert. In den seltensten Fällen werden Kommentare oder Accounts gelöscht. Doch selbst wenn: Was hält die betreffende Person davon ab, sich einfach einen neuen Account zu erstellen?

Lösungsansätze

Eine Lösung gegen den Hass im Netz könnte die Pflicht zur Nennung von Klarnamen beim Erstellen eines Accounts sein. Nicht nur würde so die Hemmschwelle für Hassrede auf den Sozialen Medien erhöht werden, sondern es wäre auch den Strafverfolgungsbehörden dabei geholfen, strafbare Inhalte zu verfolgen und die Täter ausfindig zu machen. Insbesondere Facebook setzt sich für die Pflicht zum Klarnamen ein. Dafür wurden sie von zwei Nutzer*innen verklagt. Vor Gericht sagte ein Vertreter des Unternehmens: „Wir sind überzeugt, dass Menschen mehr Verantwortung für ihre Aussagen und Handlungen übernehmen, wenn sie ihren echten Namen auf Facebook verwenden." Da Facebook den Prozess verloren hat, müssen sie jedoch weiterhin Pseudonyme akzeptieren.

Eine Alternative zur Klarnamenpflicht wäre die Identifizierungspflicht. Pseudonyme wären weiterhin erlaubt, jedoch müsste bei der Registrierung sowohl der richtige Name, die aktuelle Adresse als auch das Geburtsdatum angegeben werden. Viele soziale Netzwerke verzichten bisher auf diese Maßnahmen. Fest steht: Der Persönlichkeitsschutz verläuft in die falsche Richtung. Die Opfer sind weiterhin hilflos den Täter*innen ausgesetzt, während diese ungehindert Hass im Netz verbreiten können. Die Anonymität wurde zu einem Schutzwall für Hetze, rechtsextreme Gewalt und Propaganda.
Mehr Themen:

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Anonymität im Netz - Eher Fluch als Segen? | ZEITjUNG

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Instagram, TikTok und Co. nehmen im Leben vieler Menschen eine höchst prominente Rolle ein. Die gebotene Anonymität in den sozialen Medien scheint dabei ein zweischneidiges Schwert zu sein. Sie fördert einerseits die Meinungsäußerung, gewährt allerdings auch die Verbreitung von Hass und Hetze. Die Pflicht zur Nennung des Klarnamens könnte dem Problem Abhilfe schaffen.

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Anonymität im Internet - kann ich ohne Spuren surfen? - computerwissen.de

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Wie Sie Anonymität im Internet wahren können

Wer im Internet surft, hinterlässt dabei Spuren. Denn jedes Gerät verbindet sich mit dem Word Wide Web über eine eindeutige IP-Adresse. Dennoch gibt es Möglichkeiten, um anonym im Internet zu surfen. Allerdings ist Anonymität im Internet nicht nur mit Vorteilen verbunden. Wir klären auf.

So lassen sich unsere Spuren im Web nachvollziehen

„Das Internet vergisst nicht" ist ein häufig zitierter Satz, wenn es um Bilder und Texte im World Wide Web geht. Denn tatsächlich ist es sehr schwer, einmal im Web veröffentlichte Inhalte wieder zu löschen. Im gleichen Zuge könnte man auch sagen: „Das Internet weiß immer, wer du bist". Es gibt nämlich viele verschiedene Hinweise, die auf einen eindeutigen Nutzer hindeuten.

IP-Adresse
Jedes Gerät, das sich mit dem Internet verbindet, hat eine eindeutige Adresse. Diese sogenannte IP-Adresse besteht aus Zahlenblöcken. Der erste Block verrät zum Beispiel die geografische Region, in welcher das Gerät auf das Internet zugreift. Sobald Sie zum Beispiel mit Ihrem Browser eine Internetseite aufrufen, wird Ihre IP-Adresse benötigt, um eine Verbindung zu Ihrem Rechner herzustellen. Der jeweilige Server speichert diese IP-Adresse in einem sogenannten „Logfile". Anhand der IP-Adresse lässt sich zum Beispiel die Stadt und in manchen Fällen sogar die Straße ermitteln, in der Sie sich aufhalten.

Nutzer-IDs
Werbenetzwerke nutzen sogenannte „Nutzer-IDs", um Werbung gezielt auszuliefern. Hierfür werden zum Beispiel Informationen aus Nutzeraccounts, dem Browserverlauf von angemeldeten Nutzern, dem Surfverhalten, der besuchten Seiten gesammelt und zu einem Profil gebündelt. Der Datenschutz gibt vor, dass diese Nutzer-IDs nur anonymisiert angelegt werden dürfen. Doch mit Hilfe großer Datenmengen und durch die bewusste Datenverknüpfung lassen sich viele Nutzer einfach identifizieren.

Cookies
Bei Cookies handelt es sich um kleine Textdateien, die Informationen zum Nutzungsverhalten von Websites speichern. Cookies können neben den zuvor besuchten Websites auch speichern, mit welcher Suchanfrage Nutzer auf eine Website gekommen sind, ob Produkte im Warenkorb abgelegt wurden oder wie lange ein Nutzer auf einer Website war. Cookies werden überwiegend für Werbezwecke eingesetzt, können aber tiefgreifende Rückschlüsse auf Nutzer bieten.

Browser-Verlauf
Sobald Sie Ihren Browser starten, werden standardmäßig alle Einträge protokolliert. Apps oder Plugins können häufig auf Daten des Browserverlaufs zurückgreifen und so Ihr Surfverhalten oder Ihre Interessen analysieren.

Suchmaschinen
Jede Suchmaschine erstellt neben Nutzer-IDs auch Suchverläufe. Melden Sie sich als Nutzer an, werden alle eingegebenen Daten Ihrem Profil zugeordnet. Anhand dieser Daten bleiben Sie nicht mehr anonym im Internet.

GPS-Daten
Viele Apps für Smartphones greifen ebenso wie manche Websites auf den Standort des Nutzers zurück. Was praktisch ist, wenn zum Beispiel lokale Suchergebnisse angezeigt werden, kann aber gleichzeitig unsere Anonymität im Netz aufheben. Und zwar dann, wenn der Nutzerstandort mit anderen Daten verknüpft wird.

Smart Home
Digitale Assistenten und Smart-Home-Geräte lassen sich in der Regel nur mit einer Anmeldung nutzen. Somit wissen zumindest die Anbieter dieser Geräte genau, wann, wo und wie Sie diese nutzen. Durch die eindeutige Zuordnung bleiben Sie so nicht mehr anonym.

Soziale Netzwerke
Jede Anmeldung in einem sozialen Netzwerk verringert die Möglichkeit, dass Sie Anonymität im Internet genießen können. Je mehr Daten Sie dort preisgeben, desto schwieriger wird es, diese wieder aus dem Netz zu bekommen.

Was Anonymität im Internet bedeutet

Anonymität im Internet bedeutet, dass Sie ohne Nachverfolgung Websites besuchen oder Apps nutzen können. Ebenso beinhaltet die anonyme Nutzung, dass Sie nirgendwo Ihren echten Namen nennen müssen und ohne Cookies surfen können.

Wer jedoch das Internet zum Einkaufen, fürs Online-Banking oder zur Informationssuche nutzt, wird vollständige Anonymität nie erreichen. Spätestens bei der Anmeldung in einem Online-Shop oder bei einem Zahlungsanbieter werden Ihre Daten erfasst. Das ist auch wichtig, denn sonst wäre die Gefahr von Cyberkriminalität noch höher und die Internet-Sicherheit noch stärker gefährdet.

Da die Funktionsweise des modernen Internets auf IP-Adressen angewiesen ist, wird es auch nicht möglich sein, das Internet ohne IP-Adresse zu nutzen. Es gibt zwar Möglichkeiten, die Rückverfolgung einzuschränken, aber am Ende gibt es immer einen Rechner, der mit einer eindeutigen IP auf das Internet zugreifen muss.

Viele Nutzer fürchten Überwachung und wollen deshalb anonymisiert surfen

Anonymität im Internet ist für viele Menschen wichtig, weil sie die Überwachung durch staatliche Stellen fürchten. Darüber hinaus wollen viele Menschen nicht, dass Internetkonzerne anhand von Surfverhalten oder Einkäufen alles über einen Nutzer wissen. Der große Wunsch nach Anonymität reicht auch bis zum Einkauf vor Ort. Dort ziehen zum Beispiel viele Menschen Barzahlung der Kartenzahlung vor, um auch hier nicht unter der Kontrolle von für sie nicht transparenten Instanzen zu stehen.

Essenziell für Menschen, die Repressalien in nicht demokratischen Staaten fürchten müssen

Der Schutz der eigenen Persönlichkeit ist vor allem in staatlichen Strukturen wichtig, die nicht auf demokratischen Werten beruhen. So können zum Beispiel Journalisten in Diktaturen verfolgt werden, wenn sie im Internet unter ihrem Namen Kritik am Staatsführer üben. Selbst Privatpersonen müssen in bestimmten Ländern mit empfindlichen Strafen rechnen, wenn sie ihre persönliche Meinung öffentlich kundtun. Für diese Menschen ist Anonymität im Internet wichtig.

Anonym surfen birgt auch Gefahren

So groß der Schutz für viele Menschen dank der Anonymität im Netz ist, so gefährlich kann sie auch sein. Denn in vielen Fällen nutzen Menschen das anonyme Web für kriminelle Zwecke oder es kommt zu Hassrede, Mobbing oder Stalking. So werden zum Beispiel Personen des öffentlichen Interesses immer wieder Opfer von Beleidigungen bis hin zu Drohungen von Nutzern, die die Anonymität des Internets ausnutzen.

Vorteile

Nachteile

Schutz vor staatlicher Kontrolle

Verringert die Sicherheit z.B. in sozialen Netzwerken

Schutz für freie Meinungsäußerung

Verringert die Internetsicherheit für Kinder und Erwachsene

Verringert die Datenmacht von Internetkonzernen

Erschwert die Verfolgung von Straftaten

Fazit: Vollständige Anonymität im Internet gibt es nicht

Wer anonym surfen möchte, hat es schwer. Denn trotz technischer Hilfsmittel wie VPN-Verbindungen, Tor-Netzwerk oder Proxy-Servern gibt es absolute Anonymität im Internet nie. Für den täglichen Gebrauch reichen jedoch meist Proxy-Server aus, um zum Beispiel beim Surfen nicht mit der eigenen IP-Adresse identifiziert werden zu können. Am Ende spielt aber auch das eigene Verhalten eine zentrale Rolle. Hier gilt: Je weniger Daten von uns im Internet sind, desto anonymer sind wir dort.

FAQ zu Anonymität im Internet

Wie testet man, ob man anonym im Internet unterwegs ist?

Was hilft der private Modus für Anonymität?

Wie kann man anonym surfen mit Firefox, Chrome, Explorer, Safari etc.?

Ist anonymes Surfen überhaupt erlaubt?

Weiterführende Informationen:

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Anonymität im Internet - kann ich ohne Spuren surfen? - computerwissen.de

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Wie Sie Anonymität im Internet wahren können Wer im Internet surft, hinterlässt dabei Spuren. Denn jedes Gerät verbindet sich mit dem Word Wide Web über eine eindeutige IP-Adresse. Dennoch gibt es Möglichkeiten, um anonym im Internet zu surfen. Allerdings ist Anonymität im Internet nicht nur mit Vorteilen verbunden. Wir klären auf.

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https://public.tableau.com/vizql/w/WhichCountriesAretheMostCensoredintheWorld/v/Dashboard1/tempfile/sessions/6E5E45DDDDE64883B5EB115C4FA8BC68-0:0/?key=3867533266&keepfile=yes&attachment=yes&download=true

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https://public.tableau.com/vizql/w/WhichCountriesAretheMostCensoredintheWorld/v/Dashboard1/tempfile/sessions/6E5E45DDDDE64883B5EB115C4FA8BC68-0:0/?key=3867533267&keepfile=yes&attachment=yes&download=true

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Informationstext

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Infotext:Ein besser Geschütztes Internet 

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Infotext:Ein besser Geschütztes Internet 

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Informationstext

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Anonymität im Internet und wie sich diese Negativ auf einzelne Individuen und Wirtschaftlich/Politisch auswirkt.
Was für ein Problem stellt Anonymität dar?

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https://www.aok.de/pk/magazin/koerper-psyche/psychologie/der-einfluss-sozialer-medien-auf-die-psyche/

https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/foerdert-das-internet-soziale-kontakte-oder-macht-es-einsam-a-1101662.html

https://www.schau-hin.info/grundlagen/diese-chancen-bieten-soziale-medien

https://www.stern.de/neon/studie-belegt--soziale-medien-machen-ihre-nutzer-einsam-7355770.html

https://www.contentwerk.eu/blog/wie-beeinflussen-social-media-die-gesellschaft/

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Ich mag es das du die physischen so wie psychischen Probleme aufgelistet hast.
Bei der Statistik hätte ich jedoch die Urheber genannt, da es in meinen Augen seriöser ist, sonst hätte man sich die Ergebnisse auch einfach ausdenken können.

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Ich finde es gut das du kritisch auf den Aufbau versch. Apps eingegangen bist und dem Leser erklärt hast wie das funktioniert.
Du hättest aber teilweise noch mehr in Detail gehen können und vllt noch einpaar mehr Argumente auflisten können!

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Ich finde dein Thema sehr ansprechend und finde du hast ihn gut gestaltet!
Manchmal waren einpaar Fehler drin aber ich denke mal das sind Flüchtigkeitsfehler.

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Dein Text ist sehr gut. Du hast eine gute Gliederung, durch die man deinem Text sehr gut folgen kann. Zudem hast du neue Begriffe gut und verständlich erklärt.
Ein Tipp:
Beim nächsten Mal musst du eine Einleitung mit einer Frage und ein Fazit schreiben :)
Tessa