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Limiting alcohol has its effects when looking at the “Depletion and degradation of water resources, greenhouse gas emissions, soil and air pollution and waste production.” (WHO, 2023), Which again goes hand in hand with pollution which is linked to strokes.  An intervention that is seen is the Federal Uniform Drinking Age Act of 1984 which was set to a minimum legal drinking age to 21 and every State abides by that standard. But a challenge they faced was counterfeit alcohol brands, as well as fines that came along with breaking that law.

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 Four technologies used to prevent, diagnose, or treat a stroke:

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 Four technologies used to prevent, diagnose, or treat a stroke:

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1. Teleradiology: When it comes to the prevention, treatment, and diagnosis oftentimes radiologists who would interpret the images even though they are not in the room physically looking at the generated photos.

2. Telestroke examinations:A telestroke is an electric device that allows  a doctor to diagnose a stroke right away. This device is really helpful for people who can’t make it to the hospital right away. This device is assisted by a diagnosed treatment, and also a prevention. Telestroke examinations assists in the diagnosis/ or treatment of stroke via video where a professional would hold an examination of a suspected stroke patient, like recommending for or against the administration of a clot-busting drug and whether or not the patient should receive endovascular treatment.

3. ATD: Assistive technology devices is another safety device that can help prevent and diagnose a stroke it includes and aids things such as canes, walker, and wheelchairs and other variety that accommodate the function limitation as a result of a disabling condition which in some cases can be causes by a stroke.

4.  MRi’s provides precise images of the brain and arteries and can diagnose strokes, MRI can identify brain hemorrhages and ischemic strokes that cause brain tissue damage. It can also identify strokes that occur minutes after a previous stroke or that occur decades after a previous stroke.they are another piece of technology that may be able to help with strokes.

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1. Negative aspects of utilizing Teleradiology occur when there is Miscommunication since most doctors are not mainly focusing on and discussing your medical images and findings face-to-face, So with that  miscommunication is bound to happen.

2. One of the negative aspects for MRI’s would be that they don’t detect strokes immediately, the brain tissue damage doesn’t show up on the MRI until 24 hours after the event and 72 hours on the CT scan. False negative MRI results may still occur.

3. Negative aspects of utilizing telestrokes are since telemedicine is fairly new and it requires a lot of work that then becomes hard and oftentimes challenging.

4. Negative aspects of utilizing ATD or assistive technologies devices are generally very costly and since many technologies cost thousands of dollars it also adds onto the challenge of having proper training to be able to function them properly.

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Choose healthy food and drink options & physical Activities: 

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Choose healthy food and drink options & physical Activities: 

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When it comes to preventive measures for a stroke, choosing to incorporate healthy foods and drink options and Physical activities is important since eating smaller amounts of unsaturated fats and eating less of certain foods can become very helpful in the long run. This measure Is important when eating healthy and staying physically active since it can prevent a stroke because although healthy lifestyles should be made aware of many stroke survivors are sure to not  follow it, which is why several doctors and experts in the field developed and tested out a study In journal of stroke and cerebrovascular Diseases published in 2020 where they said  “Occupational therapy-based lifestyle management intervention” Where they were put into a group for 6 weeks where they insured in several activities that resulted in the outcome of a change in the person's BMI( Body mass Index), Their healthy food intake, and their physical activities as a whole. The 6-week occupational therapist-led group didn't have large outcomes but it was mentioned that it would have significant changes if the intervention program lasted longer.

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Getting treatment for artial fibrillation can help reduce a stroke. Artist fibrillation also known as (Afib) is a type of arrhythmia heartbeat ,having Afib is a high risk of a stroke. According to researchers of national library of medicine in 2010 they proved this research correct because the use of dabiagatran ( a pill to reduce blood clots.) The 85% of the people who were getting treated with these pills had a more healthy life and their high risk of a stroke and blood clot reduced by 60 % chance which proved that researched showed that this capsule is a helpful way to reduce blood clots and prevent a person form dying from a stroke,

Dabigatran: Review of Pharmacology and Management of Bleeding Complications of This Novel Oral Anticoagulant - PMC (nih.gov)

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Two physical and/or occupational rehabilitation treatments that may be necessary for someone with a stroke are speech therapy and physical therapy. For speech therapy, it will allow a person to understand a language as well as relearn how to produce it. Physical therapy will allow a person to relearn movements as well as the coordination skills that they may have lost after the stroke, A form of this can be massage therapy or acupuncture which would help improve mobility specifically nerves. For strokes the short-term effect varies for physical therapy there would sometimes be pain, and weakness, As for massage therapy the short-term effect would help reduce pain. The professionals that would be required to deliver the treatment again vary depending on the stage you are in. Normally a neurologist would be working with stroke victims but when a person has passed that stage they normally work with specialists

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When it comes to the long-term treatments of strokes medicines are often necessary for people. There are several medicines that act as anticoagulants to in terms of preventing blood clots. Some examples of this would be Warfarin, apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban which are used in long-term cases. When it comes to the general cost for these medicines it's important to note that these are long-term treatments so generic brands are often bought several times over and over again. But it generally costs around $20,000 depending on the brand. As for insurance, this will likely Depend on the insurance company itself. But at the end of the day, it really again depends on what plan your insurance will cover, Although all blood anticoagulants will be covered some insurances that may cover a large portion of it would be Medicare and Medicaid.

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Psychosocial Rehabilitation treatment Pt 1 (CBT)

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Psychosocial Rehabilitation treatment Pt 1 (CBT)

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When it comes to psychosocial rehabilitation treatments it may be necessary to take actions such as recovery and recuperation for someone who has suffered from a stroke, a treatment that may be necessary is CBT known as Cognitive behavior therapy which is a type of talking therapy, that is a very common treatment for a number of mental health problems. CBT also teaches a person to cope and deal with different problems.

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Special populations that may be affected 

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Special populations that may be affected 

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2 special populations that may be affected

1. 55 years older: Old people are at a greater risk for a stroke because as a person gets older their arteries become harder and more narrower as well as getting clogged up. This makes them have a higher risk of high blood pressure, heart diseases, and cholesterol, and in general, their bodies aren't how they used to be.

2. Race & Sex: Stroke is more increased in men than women because of the
neurovascular risk factors of stroke, such as smoking and other bad habits, and their day-to-day lives. Strokes also affect more African Americans, and Mexicans than other races because of their genetics.

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One of the main long-term cares for stroke would rehabilitation, what we mean is physical therapy and the cost for that would be around $20 to $60 per session but with insurance it will cover all of it, motor skill exercises to improve muscle strength, speech therapy, occupational therapy, it all depends on the patient's insurance.  The expected cost for speech therapy is  $100 to almost $250 per hour. It is fully covered by the insurance but it all depends on what insurance the patient has

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Exercising regularly is important and sometimes necessary to treat a stroke. The reason is that it helps lower high blood pressure, which is a big risk factor when it comes to strokes as well as high cholesterol, diabetes, and obesity. Eating healthy foods is also equally important as it helps prevent a stroke. As it helps a person maintain their health and allowing the person to take care of their body

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Common Long-term Consequences or Complications of a Stroke is Aphasia. Aphasia as a definition is a language or speaking disorder that disrupts or affects a person's ability to communicate with other people. It is most common after a stroke or a TBI. It isn't overall a curable disorder but there are treatments that allow the person to better their day-to-day lives and that is therapy. Another one that I think is worth mentioning is dysphagia. Dysphagia as a definition is a medical term for swallowing difficulties. The reason why people have problems swallowing when it comes to a stroke is because it affects the muscles and the nerves.

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Cognitive function is a long term consequence of stroke. Cognitive function is your attention, memory, language and orientation. It affects your attention by given you trouble focusing. For memory there is a chance you don't remember who you are or what you been through. For language there is a possibility you forget how to speak or have trouble speaking. Lastly orientation you may not know where you are or how you got there.

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Paralysis is when you can't make voluntary muscle movements.
Paralysis is one of the long-term effects of a stroke due to the loss of muscle movement, it mostly occurs only on one side of your body. A breakdown in the neuronal signals that travel from the brain to the muscles is what causes stroke paralysis.

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One of the symptoms for stoke would be numbness, why do they get numbness? The reason is because the brain can't process the input from the skin.

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Symptoms for seizures in stroke vary depending on the person but the most common ones doctors and people should keep an eye out for would be lack of coordination, sudden conffusion, and muscle twitching.

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One of the symptoms of stroke is dizziness. Dizziness happens when your vestibular system gets damaged which causes and gives you the notion of spinning and sometimes even falling.

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When looking at some of the many symptoms of TBI in strokes we come across speech difficulty. Dysarthria is the medical term for Speech difficulty or slurred speech and it is basically when the muscles you use for speech are weak.

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Psychosocial Rehabilitation treatment Pt 2 (Art& Exercise Therapy)

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Psychosocial Rehabilitation treatment Pt 2 (Art& Exercise Therapy)

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Other treatments that may be necessary for a person who suffered from a stroke in the past rather than the CBT treatments include both music therapy and art therapy. This can help a person cope with both the social factors of the person's individual behavior and the problems surrounding the person after a stroke. Another effective most commonly used method is exercise which oftentimes is thought to help improve balance and coordination but it also helps a person cope and deal with their behavior problems.

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A primary anatomical structure that is involved in strokes requires looking at the brain as a whole. The area that is or is often affected post-stroke is the left side of the brain, Which is the reason why when you look for the most commonly affected parts of the brain you will find that they each have their own name. An example would be frontal lobe stroke, cerebral stroke, Brain stem stroke, etc. But in this case, it isn't surprising for the frontal lobe to be afflicted since it takes up almost one-third of the brain.

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One way to diagnose strokes would be from MRI's, MRI's help show more details of the brain waves. The MRI can detect damaged tissue to the brain. Another one would be from blood tests, if a doctor believes you have it then they can take your blood for testing.

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Sometimes lifestyles can be a reason for strokes. This can include limit foods high in saturated fats such as pizza, burgers, fries etc. Another lifestyle that can be a reason to a cuase a stroke is having too much stress on your daily life.

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We choose to study stroke because it is something that effects peoples day to day lives. Not only that its also a serious life threatening medical condition that often results in death.
- Ana chavez
- Suweyda Ahmed
- Daniela Alvarez
-Kamila  Arevalo

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Restricting smoking has been seen to help prevent/control strokes and this is overall seen as a public health measure because it's known that tobacco in itself pollutes the earth and that there is evidence linking air pollution to things such as cardiovascular diseases which includes strokes. But when it comes to seeking an intervention we see that laws that are commonly put into place are seen as effective. For example, the Tobacco Control Act by definition has helped the youth it is generally targeted to by aiding and helping them quit. A challenge that might be faced is getting the law passed.

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The middle cerebral is one of the most important arteries. Its job is to supply blood to the cerebrum. The reason for the middle cerebral artery to have common strokes is because it's one of the easiest arteries to get blood clots.

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One of the things that can affect African and Hispanics when needing to face challenges would be from low income. Another particular challenge they may face is having a high risk of dying of a stroke and as well of having a stroke at a young age and with probability of dying of a stroke is higher every year.

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Assess previous nutritional and intake and advice on a suitable healthier post stroke diet. They need to eat healthier foods with more  vegetables and less processed food with a lot of salt and oil. If you are going to see a dietitian it cast from $100-200 per consultation.

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Strokes commonly affect anybody between the ages 15-65.

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A stroke is caused when the part of your brain doesn't have enough blood flow. The blood clot that is formed in an artery which helps carry blood to your brain. To be more exact  stroke impacts the brain and it's brain cells.

What is affected due to a stroke is part of your brain and creates memory loss, dementia, problems with thinking and learning due to their is not enough blood flow and causes these effects

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A process that is affected by its condition is Hemorrhagic stroke as it happens when an artery in the brain leaks blood or ruptures in the brain. It damages the brain cells because of the about of pressure put on them.

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To diagnose a stroke a doctor will generally do one of many things they might need to just go ahead and do physical testing or in cases when there are many symptoms a doctor may need to find a way to diagnose the patient by doing MRIs or looking at the medical history, examining them and doing some medical testing. But in cases where that isn't possible, doctors will do F.A.S.T, which is Facial weakness, Arm weakness, speech problem, and time to call 999 if these symptoms are presented

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One of the treatments for stroke can be speech difficulty and which includes exercises that can be used to improve communication and better improvement in speech. Stroke causes speech difficulties and speech therapy is one of the most effective treatments

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A treatment for stroke can be  medication called TPA which its function is to break down bleeding clots that can stop the flow of blood to your brain, this medication is injected into your arm.

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Some things that can be difficult to follow on a scale of 1-10 would be a 10 because salt intake because when someone is eating too much sodium, it can cause you to retain fluids which can increase the blood pressure and that is a risk for people who have strokes,

1. Another thing would be stress management because people stress can comparatively have long duration of its effects which can change the lifestyles since people always stress. Managing stress on a scale of 1-10 would be around a 8.

For Salt intake Professionals that might be able to help with these lifestyle changes would be a neurologist, Occupational therapists, physical therapists, and mental health professionals.

For stress management professionals that might be able to help professional counselors or therapists can help you find the sources of your stress and learn new coping tools.

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Treatments For Psychosocial Rehabilitation Pt 1 (CBT)

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Treatments For Psychosocial Rehabilitation Pt 1 (CBT)

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One of the treatments is rehabilitation, the thing about rehabilitation is that it covers almost everything when someone has a stroke. It focuses on speech therapy, congestive therapy, sensory motor skills, and physical therapy.
Another treatment is Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). This kind of therapy is to help treat people with a wide range of mental health problems.

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Psychosocial Rehabilitation treatments Pt 2 (Art & Exercise therapy)

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Psychosocial Rehabilitation treatments Pt 2 (Art & Exercise therapy)

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Art therapy is something that helps people reduce stress because it can help of all ages explore their emotions. Art also helps people enhance their feelings.
Exercise therapy is a treatment that helps prevent any kind of injuries and it also helps the patients to recover from diseases and any conditions. Since patients can always be down thinking they can't do anything, exercise therapy can help them regain something that they lost they lost.

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Professional That Treats Cognitive Behavior Therapy

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Professional That Treats Cognitive Behavior Therapy

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For cognitive behavior therapy treatment, it is delivered by therapists, individuals with varying years of clinical experience and training histories. They are trained to help with cognitive behavior therapy which is talking therapy and therapists have that experience because they know what to do and how to get people to talk so they can help them they have that experience.

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Professional That Treats Art & Exercise Therapy

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Professional That Treats Art & Exercise Therapy

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Trained to identify and treat a variety of soft-tissue conditions, ART-certified physical therapists use a hands-on technique involving your body’s natural motion to break up scar tissue and restore motion to affected areas. That means a physical therapist is a professional that can treat art and exercise therapy because they help by combining art and physical activity.

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For CBT therapy the condition will be long-term effect since People develop the skills necessary to better effectively identify and treat their mental health problems. So that will he considered long lasting . It is a type of therapy also known as Cognitive behavior therapy which is basically a therapy that helps you talk about your emotions during the condition people went through in this case a stroke

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Long-term Effect on Art and Exercise Therapy

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Long-term Effect on Art and Exercise Therapy

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Art and exercise therapy is also a long  term effect because it is a therapy where they help people with their emotions and their body as well , it helps them with the condition through period of session with the exercises which prevent any kind of injuries and as well as their mental emotions

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Strokes commonly effect women because women generally live longer than men to having more strokes in their lifetime.