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All images were provided by Padlet reference to Padlet search.

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World Health Organization. (n.d.-b). Social Determinants of Health. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health#tab=tab_1

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World Health Organization. (n.d.-a). Frequently asked questions. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/about/frequently-asked-questions#:~:text=The%20preamble%20to%20WHO’s%20constitution,absence%20of%20disease%20or%20infirmity.%E2%80%9D

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Shibatani, M. (2023, October 17). Japanese language. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Japanese-language

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Migrant and Refugee Health Partnership. (2019, January). Working with people from migrant and refugee backgrounds. https://culturaldiversityhealth.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Culturally-responsive-clinical-practice-Working-with-people-from-migrant-and-refugee-backgrounds-Jan2019.pdf

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Mental health. Mental Health " Australian Refugee Health. (n.d.). https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/mental-health/

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Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide . (n.d.). Sexually transmissible infections (stis). Sexually transmissible infections (STIs) " Australian Refugee Health. https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/sexually-transmissible-infections-stis/

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Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide . (n.d.). Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) " Australian Refugee Health. https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/hiv/

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Australian Government . (n.d.). Reporting on the health of culturally and linguistically diverse ... Reporting on the health of culturally and linguistically diverse populations in Australia. https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/1e6ff486-91aa-4d9c-a8ba-048fd0cdd067/aihw-phe-308.pdf.aspx?inline=true

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Aboriginal colours in art. Aboriginal Colours in Art | Kate Owen Gallery. (n.d.). https://www.kateowengallery.com/page/aboriginal-colours-in-art#:~:text=While%20the%20most%20recognised%20ochre,are%20also%20found%20and%20used.

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Adults and children from refugee backgrounds experience trauma. Trauma that is not only physical or emotional but also distress from separation from family and unaware if they are still alive and violent (including sexual). This is recognised as a pre-arrival trauma. Post-arrival trauma is also just as impactful; this includes the unfamiliar environment/country and the language barriers that persist: housing, financial instability and lack of education pile onto the negative impacts on their mental health. Emotional and mental well-being assessment should be performed through psychological assessment, suicide risk assessment, functional impairment, developmental progression and behavioural difficulties.

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HIV remains an infection of global importance. Delayed diagnosis is the leading cause of the spread of the infection. Delayed diagnosis means delayed treatment. If treatment is given earlier, it improves health outcomes and the transmission risk. Offering HIV testing to people older than 15 allows for more efficient change and care. Routine HIV screening should also be completed in children younger than 15 years where risk factors are present. Providing education can also assist in preventing further spread and early diagnosis.

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Gender-based violence is common in women and girls in conflict zones and refugee camps, and both on and offshore immigration detention centres. Many are unaware of the types of STIs and the education surrounding them, including identifying signs and symptoms. Discussion of sexual health and STIs can be challenging with low English proficiency and health literacy, but it should be provided to prevent the spread STIs in camps further. Sexual orientation or sexual history can lead to not discussing openly with healthcare workers for assistance, but should be encouraged and provided safety and reassurance. Tests are offered to various individuals, from pregnancy, sex workers, known history, young allenes, and many more. Sexually active individuals between 25-29 should be offered the chlamydia screen under the National STI Strategy Act.

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Three of many common health concerns in refugees, supported by accurate references to the 'Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide', were identified as; 'Sexually Transmissible Infections (STIs), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Mental Health.

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"Australia is an ethnically diverse nation. In 2020, an estimated 3 in 10 (30%, or 7.7 million) people living in Australia were born overseas" (Australian Institue of Health and Welfare). Those born in Asian countries were identified as having a more likelihood of developing a chronic condition. Those born in European countries had the highest age-standardised proportions with a chronic condition.

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3 Common Health Concerns for Immigrants nad Refugees 

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3 Common Health Concerns for Immigrants nad Refugees 

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Immigrant & Refugee Competency Domain 7 to Health Care 

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Immigrant & Refugee Competency Domain 7 to Health Care 

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Social Determinants of Health and Wellbeing from Global and Australian Multicultural Perspectives. 

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Social Determinants of Health and Wellbeing from Global and Australian Multicultural Perspectives. 

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Psychosocial Cultural Health Definition 

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Psychosocial Cultural Health Definition 

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Australia - Cultural Relationship to Nursing

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Australia - Cultural Relationship to Nursing

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Japan - Cultural Relationship to Nursing

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Japan - Cultural Relationship to Nursing

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The history of art in Australia came from the traditional owners of this land, The indigenous people. The art started as rock painting, and the traditional colours used were white, black, red, and yellow, made out of charcoal. The art is done by many dots around each other to present a larger image. Dot paintings were a way to present and tell stories for generations.

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The health system in Australia is something to be fortunate about compared to other countries. We can access private and public health for free or at a low cost, including high-quality housing, water and sanitation, and an adequate supply of food and medicines. Students or low-income earners get extra assistance for health-related services. Australia's health care system is often considered fair and well provided to all Australians. We have many free, low-cost, walk-in clinics for Indigenous and Torres Strait Islander people. Refugees and those with immigrant backgrounds can invidiously apply for extra assistance from the Australian health care system.

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Sport - Australian Football League (AFL)

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Sport - Australian Football League (AFL)

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Australia is a nation of sport; thousands gather at a stadium every Saturday to support their team. All ages and genders love the Australian Football League. It is a way of gathering friends, family, and loved ones for social occasions. AFL is devoured by many individuals from schools, sporting clubs, corporate companies, and even hospitals. Having those who love the sport able to watch from a hospital bed encourages and comforts patients to continue loving their sport despite their current state of health.

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Mannerism in Japan is essential to their culture. When introducing one another, we must bow to show respect; younger people must bow first to their elders or those of higher status. Taking shoes off before entering a house or a specific area is vital in respecting the individual's home or environment. They wear slippers when entering and walking around the house or area. This allows their environment to feel clean and hygienic. Japanese individuals may feel that it is essential to recognise this mannerism and adjust to wearing slippers to respect hygiene and safety in a healthcare environment.

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Language in Japan varies depending on which area you are from. Various parts of Japan have dialects. The language is the same, but the way sentences are formed and spoken is different. Different dialects also lead to different mannerisms, impacting how individuals take things. Knowing where an individual is from is essential to understand the individual more personally.

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Japan is well known for its beloved foods, from sushi to mochi. For myself, when I am unwell, I reach out for Japanese food to assist in healing and comfort. For example, I crave miso soup when I have a cold, which immediately relieves me. That is how powerful food is in medicine for those who are unwell. As nurses, we must understand and respect that sometimes patients do not want medication but their culture.

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The way I view health is exceptionally diverse. As health is more profound than 'mental, physical and emotional health', one's spirit drives health and the ability to be content in how one lives. Every aspect of work, social, and personal life determines whether one issue is healthy. A healthy body does not mean a healthy individual; health drives those who treat and try the best for themselves.

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https://www.who.int/

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All clinicians should respect all those of culture and its influence on individuals from all diverse cultural backgrounds. Their cultural values and beliefs are reflected in how they interact in their capacity to make choices. Nurses should minimise to the point of eradicating culturally insensitive practices that can harm negatively, such as bias, inadequate communication, and prejudice toward individuals (Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice guide). All clinicians should abide by the autonomy of individuals, including immigrant and refugee backgrounds.

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The World Health Organisation drives social determinants of health and well-being. This organisation collects data reviews and understands the countries' current state and way of living. Understanding living circumstances from a third world country to a first world country, they become influenced in recognising their determinate of health. Factors that influence their health impact their health: employment, education, housing, and basic amenities, along with political and economic systems/policies.

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Psychosocial Cultural Definition of Health

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Psychosocial Cultural Definition of Health

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Social and cultural health is an individual's mental, social, emotional, and spiritual well-being and how they implement these factors in their past and present lives.

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Culturally Responsive Clinical Migrant & Refugee PDF

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Culturally Responsive Clinical Migrant & Refugee PDF

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https://culturaldiversityhealth.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Culturally-responsive-clinical-practice-Working-with-people-from-migrant-and-refugee-backgrounds-Jan2019.pdf

from Migrant and Refugee

Backgrounds

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Application of Domain 7 To Peronal Nursing 

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Application of Domain 7 To Peronal Nursing 

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Showing and presenting as a nurse how to consider patient dignity when providing ongoing patient care. Including personal nursing philosophy to enhance a more profound connection when providing care to others and to also assist yourself in recognising personal strengths and weaknesses.

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From a multicultural perspective, social determinants of health and well-being heavily depend on culture, family, the traditional ways individuals provide care, cultural activities, and beliefs. The well-being of the Australian multicultural perspective is much like the detriments of global well-being with education, employment, housing, and amenities that influence a lead-up to their health.

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Competency Standard 12- outlines that clinicians must be culturally 'responsive, reflective and self-aware in all aspects of practice'. This allows them to gain their awareness of culture, beliefs, values, and biases, Affecting the healthcare environment and interactions with other clinicians and patients. The impacts that can affect the patient as an individual and their family include respecting their quality, safety, and dignity through culturally responsive care to everyone, including migrant and refugee backgrounds. (Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice PDF guide)