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As you read, identify the key ideas on slavery that created conflict between the North and the South.
Causes of the American Civil War by Mike Kubic. CommonLit. (n.d.). Retrieved February 4, 2023, from https://www.commonlit.org/en/texts/causes-of-the-american-civil-war

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For full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable JavaScript. Click here for instructions on how to enable JavaScript in your web browser.

CommonLit is a nonprofit that has everything teachers and schools need for top-notch literacy instruction: a full-year ELA curriculum, benchmark assessments, and formative data.

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CommonLit | Causes of the American Civil War by Mike Kubic | CommonLit

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For full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable JavaScript. Click here for instructions on how to enable JavaScript in your web browser. CommonLit is a nonprofit that has everything teachers and schools need for top-notch literacy instruction: a full-year ELA curriculum, benchmark assessments, and formative data.

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This class introduces students to the major causes of the American Civil War along with activities to complete.
Lesson Plans. Learn Bright. (2021, September 1). Retrieved February 1, 2023, from https://learnbright.org/lessons/

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Composed by George F. Root in a single day in response to President Abraham Lincoln's July 1862 call for 300,000 volunteers to fill the shrinking ranks of the Union Army, the song was first performed on July 24 and again on July 26 at a massive war rally.
American Battlefield Trust. SoundCloud. (n.d.). Retrieved February 1, 2023, from https://soundcloud.com/americanbattlefieldtrust

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Battle Cry Of Freedom by American Battlefield Trust

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John Green looks into the causes of the war and the motivations of the individuals who went to war. The reasons, causes, and motivations were not always the same. John also looks into why the North won and whether that outcome was inevitable. The North's industrial and population advantages are examined, as are the problems of the Confederacy, including its need to build a nation at the same time it was fighting a war. As usual, John doesn't get much into the actual battle-by-battle breakdown. He does talk a little about the overarching strategy that won the war, and Grant's plan to helm the South with numbers. Grant took a lot of losses in the latter days of the war, but in the end, it did lead to the South's surrender
crashcourse. (2013, June 28). The Civil War, part I: Crash course US history #20. YouTube. Retrieved February 5, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rY9zHNOjGrs

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The Civil War, Part I: Crash Course US History #20

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John Green teaches you how the Civil War played a large part in making the United States the country it is today. He covers some key ways in which Abraham Lincoln influenced the war's outcome and how the lack of foreign intervention also helped the Union win the war. John also covers the technology that made the Civil War different than previous wars. New weapons helped to influence the outcomes of battles, but photography influenced how the public at large perceived the war. In addition, John gets into the long-term effects of the war, including the federalization and unification of the United States. This includes homesteading, land grant universities, railroads, federal currency, and taxes.
crashcourse. (2013, July 11). The Civil War Part 2: Crash course US history #21. YouTube. Retrieved February 5, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GzTrKccmj_I

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The Civil War Part 2: Crash Course US History #21

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This Civil war game enables the student to experience both sides of the conflict through an interactive experience. Get to know historic figures and significant battles during the civil war. The game introduces the student to backgrounds, dates, and locations where the battles occurred.
The Civil War: Play Game Online! Play CLASSIC games online. (2019, April 9). Retrieved February 5, 2023, from https://playclassic.games/games/turn-based-strategy-dos-games-online/play-the-civil-war-online/play/

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The Civil War covers the American Civil War from the years 1861 to 1865. You can play as the North or South, and the object is to take over a certain amount of cities of the opposing side before the war ends. It features both strategic and tactical parts in a turn-based format. Play The Civil War online!

This game has about 45 difficulty levels (9 different "strategy factors" like supply, unit types, fatigue, etc. x 5 realism levels each). However, even with all 9 set to the highest difficulty, the game can be won in a few hours.

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The Civil War covers the American Civil War from the years 1861 to 1865. You can play as the North or South, and the object is to take over a certain amount of cities of the opposing side before the war ends. It features both strategic and tactical parts in a turn-based format.

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The lesson introduces students to the Emancipation Proclamation signed by Abraham Lincoln as the first

step in freeing the enslaved people during the 1860s.  Many students may have heard of the document but do not know its details or history.  The lesson could be used in conjunction with studies related to the Civil War, slavery, or Abraham Lincoln
Lesson Plans. Learn Bright. (2021, September 1). Retrieved February 1, 2023, from https://learnbright.org/lessons/

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Composed by George F. Root in 1863, this piece struck a chord in the heart of every prisoner of war. In Andersonville, rumors constantly circulated that Union troops were on their way to liberate the prisoners. The hope of liberation of escape, release, or prisoner exchange was often the only thing that stood between prisoners and total despair.
American Battlefield Trust. SoundCloud. (n.d.). Retrieved February 1, 2023, from https://soundcloud.com/americanbattlefieldtrust

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Tramp, Tramp, Tramp by American Battlefield Trust

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Patrick Gilmore was a famous bandleader before the war. He served during wartime as bandmaster for the 22nd New York Regiment. Gilmore wrote this song under the name Louis Lambert. The melody was similar to several well-known Irish folk songs. The music appealed to families on both sides of the Mason-Dixon line by offering hope that their son, brothers, and fathers would return safely from  combat.
American Battlefield Trust. SoundCloud. (n.d.). Retrieved February 1, 2023, from https://soundcloud.com/americanbattlefieldtrust

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When Johnny Comes Marching Home by American Battlefield Trust

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The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865) was a US civil war. It was fought between the Union (or “North”) and the Confederacy (or “South”) This is a list of the 10 most influential people of the war.
Historian, T. (2023, January 21). 10 most famous people of the Civil War. Have Fun With History. Retrieved February 5, 2023, from https://www.havefunwithhistory.com/famous-people-of-the-civil-war/

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The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 - May 26, 1865) was a US civil war. It was fought between the Union (or "North") and the Confederacy (or "South"), which was created by secessionist states.

The major reason of the conflict was a disagreement over whether slavery should be allowed to extend into western areas, resulting in new slave states, or if it should be prohibited, which was seen to set slavery on the path to extinction.

Decades of political debate over slavery were brought to a peak by Abraham Lincoln's win in the 1860 U.S. presidential election, who opposed the extension of slavery.

In 1861, seven southern slave states seceded from the Union and created the Confederacy, taking United States forts and other government assets inside their boundaries.

Under President Jefferson Davis, the Confederacy gained control of at least a majority of territory in eleven of the then-34 United States. Four years of heavy fighting occurred, especially in the South.

Here are some of the most famous people of the Civil War.

Important People of the Civil War

1. Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 - April 15, 1865) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 16th President of the United States from 1861 to 1865.

Lincoln led the country through the American Civil War, maintaining the Union, eliminating slavery, strengthening the federal government, and modernizing the American economy.

Lincoln was born in a log cabin in Kentucky into poverty and reared on the frontier, largely in Indiana. He schooled himself and went on to become a lawyer, Whig Party leader, Illinois state politician, and United States Congressman from Illinois.

In 1849, he returned to his legal profession, but he was irritated by the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, which opened up further areas to slavery.

In 1854, he reentered politics as a leader of the nascent Republican Party, and in the 1858 Senate campaign debates against Stephen Douglas, he attracted a national audience.

In 1860, Lincoln ran for President and won by sweeping the North. Southern states started seceding from the Union as pro-slavery factions saw his victory as a danger to slavery.

The newly created Confederate States of America started taking federal military posts in the south about this time. The Confederate States of America stormed Fort Sumter, a United States fort in South Carolina, little over a month after Lincoln took office.

Following the bombardment, Lincoln called in reinforcements to put down the revolt and restore the Union.

2. Jefferson Davis

Jefferson Finis Davis (June 3, 1808 - December 6, 1889) was an American politician who led the Confederate States of America from 1861 to 1865.

Before the American Civil War, he represented Mississippi in the United States Senate and House of Representatives as a member of the Democratic Party. He previously served as the United States Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce from 1853 to 1857.

Davis was the youngest of 10 children born to a fairly successful farmer in Fairview, Kentucky. He was born in Wilkinson County, Mississippi, and raised in Louisiana. His older brother, Joseph Emory Davis, obtained the appointment of the younger Davis to the United States Military Academy.

Jefferson Davis joined the United States Army as a lieutenant after graduation. He served as the colonel of a volunteer regiment during the Mexican-American War (1846-1848).

Prior to the American Civil War, he had a huge cotton estate in Mississippi given to him by his brother Joseph, and he owned up to 113 slaves. Despite his opposition to secession in 1858, Davis felt states had an unassailable right to quit the Union.

Davis married Sarah Knox Taylor, the daughter of future President Zachary Taylor, when he was 27 years old in 1835. Soon after, they were both infected with malaria, and Sarah died after just three months of marriage. Davis recovered slowly and had periodic attacks of the sickness for the rest of his life.

3. Robert E. Lee

Robert Edward Lee (January 19, 1807 - October 12, 1870) was a Confederate general who served as the overall commander of the Confederate States Army at the conclusion of the American Civil War.

From 1862 until 1865, he headed the Force of Northern Virginia, the Confederacy's most formidable army, acquiring a reputation as a superb strategist.

Lee was a top graduate of the United States Military Academy and an extraordinary commander and military engineer in the United States Army for 32 years. He was the son of Revolutionary War soldier Henry "Light Horse Harry" Lee III.

Also Read: Famous Civil War Generals

He served all around the country, made a name for himself during the Mexican-American War, and was the Superintendent of the United States Military Academy. Lee also married Mary Anna Custis Lee, the great-granddaughter of George Washington and Martha Washington. While he was philosophically opposed to slavery, Lee accepted its legality and owned hundreds of slaves.

When Virginia proclaimed secession from the Union in 1861, Lee elected to follow his home state's lead, despite his wish for the nation to stay together and a top Union command offer. He fought in minor combat actions and as a key military advisor to Confederate President Jefferson Davis during the first year of the Civil War.

Following the wounded of Joseph E. Johnston, Lee assumed command of the Army of Northern Virginia during the Peninsula Campaign in June 1862. During the Seven Days Battles, he was successful in forcing the Union Army of the Potomac under George B. McClellan away from the Confederate capital of Richmond, but he was unable to defeat McClellan's army.

In August, Lee defeated Union soldiers led by John Pope in the Second Battle of Bull Run. His September invasion of Maryland ended in the indecisive Battle of Antietam, following which he fled to Virginia.

Lee achieved two decisive wins at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville before mounting a second invasion of the North in the summer of 1863, when he was severely beaten by the Army of the Potomac under George Meade at the Battle of Gettysburg.

Before General Ulysses S. Grant acquired command of Union soldiers in the spring of 1864, he commanded his army in the brief and indecisive Bristoe Campaign that autumn.

Before the lengthy Siege of Petersburg, Grant engaged Lee's army in bloody but inconclusive battles at the Wilderness and Spotsylvania, which was followed in April 1865 by the capture of Richmond and the destruction of most of Lee's army, which he eventually surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House.

4. Ulysses S. Grant

Ulysses S. Grant (April 27, 1822 - July 23, 1885) was an American military commander and politician who served as the country's 18th president from 1869 to 1877.

He led the Union Army to victory in the American Civil War as Commanding General in 1865, and then briefly served as Secretary of War.

Later, as president, Grant was a successful civil rights executive, signing the measure that established the Justice Department and collaborating with Radical Republicans to defend African Americans during Reconstruction.

Grant, who was raised in Ohio, had an outstanding talent with horses. Grant was admitted to West Point and graduated 21st in his class in 1843, serving with distinction in the Mexican-American War.

He married Julia Dent in 1848, and the couple had four children. In 1854, Grant resigned from the army and returned to his family, although he lived in poverty.

After the American Civil War began in 1861, he joined the Union Army and gained to notoriety by winning numerous early Union victories on the Western Theater.

In 1863, he conducted the Vicksburg campaign, which took control of the Mississippi River, giving the Confederacy a significant strategic blow and cutting it in two. Following his triumph at Chattanooga, President Abraham Lincoln elevated him to lieutenant general.

Grant faced Robert E. Lee for thirteen months, throughout the high-casualty Overland Campaign and at Petersburg. Grant beat Lee at Appomattox after he evacuated Petersburg. Lee officially surrendered to Grant on April 9, 1865.

Lincoln was murdered a week later, and he was replaced by President Andrew Johnson, who advanced Grant to General of the Army in 1866. Later, Grant publicly disagreed with Johnson on Reconstruction policy; Grant utilized the Reconstruction Acts, which were approved against Johnson's veto, to enforce civil rights for newly liberated African Americans.

Grant, a combat hero pulled in by his sense of duty, was nominated overwhelmingly by the Republican Party and elected president in 1868.

Also Read: Presidents who served in the Military During the Civil War

As president, Grant helped to restore the postwar national economy, advocated for Congressional Reconstruction, the 15th Amendment, and annihilated the Ku Klux Klan.

The Union was totally rebuilt under Grant. He appointed African Americans and Jews to significant government positions.

5. Frederick Douglass

Frederick Douglass (February 20, 1895 - c. February 1817) was an American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and politician who was born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey.

He became a national leader of the abolitionist movement in Massachusetts and New York after escaping from slavery in Maryland, becoming recognized for his oratory and sharp antislavery writings.

Also Read: Famous Abolitionists

As a result, abolitionists at the time saw him as a live counterexample to slaveholders' claims that slaves had the intellectual ability to act as independent American citizens.

Northerners found it difficult to understand that such a famous orator had formerly been a slave. Douglass published his first autobiography in reaction to this incredulity.

Douglass published three autobiographies, the first of which, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (1845), became a bestseller and was crucial in supporting the cause of abolition, as did his second book, My Bondage and My Freedom (1855). Following the Civil War, Douglass became an outspoken advocate for the rights of freed slaves, and he published his last autobiography, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass.

The book, first published in 1881 and republished three years before his death in 1892, recounts events both during and after the Civil War. Douglass was also an outspoken supporter of women's suffrage and held various official positions.

Douglass became the first African American nominated for Vice President of the United States without his consent, as Victoria Woodhull's running partner and Vice Presidential contender on the Equal Rights Party platform.

Douglass believed in discussion and forming partnerships across racial and ideological lines, as well as the liberal ideas enshrined in the United States Constitution.

6. Stonewall Jackson

Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson (January 21, 1824 - May 10, 1863) was a Confederate general and one of the most well-known Confederate commanders after Robert E. Lee.

Until his death, he was involved in practically all military engagements in the Eastern Theater of the war, and he was instrumental in winning several critical battles of the Civil War. Military historians consider him to be one of the most talented tactical commanders in American history. His strategies are currently being researched.

Jackson was born in what was then part of Virginia (now West Virginia) and was admitted to the United States Military Academy at West Point, where he graduated in 1846.

During the Mexican-American War of 1846-1848, he participated in the United States Army and distinguished himself at Chapultepec. He taught at the Virginia Military Institute from 1851 until 1861, when he was unpopular with his pupils.

7. Clara Barton

Clarissa Harlowe Barton (December 25, 1821 - April 12, 1912) was a nurse and the founder of the American Red Cross. During the American Civil War, she worked as a hospital nurse, a teacher, and a patent clerk.

She offered self-taught nursing care since nursing education was not highly institutionalized at the time and she did not attend nursing school.

Barton is notable for her humanitarian efforts and civil rights activism at a period when women did not have the right to vote. In 1973, she was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.

Also Read: Famous Women in the Civil War

Barton gained national attention by giving talks on her combat experiences in 1865-1868 around the country. During this period, she met Susan B. Anthony and became involved in the women's suffrage campaign.

She also got acquainted with Frederick Douglass and became a civil rights activist. She was psychologically and physically drained after her cross-country trip, and she was under doctor's instructions to travel someplace distant from her present job. In 1868, she disbanded the Missing Soldiers Office and sailed to Europe.

During a trip to Geneva, Switzerland in 1869, Barton was introduced to the Red Cross and Dr. Appia; he subsequently invited her to be the agent for the American branch of the Red Cross and assisted her in finding financial benefactors for the establishment of the American Red Cross.

8. William Tecumseh Sherman

William Tecumseh Sherman (February 8, 1820 - February 14, 1891) was a soldier, businessman, educator, and author from the United States.

During the American Civil War (1861-1865), he served as a general in the Union Army, earning respect for his grasp of military strategy as well as condemnation for the brutality of the scorched-earth policy he enacted against the Confederate States. Sherman was dubbed "the first modern general" by British military theorist and historian B. H. Liddell Hart.

Sherman, who was born in Ohio into a politically important family, graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1840. In 1853, he left the army to pursue private business activities, with little success.

He became superintendent of the Louisiana State Seminary of Learning and Military Academy (now Louisiana State University) in 1859, a post he relinquished when Louisiana seceded from the Union.

Before being sent to the Western Theater, Sherman led a brigade of volunteers in the First Battle of Bull Run in 1861. He was stationed in Kentucky, where his pessimism about the war's prospects led to a breakdown that necessitated a temporary leave of absence.

He rebounded by forming an alliance with General Ulysses S. Grant. Sherman fought alongside Grant in the Battles of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, the Battle of Shiloh, the campaigns that resulted in the fall of the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg on the Mississippi River, and the Chattanooga campaign, which culminated in the routing of Confederate armies in Tennessee.

Sherman replaced Grant as Union commander in the Western Theater in 1864. He spearheaded the conquest of Atlanta, a military victory that helped to President Abraham Lincoln's re-election.

Sherman's following march into Georgia and the Carolinas included minimal combat but large-scale damage of cotton farms and other infrastructure, a methodical approach designed to degrade the Confederacy's capacity and motivation to fight.

In April 1865, Sherman accepted the surrender of the Confederate troops in the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida, but the conditions he negotiated were deemed too liberal by United States Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, who ordered General Grant to revise them.

Sherman took over as Commanding General of the Army after Grant became President of the United States in March 1869. Sherman was in charge of the United States Army's participation in the Indian Wars from 1869 until 1883.

He refused to get dragged into party politics and wrote his memoirs in 1875, which became one of the most well-known first-hand accounts of the Civil War.

9. Nathan Bedford Forrest

Nathan Bedford Forrest (July 13, 1821 - October 29, 1877) was a Confederate Army commander during the American Civil War and the Ku Klux Klan's first Grand Wizard from 1867 to 1869.

Forrest earned considerable riches before to the war as a cotton plantation owner, horse and cattle dealer, real estate broker, and slave trader.

He joined the Confederate Army in June 1861, becoming one of the few soldiers throughout the war to enroll as a private and be promoted to general without any previous military training.

Forrest, a skilled cavalry commander, was given command of a corps and devised new doctrines for mobile troops, giving him the moniker "The Wizard of the Saddle."

Although some critics believe the Confederate high command underrated his skills, he utilized his cavalry forces as mounted infantry and often placed artillery as the lead in combat, thereby helping to "revolutionize cavalry tactics."

While scholars generally acknowledge Forrest's skills and acumen as a cavalry leader and military strategist, he has remained a contentious figure in Southern racial history for his main role in the massacre of several hundred Union soldiers, the majority of whom were black, at Fort Pillow, as well as his role as a Klan leader after the war.

10. Jubal Early

Jubal Anderson Early (November 3, 1816 - March 2, 1894) was a Virginia lawyer and politician who rose through the ranks of the Confederacy during the American Civil War.

Early, who attended the United States Military Academy, resigned his U.S. Army commission after the Second Seminole War and his Virginia military appointment after the Mexican-American War to practice law and engage in politics, respectively.

As the American Civil War started, Early accepted a Virginia and subsequently a Confederate military commission, and served in the Eastern Theater throughout the battle.

He led a division and eventually a corps under Generals Stonewall Jackson and Richard Ewell.

During the Valley Campaigns of 1864, Early was a key Confederate defender of the Shenandoah Valley, making daring raids to the outskirts of Washington, D.C., and as far as York, Pennsylvania, but was crushed by Union forces led by General Philip Sheridan, losing over half his forces and destroying much of the South's food supply.

Following the war, Early escaped to Mexico, then Cuba, and Canada before returning to the United States as a "unrepentant rebel."

Early provided speeches articulating the Lost Cause stance, particularly following the death of Gen. Robert E. Lee in 1870. Early was instrumental in establishing the Southern Historical Society and memorial groups.

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10 Most Famous People of the Civil War - Have Fun With History

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The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 - May 26, 1865) was a US civil war. It was fought between the Union (or "North") and the Confederacy (or "South"), which was created by secessionist states. The major reason of the conflict was a disagreement over whether slavery should be allowed to extend into western areas, ...

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"The American Civil War was a significant event in the U.S. that lasted from April 12, 1,861 to May 9, 1865. It saw an armed conflict between the Union, which proclaimed loyalty to the U.S. Constitution, and the 11 Southern states that seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America. The 23 Northern states were far superior to to southern states in terms of manpower workforce arms production. However, the South had tremendous wealth and influence as it was the primary cotton supplier of the world."
Arun, Randy, Tom, & Miller, M. (2022, October 4). Arun. Learnodo Newtonic. Retrieved February 5, 2023, from https://learnodo-newtonic.com/american-civil-war-facts

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#2 Northern states were far superior than Confederate states in numbers

#3 The Confederates believed that King Cotton would bail them out

Cotton was the economic driver of the world economy in those times. Being the cotton basket of the world for some years now, the southerners felt that King Cotton would easily bail them out. Confederate leader Jefferson Davis, a Mississippi planter and former U. S. senator, strongly supported what would be later known as the King Cotton diplomacy. There was a belief that an informal embargo on cotton would lead Great Britain into formal recognition of the Confederacy and would lead to a diplomatic intervention with other European countries on behalf of the South. 2.5 million Bales of cotton were burned in the South to create a cotton shortage but the cotton famine of Britain would not arrive for another 2 years. The South had made miscalculations. With the export of bumper crops for many years, Great Britain had a surplus of cotton. The time would allow the British to turn to other countries for cotton and the American Civil War had long started till then.

#4 A fiction novel was most effective in galvanizing public opinion against slavery

Uncle Tom's Cabin was a path breaking fiction novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe, first published in installments in a magazine during 1850-51. It appeared as a book in 1852 selling 300,000 copies in that year and it continued to sell well for many more years. Though abolitionist press had been running in America for a few decades, many viewed them as an extreme fringe. In her work of fiction, however, Harriet Beecher Stowe was able to connect to the general readers delivering an extremely sensitive and powerful message. Uncle Tom's Cabin portrayed the lives of the slaves and their owners, how slavery operated as a business, how the slaves were bought and sold, and how they were separated from their families. Stove's characters were white and black, of the North and the South, benevolent and sadistic, all grappling with the institution of slavery. The novel with its tremendous success was instrumental in changing the public perception on slavery. It is often quoted though not verified that when Abraham Lincoln met Stowe at the White House in December 1862, he reportedly greeted her by saying, "Is this the little woman who made this Great War?"

#5 It began with a Confederate attack with no victims

During the secession crisis, many threats were made to Federal Forts in the south. On 26th December 1860, after the secession of South Carolina, , federal officer in command at the difficult to defend Major Robert Anderson F ort Moultrie moved his men along with their families to . What followed was basically , with supplies and communication controlled by Fort Sumter . Negotiations continued for many days between Confederate General a siege of Fort Sumter and Major Robert Anderson, the Sumter garrison commander. When the talks failed to resolve tensions, Beauregard Governor Francis Pickens on the morning of Ironically, this first engagement of what would be the bloodiest war of American history, claimed no victims. After a 34-hour bombardment, Maj. Robert Anderson surrendered his command of about 85 soldiers to some 5,500 besieging Confederate troops under P.G.T. Beauregard. Pierre G.T. Beauregard opened fire on Fort Sumter April 12, 1861.

#6 Emancipation Proclamation legally freed 3.1 million slaves in an instant

Although Abraham Lincoln considered slavery as an abhorrent evil, as a lawyer and a politician he knew that the constitution protected slavery in the states where the citizens seemed to want it. In his first inaugural address, Lincoln declared that he had "no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with slavery in the States where it exists". With his election as president, the S ecession C risis and the Civil War, the political scenario began to change. After a series of victories in the early 1862, the Union suffered some demoralizing defeats. The large slave population of the south, though not involved in direct action, were helping the southerners in various other ways. The argument that emancipation was a military necessity was gaining ground. In mid-1862, Lincoln decided on the Emancipation Proclamation calling his cabinet for discussion. However, Lincoln's Secretary of State William H. Seward persuaded him to withhold the proclamation as the Union armies were being defeated. Seward argued that the sudden move would look like an act of desperation.

#7 The Battle of Gettysburg is cited by many as the turning point of the war

#8 The American Civil War is the bloodiest battle in U.S. history

#9 At the time of the war most people believed Jefferson Davis as more capable than Lincoln

Born about 100 miles apart in the state of Kentucky, Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis would be commander in chiefs of the rival Union and Confederate camps during the period of the American Civil War. The stark contrast between the two marks a humbling lesson from the annals of history that there is often more than what meets the eye.

Lincoln was born in a log cabin in a poor family to undistinguished parents, he had little formal education and limited resources to begin with. Davis on the other hand was born in Southern aristocracy and was sent to the finest educational institutions in Kentucky like the Transylvania University in Lexington.

Davis was a graduate from the US Military Academy in 1828, a hero of the Mexican American war, a senator from Mississippi, and had served as S ecretary of W ar under President Franklin Pierce in 1853. Lincoln is mostly described as a simple man. He ran a small general store on credit and found the business to be unsuccessful. He served as a captain in the Illinois Militia for a brief period in the Black Hawk War and saw no action.

Jefferson Davis moved to Mississippi, where he became involved in cotton planting. As a distinguished military man and now a plantation owner, Davis became an image of an ideal Southern gentleman. Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster and later as county surveyor until he finally became a lawyer of repute. He served in the Illinois state legislature and as an undistinguished one-term member of the U.S. House of Representatives.

It was perhaps for these reasons that at the dawn of the civil war most people thought Davis to be abler than Lincoln. Davis is still respected by many for his fine qualities, including dignity, firmness, determination and honesty. However, Abraham Lincoln is remembered as one of the greatest leaders in the history of America.

#10 It led to major changes in the United States constitution

The defeat of the South in the Civil War marked the beginning of the Reconstruction Era which was a plan to integrate the southern states into the federal union. The Emancipation Proclamation had already freed more than 3 million slaves in the south and many in the North were committed to bringing laws for their equality. In the five years following the Civil War, the United States adopted the 13th, 14th and the 15th Constitutional amendments.

The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution officially abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. The US senate passed it on 8th April, 1864 and it was incorporated into the federal constitution on 18th December, 1865.

The Fourteenth Amendment was bitterly contested especially by the Southern States. Added to the Federal Constitution on July 20, 1868, the amendment declared that all persons born or naturalized in the United States are American citizens including African Americans.

The Fifteenth Amendment prohibited the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude". It was ratified and added to the Federal Constitution on February 3, 1870.

Many other laws were passed, state constitutions were rewritten and efforts were made for the upliftment of the blacks. The reconstruction era ended in 1877 and is considered a failure with laws being ignored and twisted and newer laws being written to subjugate the black race as the fervour of the c ivil war would fade. However, these constitutional changes did improve the lives of African Americans to some extent. They would also bear fruit over 100 years later in the C ivil R ights M ovement .

Arun is an educationist, writer, novelist and graphic artist. He is the published author of - Magical Potion for Perfect History (Innovative Education) - 15 degrees off your heart (Short Story collection) His maiden fantasy novel "The Collector of Antiques" is awaiting publication. With learnodo he hopes to carry on his educative entertainment he begun 8 years ago.

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10 Interesting Facts About The American Civil War

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Cotton was the economic driver of the world economy in those times. Being the cotton basket of the world for some years now, the southerners felt that King Cotton would easily bail them out. Confederate leader Jefferson Davis, a Mississippi planter and former U. S.

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"The Civil War was the first extensive and prolonged conflict recorded by photography. During the war, dozens of photographers--both as private individuals and as employees of the Confederate and Union Governments--photographed civilians and civilian activities; military personnel, equipment, and activities; and the locations and aftermaths of battles. Because wet-plate collodion negatives required 5 to 20 seconds of exposure, there are no action photographs of the war."
National Archives and Records Administration. (n.d.). Civil War Photographs. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved February 5, 2023, from https://www.archives.gov/research/still-pictures/civil-war

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Introduction

The Civil War was the first large and prolonged conflict recorded by photography. During the war, dozens of photographers--both as private individuals and as employees of the Confederate and Union Governments--photographed civilians and civilian activities; military personnel, equipment, and activities; and the locations and aftermaths of battles. Because wet-plate collodion negatives required from 5 to 20 seconds exposure, there are no action photographs of the war.

The name Mathew B. Brady is almost a synonym for Civil War photography. Although Brady himself actually may have taken only a few photographs of the war, he employed many of the other well-known photographers before and during the war. Alexander Gardner and James F. Gibson at different times managed Brady's Washington studio. Timothy O'Sullivan, James Gardner, and Egbert Guy Fox were also employed by Brady during the conflict.

The pictures listed in this select list of photographs are in the Still Picture Branch of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). Most are part of the Records of the Office of the Chief Signal Officer (Record Group 111) and Records of the War Department General and Special Staffs (Record Group 165). The records include photographs from the Mathew B. Brady collection (Series Identifier 111-B), purchased for $27,840 by the War Department in 1874 and 1875, photographs from the Quartermaster's Department of the Corps of Engineers, and photographs from private citizens donated to the War Department.

Photographs included in this select list have been organized under one of four main headings: activities, places, portraits, and Lincoln's assassination. Items in the first two parts are arranged under subheadings by date, with undated items at the end of each subheading. Photographs of artworks have also been included in the list. Any item not identified as an artwork is a photograph. Names of photographers or artists and dates of items have been given when available, and an index to photographers follows the list.

Many photographs of the Civil War held by the National Archives are not listed here. A list of selected fully digitized series are included below. Separate inquiries about other Civil War photography should be as specific as possible listing names, places, events, and other details. We have very few portraits of lower ranking individuals and much of our Civil War holdings highlight high-ranking military personnel. In addition, nearly all of our images of Confederates illustrate high-ranking officials and personnel.

Sandra Nickles and Joe D. Thomas did the research, selection, and arrangement for this list and wrote these introductory remarks when this list was revised in 1999. Additional updates to this introduction were made as recently as May 2021. The photographs within this list are within the public domain and have no Use Restrictions.

Fully Digitized Series of Interest:

Activities

Army Life

1. Log hut company kitchen, 1864. National Archives Identifier: 524671, Local Identifier: 111-B-252

2. Soldiers at rest after drill, Petersburg, Va., 1864. The soldiers are seated reading letters and papers and playing cards. National Archives Identifier: 524639, Local Identifier: 111-B-220

3. A regimental fife-and-drum corps. National Archives Identifier: 524747, Local Identifier: 111-B-328

4. Winter quarters; soldiers in front of their wooden hut, "Pine Cottage." National Archives Identifier: 524675, Local Identifier: 111-B-256

Army Units

5. Engineers of the 8th New York State Militia in front of a tent, 1861. National Archives Identifier: 524918, Local Identifier: 111-B-499

6. The 26th U.S. Colored Volunteer Infantry on parade, Camp William Penn, Pa., 1865. National Archives Identifier: 533126, Local Identifier: 165-C-692

7. The 21st Michigan Infantry, a company of Sherman's veterans. National Archives Identifier: 525076, Local Identifier: 111-B-671

8. Ringgold, Ga., battery at drill. National Archives Identifier: 524783, Local Identifier: 111-B-363

Cavalry

9. Army blacksmith and forge, Antietam, Md., September 1862. National Archives Identifier: 559270, Local Identifier: LC-CC-587

10. Dismounted parade of the 7th New York Cavalry in camp, 1862. Some mounted troops are in the background. National Archives Identifier: 524921, Local Identifier: 111-B-502

11. Federal cavalry column along the Rappahannock River, Va., 1862. National Archives Identifier: 524925, Local Identifier: 111-B-508

Civilians

12. A black family entering Union lines with a loaded cart. National Archives Identifier: 559271, Local Identifier: 200-CC-657.

13. A refugee family leaving a war area with belongings loaded on a cart. National Archives Identifier: 55926, Local Identifier: 200-CC-306.

14. Black laborers on a wharf, James River, Va. National Archives Identifier: 524820, Local Identifier: 111-B-400

Communications and Intelligence

15. Allan Pinkerton, chief of McClellan's secret service, with his men near Cumberland Landing, Va., May 14, 1862. (Pinkerton is smoking a pipe.) Photographed by George N. Barnard and James F. Gibson. National Archives Identifier: 522914, Local Identifier: 90-CM-385.

16. Federal observation balloon Intrepid being inflated. Battle of Fair Oaks, Va., May 1862. National Archives Identifier: 525085, Local Identifier: 111-B-680.

17. Scouts and guides for the Army of the Potomac, Berlin, Md., October 1862. Photographed by Alexander Gardner. National Archives Identifier: 533302, Local Identifier: 165-SB-28.

18. Constructing telegraph lines, April 1864. Photographed by Timothy H. O'Sullivan. National Archives Identifier: 533336, Local Identifier: 165-SB-62.

19. Signal Tower at Cobb's Hill, near New Market, Va., 1864. National Archives Identifier: 533120, Local Identifier: 165-C-571.

20. A New York Herald Tribune wagon and reporters in the field. National Archives Identifier: 529494, Local Identifier: 111-B-5393.

Councils

21. President Lincoln visiting the battlefield at Antietam, Md., October 3, 1862. General McClellan and 15 members of his staff are in the group. Photographed by Alexander Gardner. National Archives Identifier: 533297, Local Identifier: 165-SB-23.

22. Gen. George Thomas and a group of officers at a council of war near Ringgold, Ga., May 5, 1864. National Archives Identifier: 519439, Local Identifier: 77-HMS-344-2P.

23. Council of war near Massaponax Church, Va., May 21, 1864. General Grant is looking over General Meade's shoulder at a map Meade holds. Photographed by Timothy H. O'Sullivan. National Archives Identifier: 559272, Local Identifier: 200-CC-730.

Engineering

24. Pontoon bridge at Bull Run, Va., 1862. National Archives Identifier: 524487, Local Identifier: 111-B-68.

25. Federal engineers bridging the Tennessee River at Chattanooga, March 1864. National Archives Identifier: 519418, Local Identifier: 77-F-147-2-6.

26. Digging the Dutch Gap Canal on the James River, Va., 1864. National Archives Identifier: 526202, Local Identifier: 111-B-2006.

27. The four-tiered, 780-foot-long railroad trestle bridge built by Federal engineers at Whiteside, Tenn., 1864. A guard camp is also shown. Photographed by George N. Barnard. National Archives Identifier: 524900, Local Identifier: 111-B-482.

28. Pontoon bridge across the James River at Richmond, Va., 1865. National Archives Identifier: 533119, Local Identifier:165-C-568.

Foreign Observers

29. Diplomats at the foot of an unidentified waterfall, New York State, August 1863. Left to right: unidentified; State Department messenger Donaldson; unidentified; Count Alexander de Bodisco; Count Edward Piper, Swedish Minister; Joseph Bertinatti, Italian Minister; Luis Molina, Nicaraguan Minister (seated); Rudolph Mathias Schleiden, Hanseatic Minister; Henri Mercier, French Minister; William H. Seward, Secretary of State (seated); Lord Richard Lyons, British Minister; Baron Edward de Stoeckel, Russian Minister (seated); and Sheffield, British attache. National Archives Identifier: 518056, 59-DA-43.

30. A group of foreign observers with Maj. Gen. George Stoneman at Falmouth, Va. 1863. National Archives Identifier: 522913, Local Identifier: 90-CM-47.

31. Crew of the Russian frigate Osliaba docked at Alexandria, Va., 1863. National Archives Identifier: 518113, Local Identifier: 64-CV-210.

Generals in the Field

32. Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant standing by a tree in front of a tent, Cold Harbor, Va., June 1864. National Archives Identifier: 524455, Local identifier: 111-B-36.

33. Maj. Gen. George G. Meade standing in front of his tent, June 1864. National Archives Identifier: 524434, Local Identifier: 111-B-16.

34. Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan and his generals in front of Sheridan's tent, 1864. Left to right: Wesley Merritt, David McM.Gregg, Sheridan, Henry E. Davies (standing), James H. Wilson, and Alfred Torbert. National Archives Identifier: 524427, Local Identifier: 111-B-9.

Medical

35. Wounded soldiers being tended in the field after the Battle of Chancellorsville near Fredericksburg, Va., May 2, 1863. National Archives Identifier: 524768, Local Identifier: 111-B-349.

36. Amputation being performed in a hospital tent, Gettysburg, July 1863. National Archives Identifier: 520203, Local Identifier: 79-T-2265.

37. Ambulance drill of the 57th New York Infantry, 1864. National Archives Identifier: 524469, Local Identifier: 111-B-50.

38. Ward in the Carver General Hospital, Washington, D.C. National Archives Identifier: 524592, Local Identifier: 111-B-173.

Morale

39. " Volunteer Refreshment Saloon, Supported Gratuitously by the Citizens of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania." The picture includes a view of the outside and three small views of the inside. Lithograph by W. Boell, 1861. National Archives Identifier: 512769, Local Identifier: 15-M-40.

40. Chaplain conducting mass for the 69th New York State Militia encamped at Fort Corcoran, Washington, D.C., 1861. Photographed by Mathew B. Brady. National Archives Identifier: 533114, Local Identifier: 165-C-100.

41. Members of the Christian Commission at their field headquarters near Germantown, Md., September 1863. Photographed by James Gardner. National Archives Identifier: 533327, Local Identifier: 165-SB-53.

42. Religious services on the deck of the U.S. monitor Passaic, 1864. Stereo photograph by Samuel A. Cooley. National Archives Identifier: 533272, Local Identifier: 165-S-165.

43. U.S. Sanitary Commission building and flag, Richmond, Va., 1865. National Archives Identifier: 524566, Local Identifier: 111-B-147.

Navies

44. Battle between the C.S.S. Virginia and the U.S.S. Monitor, Hampton Roads, Va., March 9, 1862. Engraved in 1863 by J. Davies from a drawing by C. Parsons. National Archives Identifier: 518105, Local Identifier: 64-CC-63.

45. U.S.S. St. Louis, first Eads ironclad gunboat, renamed the Baron de Kalb in October 1862. National Archives Identifier: 533123, Local Identifier: 165-C-630.

46. "Men Wanted for the Navy!" Federal recruiting poster issued at New Berne, N.C., November 1863. National Archives Identifier: 516344, Local Identifier: 45-X-10.

47. Confederate ram Atlanta after being captured on the James River, Va., 1863. National Archives Identifier: 527533, Local Identifier: 111-B-3351.

48. C.S.S. Alabama, commerce raider, sunk June 19, 1864. Artwork by Clary Ray. National Archives Identifier: 512993, Local Identifier: 19-N-13042.

49. Ruins of the navy yard at Norfolk, Va., December 1864. Photographed by James Gardner. National Archives Identifier: 533292, Local Identifier: 165-SB-18.

50. U.S.S. Commodore Perry, a ferryboat converted into a gunboat, Pamunkey River, Va., 1864. National Archives Identifier: 524831, Local Identifier: 111-B-411.

51. Gun crew of a Dahlgren gun at drill aboard the U.S. gunboat Mendota, 1864. National Archives Identifier: 524794, Local Identifier: 111-B-374.

52. Sailors and marines on the deck of the U.S. gunboat Mendota, 1864. National Archives Identifier: 524548, Local Identifier: 111-B-129.

53. U.S.S. Onondaga, a double-turreted monitor, on the James River, Va., 1864. National Archives Identifier: 524788, Local Identifier: 111-B-368.

54. Capt. John A. Winslow (3d from left) and officers on board the U.S.S. Kearsarge after sinking the C.S.S. Alabama, 1864. National Archives Identifier: 524868, Local Identifier: 111-B-448.

55. A Union station on the James River established for extracting gunpowder from Confederate torpedoes, 1864. Photographed by Egbert Guy Fox. National Archives Identifier: 524854, Local Identifier: 111-B-434.

56. Confederate torpedo boat David aground at Charleston, S.C., 1865. Photographed by Selmar Rush Seibert. National Archives Identifier: 533129, Local Identifier: 165-C-751.

57. C.S.S. Manassas, armored ram. Artwork by R. G. Skerrett, 1904. National Archives Identifier: 512991, Local Identifier: 19-N-13004.

Ordnance

58. Columbiad guns of the Confederate water battery at Warrington, Fla. (entrance to Pensacola Bay), February 1861. Photographed by W. 0. Edwards or J. D. Edwards of New Orleans, La. National Archives Identifier: 519437, Local Identifier: 77-HL-99-1.

59. Confederate "Quaker" guns-logs mounted to deceive Union forces-in the fortifications at Centreville, Va., March 1862. Photographed by George N. Barnard and James F. Gibson. National Archives Identifier: 533280, Local Identifier: 165-SB-6.

60. The 13-inch mortar "Dictator" mounted on a railroad flatcar before Petersburg, Va., October 1864. Photographed by David Knox. National Archives Identifier: 533349, Local Identifier: 165-SB-75.

61. Confederate Napoleon gun used in the defense of Atlanta, 1864. Photographed by George N. Barnard. National Archives Identifier: 528856, Local Identifier: 111-B-4738.

62. A 200-pound Parrott rifle in Fort Gregg on Morris Island, S.C., 1865. Photographed by Samuel A. Cooley. National Archives Identifier: 533271, Local Identifier: 165-S-128.

63. Confederate torpedoes, shot, and shells in front of the arsenal, Charleston, S.C., 1865. Photographed by Selmar Rush Seibert. National Archives Identifier: 533134, Local Identifier: 165-C-796.

64. A 15-inch Rodman gun in Battery Rodgers, Alexandria, Va. National Archives Identifier: 524772, Local Identifier: 111-B-353.

Photographers and Their Equipment

65. Two photographers having lunch in the Bull Run area before the second battle, 1862. National Archives Identifier: 522912, Local Identifier: 90-CM-42.

66. Mathew B. Brady under fire with a battery before Petersburg, Va., June 21, 1864. Brady, in the foreground, is wearing a straw hat. National Archives Identifier: 524765, Local Identifier: 111-B-346.

67. Brady's photographic outfit in the field near Petersburg, Va., 1864. National Archives Identifier: 529185, Local Identifier: 111-B-5077.

68. Barnard's photographic equipment, southeast of Atlanta, Ga., 1864. Photographed by George N. Barnard. National Archives Identifier: 528870, Local Identifier: 111-B-4753.

Prisoners and Prisons

69. Confederate prisoners captured in the Shenandoah Valley being guarded in a Union camp, May 1862. National Archives Identifier: 524916, Local Identifier: 111-B-497.

70. Three Confederate prisoners from the Battle of Gettysburg, July 1863. National Archives Identifier: 559274, Local Identifier: 200-CC-2288.

71. Baseball game between Union prisoners at Salisbury, N.C., 1863. Lithograph of a drawing by Maj. Otto Boetticher. National Archives Identifier: 530502, Local Identifier: 111-BA-1952.

72. Issuing rations. Andersonville Prison, Ga., August 17, 1864. Photographed by A. J. Riddle. National Archives Identifier: 533034, Local Identifier: 165-A-445.

73. Libby Prison, Richmond, Va., April 1865. Photographed by Alexander Gardner. National Archives Identifier: 533362, Local Identifier: 165-SB-89.

74. Old Capitol Prison, Washington, D.C. National Archives Identifier: 526486, Local Identifier: 111-B-2292.

Quartermaster and Commissary

75. Commissary Department, Headquarters, Army of the Potomac, Brandy Station, Va., February 1864. Photographed by Timothy H. O'Sullivan. National Archives Identifier: 533335, Local Identifier: 165-SB-61.

76. Burying the dead at Fredericksburg, Va., after the Wilderness Campaign, May 1864. Photographed by Timothy H. O'Sullivan. National Archives Identifier: 528928, Local Identifier: 111-B-4817.

77. Landing supplies at the wharf at City Point, Va., 1864. National Archives Identifier: 524571, Local Identifier: 111-B-152.

78. Men of the Quartermaster's Department building transport steamers on the Tennessee River at Chattanooga, 1864. National Archives Identifier: 533135, Local Identifier: 165-C-1068.

Railroads

79. Excavating for a "Y" at Devereux Station on the orange and Alexandria Railroad. Brig. Gen. Hermann Haupt, Chief of Construction and Transportation, U.S. Military Railroads, is standing on the bank supervising the work. The "General Haupt," the engine pulling the train in the photograph, was named in Haupt's honor. Photographed by Capt. Andrew J. Russell. National Archives Identifier: 528988, Local Identifier: 111-B-4877.

80. Station at Hanover Junction, Pa., showing an engine and cars. In November 1863 Lincoln had to change trains at this point to dedicate the Gettysburg Battlefield. National Archives Identifier: 524502, Local Identifier: 111-B-83.

81. U.S. Military Railroads engine "General Haupt," built in 1863. National Archives Identifier: 529255, Local Identifier: 111-B-5149.

82. Ruins of the Confederate enginehouse at Atlanta, Ga., September 1864, showing the engines "Telegraph" and "O.A. Bull." National Archives Identifier: 528865, Local Identifier: 111-B-4748.

83. Ruins of Hood's 28-car ammunition train and the Schofield Rolling Mill, near Atlanta, Ga., September 1864. Photographed by George N. Barnard. National Archives Identifier: 528899, Local Identifier: 111-B-4786.

84. Depot of the U.S. Military Railroads, City Point, Va., 1864, showing the engine "President." National Archives Identifier: 528971, Local Identifier: 111-B-4860.

85. U.S. Military Railroads engine No.137, built in l864 in the yards at Chattanooga, Tenn., with troops lined up in the background. National Archives Identifier: 526201, Local Identifier: 111-B-2005.

86. The engine "Firefly" on a trestle of the Orange and Alexandria Railroad. National Archives Identifier: 524604, Local Identifier: 111-B-185.

Places

Battle Areas

87. Fort Sumter, S.C., April 14, 1861, under the Confederate flag. National Archives Identifier: 532292, Local Identifier: 121-BA-914A.

88. Ruins of Stone Bridge, Bull Run, Va., March 1862. Photographed by George N. Barnard and James F. Gibson. National Archives Identifier: 533281, Local Identifier: 165-SB-7.

89. Confederate fortifications, Manassas, Va., March 1862. Photographed by George N. Barnard and James F. Gibson. National Archives Identifier: 533285, Local Identifier: 165-SB-11.

90. "General Headquarters near Yorktown, Va., April 1862." Watercolor by William Mcllvaine. National Archives Identifier: 559420, Local Identifier: 200-WM-8.

91. Main street and church guarded by Union soldiers, Centreville, Va., May 1862. Photographed by George N. Barnard and James F. Gibson. National Archives Identifier: 533278, Local Identifier: 165-SB-4.

92. "Battle of Gaines Mill, Valley of the Chickahominy, Virginia, June 27, 1862." Artwork by Prince de Joinville. National Archives Identifier: 530495, Local Identifier: 111-BA-1507.

93. Antietam Bridge, Md., September 1862. Soldiers and wagons are crossing the bridge. Photographed by Alexander Gardner. National Archives Identifier: 533293, Local Identifier: 165-SB-19.

94. Street scene, Warrenton, Va., ca. 1862. National Archives Identifier: 529340, Local Identifier: 111-B-5236.

95. Fredericksburg, Va., February 1863. View from across the Rappahannock River. Photographed by Timothy H. O'Sullivan. National Archives Identifier: 533304, Local Identifier: 165-SB-30.

96. Confederate dead behind the stone wall of Marye's Heights, Fredericksburg, Va., killed during the Battle of Chancellorsville, May 1863. Photographed by Capt. Andrew J. Russell. National Archives Identifier: 524930, Local Identifier: 111-B-514.

97. Fairfax Court House, Virginia, with Union soldiers in front and on the roof, June 1863. Photographed by Timothy H. O'Sullivan. National Archives Identifier: 528872, Local Identifier: 111-B-4755.

98. Dead Confederate sharpshooter in the Devil's Den, Gettysburg, Pa., July 1863. Photographed by Alexander Gardner. National Archives Identifier: 533315, Local Identifier: 165-SB-41.

99. Union and Confederate dead, Gettysburg Battlefield, Pa., July 1863. Photographed by Timothy H. O'Sullivan. National Archives Identifier: 533310, Local Identifier: 165-SB-36.

100. Lee and Gordon's Mills. Chickamauga Battlefield, Ga., 1863. National Archives Identifier: 528904, Local Identifier: 111-B-4791.

101. General Meade's headquarters. Culpeper, Va., 1863. National Archives Identifier: 518112, Local Identifier: 64-CV-182.

102. Capt. Edmund C. Bainbridge's Battery A, 1st U.S. Artillery, at the siege of Port Hudson, La., 1863. National Archives Identifier: 533151, Local Identifier: 165-CN-12545.

103. Palisades and chevaux-de-frise in front of the Potter House, Atlanta, Ga., 1864. Photographed by George N. Barnard. National Archives Identifier: 525131, Local Identifier: 111-B-726.

104. Peachtree Street with wagon traffic, Atlanta, Ga., 1864. Photographed by George N. Barnard. National Archives Identifier: 533419, Local Identifier: 165-SC-46.

105. Street scene showing Sutlers Row, Chattanooga, Tenn., 1864. National Archives Identifier: 524928, Local Identifier: 111-B-512.

106. Fort Morgan, Mobile Point, Ala., 1864, showing damage to the south side of the fort. National Archives Identifier: 519417, Local Identifier: 77-F-82-70.

107. Union entrenchments near Kenesaw Mountain, Ga., 1864. National Archives Identifier: 524941, Local Identifier: 111-B-531.

108. Nashville, Tenn., view from the capitol, 1864. Photographed by George N. Barnard. National Archives Identifier: 533376, Local Identifier: 165-SC-3.

109. The "Pulpit" after capture, Fort Fisher, N.C., January 1865. Photographed by Timothy H. O'Sullivan. National Archives Identifier: 533353, Local Identifier: 165-SB-79.

110. Harpers Ferry, W Va., July 1865. High-angle view showing the confluence of the Shenandoah and Potomac Rivers. Photographed by James Gardner. National Archives Identifier: 533300, Local Identifier: 165-SB-26.

111. McLean house where General Lee surrendered. Appomattox Court House, Va., April 1865. Photographed by Timothy H. O'Sullivan. National Archives Identifier: 533371, Local Identifier: 165-SB-99.

112. Ruins seen from the Circular Church, Charleston, S.C., 1865. National Archives Identifier: 528788, Local Identifier: 111-B-4667.

113. Ruins seen from the capitol, Columbia, S.C., 1865. Photographed by George N. Barnard. National Archives Identifier: 533426, Local Identifier: 165-SC-53.

114. Fort Sumter, S.C., viewed from a sandbar in Charleston Harbor, 1865. Photographed by George N. Barnard. National Archives Identifier: 533429, Local Identifier: 165-SC-56.

115. Soldiers in the trenches before battle, Petersburg, Va., 1865. National Archives Identifier 524576, Local Identifier: 111-B-157.
(The Petersburg identification appearing in the official caption for this photograph received by NARA from the Army Signal Corps has been disputed. Civil War historians and photo-historians have uncovered documentary evidence suggesting that this image of Union forces was taken by Andrew J. Russell just before the Second Battle of Fredericksburg in the spring of 1863. For more information, please see the item in the National Archives Catalog.)

Richmond, Va.

116. High-angle view toward the capitol, 1862. National Archives Identifier: 524454, Local Identifier: 111-B-35.

117. Ruins in front of the Capitol, 1865. National Archives Identifier: 524971, Local Identifier: 111-B-562.

118. Silhouette of ruins of Haxall's mills, 1865, showing some of the destruction caused by a Confederate attempt to burn Richmond. National Archives Identifier: 524556, Local Identifier: 111-B-137.

119. The "White House of the Confederacy," Jefferson Davis' home. National Archives Identifier: 524472, Local Identifier: 111-B-53.

Washington, D.C., and Environs

120. The U.S. Capitol under construction, 1860. National Archives Identifier: 530494, Local Identifier: 111-BA-1480.

121. Fort Massachusetts, sally port and soldiers, 1861. The fort was renamed Fort Stevens in 1863. National Archives Identifier: 524897, Local Identifier: 111-B-479.

122. General view of 96th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment during drill at Camp Northumberland, with the camp in the background, 1861. National Archives Identifier: 524905, Local Identifier: 111-B-487.

123. Barricades on Duke Street, Alexandria, Va., erected to protect the Orange and Alexandria Railroad from Confederate cavalry, 1861. National Archives Identifier: 524934, Local Identifier: 111-B-523.

124. Slave pen of Price, Birch, & Co., Alexandria, Va., August 1863. Photographed by William R. Pywell. National Archives Identifier: 533276, Local Identifier: 165-SB-2.

125. East front of Arlington Mansion (General Lee's home), with Union soldiers on the lawn, June 28, 1864. National Archives Identifier: 533118, Local Identifier: 165-C-518.

126. Grand review of Union troops, May 23-24, 1865, looking down Pennsylvania Avenue toward the Capitol. Artwork by James E. Taylor, July 1, 1881. National Archives Identifier: 530486, Local Identifier: 111-BA-69.

127. General view of the city from the south toward the Treasury Building and the White House. Cows are grazing near Tiber Creek. National Archives Identifier: 529253, Local Identifier: 111-B-5147.

128. Smithsonian Institution Building in a field of daisies. National Archives Identifier: 528794, Local Identifier: 111-B-4672.

Portraits

Abolitionists

129. Brown, John; bust-length. Engraving from daguerreotype, ca. 1856. National Archives Identifier: 531116, Local Identifier: 111-SC-101021.

130. Douglass, Frederick; half-length. National Archives Identifier: 558770, Local Identifier: 200-FL-22.

131. Garrison, William Lloyd; three-quarter-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 530489, Local Identifier: 111-BA-1088.

132. Greeley, Horace; half-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 527435, Local Identifier: 111-B-3251.

Artists and Authors

133. Brady, Mathew B., photographer; full-length seated. National Archives Identifier: 525281, Local Identifier: 111-B-1074.

134. Brumidi, Constantino, artist who painted murals and frescoes in the Capitol; three-quarter-length, standing, holding brush and palette. National Archives Identifier: 527952, Local Identifier: 111-B-3791.

135. Bryant, William Cullen, poet and editor of the New York Evening Post; full-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 526948, Local Identifier: 111-B-2764.

136. Stowe, Harriet Beecher, author of Uncle Tom's Cabin; half-length. National Archives Identifier: 535784, Local Identifier: 208-N-25004.

137. Whitman, Walt, poet; half-length, seated, wearing hat. National Archives Identifier: 525875, Local Identifier: 111-B-1672.

Confederate Army Officers

138. Beauregard, Gen. Pierre; half-length. National Archives Identifier: 525441, Local Identifier: 111-B-1233.

139. Breckenridge, Lt. Gen. John C.; bust-length. National Archives Identifier: 530491, Local Identifier: 111-BA-1215.

140. Gordon, Maj. Gen. John B.; half-length. National Archives Identifier: 525987, Local Identifier: 111-B-1786.

141. Hill, Lt. Gen. Ambrose P.; bust-length. National Archives Identifier: 530490, Local Identifier: 111-BA-1190.

142. Hood, Gen. John B.; bust-length, in civilian clothes. National Archives Identifier: 529378, Local Identifier: 111-B-5274.

143. Jackson, Lt. Gen. Thomas Jonathan ("Stonewall"); bust-length, April 1863. Photographed by George W Minnes. National Archives Identifier: 526067, Local Identifier: 111-B-1867.

144. Johnston, Gen. Joseph E.; half-length. National Archives Identifier: 525983, Local Identifier: 111-B-1782.

145. Lee, Gen. Robert E.; full-length, standing, April 1865. Photographed by Mathew B. Brady. National Archives Identifier: 525769, Local Identifier: 111-B-1564.

146. Longstreet, Lt. Gen. James; half-length, in civilian clothes. National Archives Identifier: 526224, Local Identifier: 111-B-2028.

147. Mahone, Maj. Gen. William; half-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 529228, Local Identifier: 111-B-5123.

148. Mosby, Col. John Singleton; bust-length. National Archives Identifier: 530499, Local Identifier: 111-BA-1709.

149. Stuart, Brig. Gen. James Ewell Brown ("Jeb"); three-quarter-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 518135, Local Identifier: 64-M-9.

Confederate Officials

150. Benjamin, Judah P., Secretary of State; three- quarter-length, standing. National Archives Identifier: 526652, Local Identifier: 111-B-2458.

151. Davis, Jefferson, President; three-quarter-length, standing. Photographed by Mathew B. Brady before the war. National Archives Identifier: 528293, Local Identifier: 111-B-4146.

152. Mallory, Stephen R., Secretary of the Navy; three- quarter-length, standing. National Archives Identifier: 528705, Local Identifier: 111-B-4583.

153. Stephens, Alexander H., Vice President; three- quarter-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 528288, Local Identifier: 111-B-4141.

154. Mason, James M., Envoy to England; three quarter-length, standing. National Archives Identifier: 529268, Local Identifier: 111-B-5163.

155. Seddon, James A., Secretary of War; half-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 530492, Local Identifier: 111-BA-1224.

Enlisted Men

156. Arnold, D. W. C., private in the Union Army. National Archives Identifier: 529535, Local Identifier: 111-B-5435.

157. Kingin, Pvt. Emory Eugene, 4th Michigan Infantry; standing, full-length, leaning against a tree and wearing a plaid shirt. National Archives Identifier: 529450, Local Identifier: 111-B-5348.

158. Marbury, Gilbert A., drummer, Company H, 22d New York Infantry; posing with drum. National Archives Identifier: 529594, Local Identifier: 111-B-5497.

159. Ruffin, Pvt. Edmund, Confederate soldier who fired the first shot against Fort Sumter; full-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 530493, Local Identifier: 111-BA-1226.

Federal Army Officers

160. Anderson, Maj. Robert, defender of Fort Sumter; full-length, standing. National Archives Identifier: 528328, Local Identifier: 111-B-4183.

161. Burnside, Maj. Gen. Ambrose E.; half-length. National Archives Identifier: 527863, Local Identifier: 111-B-3698.

162. Butler, Maj. Gen. Benjamin F.; three-quarterlength. National Archives Identifier: 528659, Local Identifier: 111-B-4533.

163. Custer, Maj. Gen. George A.; half-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 558719, Local Identifier: 200S-CA-10.

164. Grant, Lt. Gen. Ulysses S.; three-quarter-length, standing. Photographed by Mathew B. Brady. National Archives Identifier: 558720, Local Identifier: 200-CA-38.

165. Halleck, Maj. Gen. Henry W. ("Old Brains"); three- quarter-length, standing. National Archives Identifier: 526731, Local Identifier: 111-B-2541.

166. Hancock, Maj. Gen. Winfield S.; half-length. National Archives Identifier: 529369, Local Identifier: 111-B-5265.

167. Hooker, Maj. Gen. Joseph ("Fighting Joe"); full-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 526959, Local Identifier: 111-B-2775.

168. McClellan, Maj. Gen. George B.; three-quarter-length, standing. National Archives Identifier: 528744, Local Identifier: 111-B-4624.

169. McDowell, Maj. Gen. Irvin; three-quarter-length, standing. National Archives Identifier: 527993, Local Identifier: 111-B-3834.

170. Meade, Maj. Gen. George G.; half-length, standing. National Archives Identifier: 527851, Local Identifier: 111-B-3685.

171. Pope, Brig. Gen. John; half-length. National Archives Identifier: 527743, Local Identifier: 111-B-3569.

172. Rawlins, Brig. Gen. John A.; half-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 528564, Local Identifier: 111-B-4435.

173. Rosecrans, Maj. Gen. William S.; half-length. National Archives Identifier: 527814, Local Identifier: 111-B-3646.

174. Scott, Lt. Gen. Winfield ("Old Fuss and Feathers"); half-length, standing. National Archives Identifier: 528333, Local Identifier: 111-B-4188.

175. Sheridan, Maj. Gen. Philip H.; three-quarter-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 526708, Local Identifier: 111-B-2520.

176. Sherman, Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh; half-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 525970, Local Identifier: 111-B-1769.

177. Thomas, Maj. Gen. George H.; half-length. National Archives Identifier: 528908, Local Identifier: 111-B-4795.

Federal Navy Officers

178. Dahlgren, Rear Adm. John A. B.; half-length. National Archives Identifier: 528718, Local Identifier: 111-B-4595.

179. Farragut, Rear Adm. David G.; three-quarter-length. National Archives Identifier: 529975, Local Identifier: 111-B-5889.

180. Foote, Rear Adm. Andrew H.; three-quarter-length, standing. National Archives Identifier: 528018, Local Identifier: 111-B-3860.

181. Porter, Rear Adm. David D.; half-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 528608, Local Identifier: 111-B-4480.

Foreign Diplomats

182. Bruce, Sir Frederick, British Minister to the United States from March 1865; half-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 525715, Local Identifier: 111-B-1510.

183. Lyons, Lord Richard B.P., British Minister to the United States from December 1858 to February 1865; full-length, seated. Photographed by Mathew B. Brady. National Archives Identifier: 533231, Local Identifier: 165-JT-185.

184. Romero, Senior Don Matias. Envoy of the Republic of Mexico, 1863; three-quarter-length, standing. National Archives Identifier: 525436, Local Identifier: 111-B-1228.

U.S. Government Officials

185. Chase, Salmon P., Secretary of the Treasury; three- quarter-length, standing. National Archives Identifier: 528414, Local Identifier: 111-B-4270.

186. Douglas, Stephen A., Senator from Illinois; three- quarter-length, standing. National Archives Identifier: 526540, Local Identifier: 111-B-2346.

187. Johnson, Andrew, Vice President and President; three-quarter-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 528284, Local Identifier: 111-B-4138.

188. Lincoln, Abraham; three-quarter-length, standing, ca. 1863. Photographed by Mathew B. Brady. National Archives Identifier: 527823, Local Identifier: 111-B-3656.

189. Seward, William H., Secretary of State; bust profile. National Archives Identifier: 528347, Local Identifier: 111-B-4204.

190. Stanton, Edwin M., Secretary of War; half-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 528682, Local Identifier: 111-B-4559.

191. Stevens, Thaddeus. Representative from Pennsylvania; half-length. National Archives Identifier: 525291, Local Identifier: 111-B-1084.

192. Sumner, Charles, Senator from Massachusetts; half-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 530021, Local Identifier: 111-B-5937.

193. Welles, Gideon, Secretary of the Navy; half-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 525398, Local Identifier: 111-B-1189.

Women

194. Barton, Clara; three-quarter-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 526057, Local Identifier: 111-B-1857.

195. Joseph, Sister M.M. of the Sisters of Mercy. She and others of her order served in a military hospital at Beaufort, N.C.; full-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 525814, Local Identifier: 111-B-1609.

196. Lincoln, Mary Todd; full-length, standing. National Archives Identifier: 529952, Local Identifier: 111-B-5864.

197. Tippee, Mary, sutler with Collis Zouaves (114th Pennsylvania); full-length, standing. National Archives Identifier: 520202, Local Identifier; 79-T-2148.

Lincoln's Assassination

198. Booth, John Wilkes; half-length, standing. National Archives Identifier: 518136, Local Identifier: 64-M-19.

199. Corbett, Sgt. Boston, the man who claimed he shot John Wilkes Booth; three-quarter-length, seated at a table. National Archives Identifier: 526515, Local Identifier: 111-B-2321.

200. Payne, Lewis, the conspirator who attacked Secretary Seward; three-quarter-length, standing. National Archives Identifier: 530498, Local Identifier: 111-BA-1653.

201. Execution of the four persons condemned as conspirators (Mary E. Surratt, Lewis T. Powell, David E. Herold, and George A. Atzerodt), July 7,1865. Photographed by Alexander Gardner. National Archives Identifier: 530503, Local Identifier: 111-BA-2034.

202. Box in Ford's Theater where Lincoln was assassinated, 1865. National Archives Identifier: 559275, Local Identifier: 200-CC-3404.

203. Bridge across the "Eastern Branch" to Anacostia, Washington, D.C., 1862. John Wilkes Booth and David Herold escaped over this bridge. National Archives Identifier: 524762, Local Identifier: 111-B-343.

Index to Photographers

Barnard, George N., 15, 27, 59, 61, 68, 83, 88, 89, 91, 103, 104, 108, 113, 114
Brady, Mathew B., 40, 145, 151, 164, 183, 188
Cooley, Samuel A., 42, 62
Edwards, J. D., 58
Edwards, W O., 58
Fox, Egbert Guy, 55
Gardner, Alexander, 17, 21, 73, 93, 98, 201
Gardner, James, 41, 49, 110
Gibson, James F, 15, 59, 88, 89, 91
Knox, David, 60
Minnes, George W., 143
O'Sullivan, Timothy H., 18, 23, 75, 76, 95, 97, 99, 109, 111
Pywell, William R., 124
Riddle, A. J., 72
Russell, Capt. Andrew J., 79, 96
Seibert, Selmar Rush, 56, 63

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Enlarge Engineers of the 8th New York State Militia in front of a tent, 1861. Local Identifier: 111-B-499. National Archives Identifier: 524918. View in National Archives Catalog Introduction The Civil War was the first large and prolonged conflict recorded by photography.

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This is a brief account of some Americans in the North and South who contributed to the war effort, unlike civilians of any previous conflict. The political leaders in the Union and Confederacy each had battles of their own to wage. The Civil War would also require a complete revolution in the economies of both regions.
The War Behind the Lines [ushistory.org]
Independence Hall Association. (n.d.). The war behind the lines. ushistory.org. Retrieved February 5, 2023, from https://www.ushistory.org/us/34.asp

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Inset from a portrait of Abraham Lincoln based on a photograph by Alexander Gardner taken 8/9/1863.

Modern wars are not confined to the battlefield. Americans in the North and South contributed to the war effort unlike civilians of any previous conflict. The political leaders in the Union and Confederacy each had battles of their own to wage. The Civil War would also require a complete revolution in the economies of both regions. The results of such changes would not only determine the outcome of the war, but would utterly transform the new nation politically, socially, and economically.

In the North, President Lincoln had been elected by a minority of voters in his first election and had to continually battle to win reelection. Copperheads, also known as "Peace" Democrats repeatedly thwarted the President's leadership initiatives. In the South, Jefferson Davis was in no easier position. How could a government formed on the basis of states' rights provide the strong, centralized leadership necessary to prevail in war? Davis constantly had to fight with individuals and state legislatures for the power he needed to run the Confederate government.

Oscar-winning film Gone With the Wind depicted a sometimes brutal, sometimes glorified view of the Southern homefront during the Civil War and Reconstruction.

One of the most important challenges for each leader was foreign relations. If the South could get Britain to support the Confederacy, then maybe, with the most powerful navy in the world, the British could break the Union blockade of Southern ports. This would provide the South with large markets for its cotton and perhaps a source of money large enough to finance the war. Lincoln's job, of course, was to prevent this at all costs. A great game of diplomacy was under way.

As the war progressed, a stark contrast between the two economies emerged. Both the North and the South experienced high rates of inflation, but the South's rate was 80 times greater than in the North. Labor shortages occurred on both sides, as did increasing class conflict between the wealthy and the poor. Since most of the battles in the Civil War took place in the South, great physical destruction was wrought throughout the region, causing mass poverty and despair.

The war also brought significant new roles for Northern and Southern women at home and at work as they replaced almost two million men going off to war. They plowed the fields and did jobs previously done only by the men. Through organization and sheer tenacity they broadened their influence on many problems facing society.

The conspirators in the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln were hanged on July 7, 1865. Mary Surratt, far left, was the first woman to be hanged by the United States government.

Men were military nurses before this time. It was not considered proper for women to tend to injured and dying men, assisting in operations and care. In fighting for this right, women earned respect and admiration of generals, politicians, and husbands. They would use this success to continue to enlarge their role in the evolving fabric of the nation.

The Civil War presents a struggle between two societies, not merely two armies. It showed how a predominantly industrial society could prevail over an agricultural one. It demonstrated like no previous war that the efforts of all individuals matter. Lastly, although he would not live to see the results, the handling of the Civil War is a testament to the wisdom, determination and leadership of Abraham Lincoln, arguably America's greatest President.

Campaign parade
The Valley of the Shadow Project from the University of Virginia is an extraordinary look, through essays, original documents, and contemporary newspaper articles, at two communities -- one in the North and one in the South -- as they lived through the years of Civil War.

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Emancipation Proclomation
President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, as the nation approached its third year of bloody civil war. The Proclamation declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free."

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Lincoln Assassination
Was Abraham Lincoln's assasination a plan of John Wilkes Booth and his cohorts, or a grand conspiracy involving Andrew Johnson, the Confederacy, Secretary of War Edward Stanton, international bankers, and the Pope.

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The War Behind the Lines [ushistory.org]

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Inset from a portrait of Abraham Lincoln based on a photograph by Alexander Gardner taken 8/9/1863. Modern wars are not confined to the battlefield. Americans in the North and South contributed to the war effort unlike civilians of any previous conflict. The political leaders in the Union and Confederacy each had battles of their own to wage.

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An important and sometimes overlooked part of the Civil War profoundly altered women’s lives, opening new paths and allowing them to take on roles previously primarily held by men. Nursing, which had been a male profession, is the best-known example.
Women in war. American Battlefield Trust. (n.d.). Retrieved February 5, 2023, from https://www.battlefields.org/learn/topics/women-war

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Women had a vital role in America's early conflicts - participating, supporting, and organizing. Studying their involvement gives a broader understanding of the...

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Starting with the "Nicolay" draft of the Gettysburg Address is one of five slightly different drafts of the speech known to exist. It is named for John G. Nicolay, President Lincoln's secretary. Most historians consider this version the "reading copy" at Gettysburg.
Independence Hall Association. (n.d.). The Gettysburg Address. ushistory.org. Retrieved February 4, 2023, from https://www.ushistory.org/documents/gettysburg.htm

Nicolay.
Bliss
Hay
Everett
Bancroft"

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President Abraham Lincoln
November 19, 1863

"Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate - we cannot consecrate - we cannot hallow - this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us - that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion - that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain - that this nation shall have a new birth of freedom and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth."
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Gettysburg Address

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Gettysburg Address

Support ushistory.org and buy a poster for your wall!

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President Abraham LincolnNovember 19, 1863 "Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure.

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John Green lists many battles of the US Civil War in seven and a half minutes. They offer a list of battle names, some commentary about outcomes, and lots of exciting pictures.
crashcourse. (2013, June 20). Battles of the Civil War: Crash course US history #19. YouTube. Retrieved February 5, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=25HHVDOaGeE

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Battles of the Civil War: Crash Course US History #19

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Blooket is an interactive game that can be used in the classroom with questions from the source material. There are several interactive games to choose from that enable
the students to compete with eeach other
Blooket. (n.d.). Retrieved February 3, 2023, from https://dashboard.blooket.com/

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Civil War Music tracks and storytelling gives this site a good exploration for students.
American Battlefield Trust. SoundCloud. (n.d.). Retrieved February 1, 2023, from https://soundcloud.com/americanbattlefieldtrust

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Listen to American Battlefield Trust | SoundCloud is an audio platform that lets you listen to what you love and share the sounds you create.