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It’s no surprise that a drought comes around in the U.S, but China had the worst drought in the 1800’s. In Northern China 1876, China had gotten a famine, by none other than a drought. This Famine had lasted for 3 years,(1876-1879) and you might be wondering how many people had died. You might think it’s 500,00 people or 1,000,000 right? Well you’d be wrong. The amount of people who had died is insane, and was 9 million people to 13 million people who had died. Not only that, but 5 million Indians also died, the Indians died, because something called the Monsoon failed in successive years the monsoon lasted for 2 years (1876-1878) when China had a drought.

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In 1931, a river called the “Yangtze-Haui,” which translate to the “Chang Jiang” river. The Yangtze River is the longest river in Asia which estimates to 16,400 meter on the Plateau of Tibet. It kept going to the eastward of the Plateau, until it started going to its major delta system, East China. In 1548 a barrier Great JinJiang Levee was put around the river. The way the barrier worked is, well you know how a barrier works, it blocks the water, the barrier also had drains so that the water doesn’t over flow, because people don’t want a flood. But in the late 19th century, only 4 drains operated on the south side. Due to heavy rain, this caused the water levels to rise, and create a lowland on the north bank. Now originally China had flood control lakes to stop a flood, but China did a dumb thing to cut the lakes off by barriers, and turn some into a crop land. And when more heavy rains came by the lower side of the Yangtze River, and the consequences, became catastrophic. The flood covers 30,000 square miles of China, and the flood hit cities like Nanjing, and Wuhan. After the flood ended on November 1937, (apparently every time I try to look up what day the flood ended will just tell sites, and the month it started, and ended, so if you find the day it ended please tell it in the comments) there had been 3.7 million deaths or more, and about 40,000,000, homelessness in China. The 1931 China floods, was followed by 2 more floods, but did less deaths than the 1931. In 2010 a dam was provided, because China didn’t want another repeat of 1931. But does it make up for the thousands of property damage?

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Example: Machine that Removes Carbon from the Air

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Example: Machine that Removes Carbon from the Air

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Can Removing Carbon From the Atmosphere Save Us From Climate Catastrophe?

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) asserts that limiting global warming to 1.5˚C could avert the most catastrophic effects of climate change. In its recent report, it laid out four means of achieving this -and all of them rely on removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This is because even if we cut most of our carbon emissions down to zero, emissions from agriculture and air travel would be difficult to eliminate altogether. And since carbon dioxide that's already in the atmosphere can affect climate for hundreds to thousands of years, the IPCC maintains that carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies will be critical to get rid of 100 to 1000 gigatonnes of CO2 this century.
How can carbon dioxide be removed?
There are a variety of CDR strategies, all in different stages of development, and varying in cost, benefits and risks. CDR approaches that employ trees, plants and soil to absorb carbon have been used at large scale for decades; other strategies that rely more on technology are mostly at the demonstration or pilot stages. Each strategy has pros and cons.
Afforestation and reforestation
As plants and trees grow, they take carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and turn it into sugars through photosynthesis. In this way, U.S. forests absorb 13 percent of the nation's carbon emissions; globally, forests store almost a third of the world's emissions.

Planting additional trees could remove more carbon from the atmosphere and store it for a long time, as well as improve soil quality at a relatively low cost-$0 to $20 per ton of carbon. Afforestation involves planting trees where there were none previously; reforestation means restoring forests where trees have been damaged or depleted.

Afforestation, however, could compete for land used for agriculture just as food production needs to increase 70 percent by 2050 to feed the growing world population. It could also affect biodiversity and ecosystem services.

And although forests can sequester carbon for decades, they take many years to grow and can become saturated in decades to centuries. They also require careful management because they are subject to human and natural impacts such as wildfires, drought and pest infestations.
Soil carbon sequestration
The carbon that plants absorb from the atmosphere in photosynthesis becomes part of the soil when they die and decompose. It can remain there for millennia or it can be released quickly depending on climatic conditions and how the soil is managed. Minimal tillage, cover crops, crop rotation and leaving crop residues on the field help soils store more carbon.

The IPCC, which considers soil carbon sequestration to have the ability to reduce CO2 at the lowest cost-$0 to $100 per ton-estimates that soil carbon sequestration could remove between 2 and 5 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide a year by 2050. By comparison, the world's power plants released 32.5 gigatonnes of CO2 in 2017.

Soil carbon sequestration could be deployed immediately, and would improve soil health and increase crop yield; moreover it would not stress land and water resources. But while soil stores large amounts of carbon in the beginning, it can become saturated after 10 to 100 years, depending on climate, soil type and how it is managed.
Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS)
If we burn plants for energy at a power plant and capture and store the resulting emissions, the CO2 the plants previously absorbed is removed from the atmosphere. The CO2 can then be used for enhanced oil recovery or injected into the earth where it is sequestered in geologic formations.

The IPCC estimates that BECCS could remove between 0.5 and 5 gigatonnes of carbon a year by 2050. To absorb enough carbon to keep the world at 2˚, however, energy crops would need to be planted over an area of land up to three times the size of India, according to one estimate; and even smaller amounts of BECCS would compete with land needed for food production. One study concluded that large-scale BECCS could cause global forest cover to fall 10 percent and require twice as much water as is currently used globally for agriculture. BECCS could also end up impacting biodiversity and ecosystem services, and generating greenhouse gas emissions through farming and fertilizer use.

At this point, BECCS is expensive. Right now, there is only one working BECCS project in the world-an ethanol plant in Decatur, IL that has captured and stored over 1.4 million tons of CO2. Because there are so few research projects and BECCS is untested on a large scale, it is still in an early stage of development. While current cost estimates for BECCS range between $30 and $400 per ton of CO2, studies project that costs could drop to $100 to $200 per ton of carbon by 2050. Nevertheless, BECCS is considered one of the most potentially effective carbon dioxide removal strategies for providing long-term carbon storage.

The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine projects that given what we know today, afforestation and reforestation, soil carbon sequestration, and BECCS, along with sustainable forestry management practices (such as thinning forests and prescribed burns) could be scaled up to capture and store 1 gigatonne of carbon a year in the U.S. and 10 gigatonnes globally. However, this would require huge changes in agriculture, forest and biomass waste management.
Carbon mineralization
This strategy exploits a natural process wherein reactive materials like peridotite or basaltic lava chemically bond with CO2, forming solid carbonate minerals such as limestone that can store CO2 for millions of years. The reactive materials can be combined with CO2-bearing fluid at carbon capture stations, or the fluid can be pumped into reactive rock formations where they naturally occur.

Scientists at the Earth Institute's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory have been working on carbon mineralization for several years, and are finding ways of speeding up the natural reaction to increase CO2 uptake and permanently store it. Lamont research professor David Goldberg and his colleagues, for example, are studying the feasibility of storing 50 million tons or more of CO2 in basalt reservoirs in the Pacific Northwest. Over 20 years, the project would inject CO2 from industrial sources, such as manufacturing and fossil fuel power plants, into basalt 200 miles offshore, on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. There, beneath 2600 meters of water and another 200 meters of sediment, the basalt reservoir contains pore spaces that would fill up as the CO2 mineralizes into carbonate limestone. In this area, the basalt reacts quickly and mineralization could potentially take only two years or less. Goldberg's team has analyzed factors including how to transport the CO2, how it would react chemically, and how the site could be monitored over time.

The next step is to launch a pilot project there to store 10,000 tons of CO2. "A pilot project is critical to move the ball forward for basalt offshore carbon mineralization, both for technical and regulatory reasons," said Goldberg. It would enable the researchers to experiment with different kinds of injections-for example, whether they should be continuous or intermittent-and answer questions such as 'how fast does the pore space fill up?' which can only be tested in the field. In addition, a pilot project is key to understanding the regulatory implications of carbon mineralization, since no regulations currently exist. Canada and the U.S. would only begin creating a regulatory framework when they have a pilot project. Goldberg says they're still looking for funding for a pilot project, but "There's a lot of interest."

Since 2012, CarbFix, an Icelandic project that Goldberg also worked on, has been capturing carbon and mineralizing it at the country's largest geothermal power plant run by Reykjavik Energy. While the plant runs on geothermal renewable energy, it still emits a small amount of CO2; CarbFix injects 12,000 tons of CO2 yearly into the ground for $30 per ton.

Because carbon mineralization takes advantage of natural chemical processes, it has the potential to provide an economical, non-toxic and permanent way to store huge amounts of carbon. However, there are still technical and environmental questions that need to be answered-according to the National Academies report, carbon mineralization could possibly contaminate water resources or trigger earthquakes.
Direct air capture
Direct air capture sucks carbon dioxide out of the air by using fans to move air over substances that bind specifically to carbon dioxide. (This concept is based on the "artificial tree" work of Klaus Lackner, director of the Center for Negative Carbon Emissions at Arizona State University, who was for many years the director of the Earth Institute's Lenfest Center for Sustainable Energy.) The technology employs compounds in a liquid solution or in a coating on a solid that capture CO2 as they come into contact with it; when later exposed to heat and chemical reactions, they release the CO2, which can then be compressed and stored underground. The benefits of direct air capture are that it is actually a negative emissions technology-it can remove carbon that's already in the atmosphere, as opposed to capturing new emissions being generated-and the systems could be located almost anywhere.

At a coal plant, about one in ten molecules in exhaust gas is CO2, but CO2 in the atmosphere is less concentrated. Only one in 2,500 molecules is CO2, so the process for removing CO2 is more expensive compared to capturing carbon from fossil fuel plants. Direct air capture started out at $600 per ton of carbon; currently it costs $100-$200 a ton-still expensive, in part because there are no economic incentives (such as a carbon tax) or secondary environmental benefits (such as enhanced soil quality) to removing CO2 from the air. Improving the technology so that CO2 can be captured more efficiently, and/or selling the captured CO2 can bring the price down. Three companies-Swiss Climeworks, Canadian Carbon Engineering, and American Global Thermostat-are working on this.

Climeworks' s first commercial plant near Zurich captures 1,000 metric tons of CO2 a year, which is used in a greenhouse to boost crop yields by 20 percent. In 2017, the company installed a direct air capture unit as a demo at Reykjavik Energy's Icelandic plant to capture a small amount of CO2 that then gets stored underground by CarbFix.

Climeworks now has 14 direct air capture facilities built or under construction in Europe; its Italian plant uses the captured CO2 to make methane fuel for trucks.

Carbon Engineering, which boasts Bill Gates as an investor, has a plant in western Canada that can capture one million tons of CO2 a year. It projects that at large scale, it could remove CO2 for $100 to $150 per ton. Its goal is to use the CO2 to make carbon-neutral synthetic hydrocarbon fuels, which would further lower its cost. The company maintains that a facility using this "Air to Fuels" process, once scaled up, could produce fuel at less than $1 dollar a liter.

Global Thermostat, which is building its first plant in Huntsville, AL, is aiming to get its price down to $50 a ton by selling the captured CO2 to a soda company. The company would build small on-site "capture plants" at the soda maker's facilities, thus reducing costs for energy and transportation.

One study projected that direct air capture could suck up 0.5 to 5 gigatonnes of CO2 a year by 2050 with possibly 40 gigatonnes by 2100. However, large scale direct air capture could eventually have environmental impacts stemming from the extraction, refining, transport and waste disposal of the minerals that capture the carbon emissions.

While direct air capture has great potential for carbon dioxide removal, it is still at an early stage of development. Fortunately, it is getting some Congressional support in the form of the FUTURE Act (the Furthering carbon capture, Utilization, Technology, Underground storage, and Reduced Emissions Act). The act doubles the tax credits for capturing and permanently storing carbon dioxide in geological formations and using it for enhanced oil recovery; for companies that convert carbon to other products such as cement, chemicals, plastics and fuels; and provides a $35 tax credit per ton of CO2 via direct air capture.
Enhanced weathering
Rocks and soil become weathered by reacting with CO2 in the air or in acid rain, which naturally occurs when CO2 in air dissolves in rainwater. The rocks break down, creating bicarbonate, a carbon sink, which is eventually carried into the ocean where it is stored. Enhanced weathering speeds up this process by spreading pulverized rock, such as basalt or olivine, on agricultural land or on the ocean. It could be crushed and spread on fields and beaches, and even used for paths and playgrounds.

Enhanced weathering could improve soil quality, and as the alkaline bicarbonate washes into the ocean, it could help neutralize ocean acidification. But it could also potentially alter soil pH and chemical properties, and affect ecosystems and groundwater. Mining, grinding and transporting the rock would be costly, require a lot of energy and produce additional carbon emissions as well as air pollution. Due to the many variables and the fact that most assessments of enhanced weathering have not been tested in the field, cost estimates vary widely.

Ocean alkalinization, considered a type of enhanced weathering, involves adding alkaline minerals, such as olivine, to the ocean surface to increase CO2 uptake and counteract ocean acidification. One study estimated that this strategy could sequester between 100 metric tons to 10 gigatonnes of CO2 a year, for costs ranging from $14 to over $500 a ton. Its ecological impacts, however, are unknown.
Ocean fertilization
Ocean fertilization would add nutrients, often iron, to the ocean to prompt algal blooms, which would absorb more CO2 through photosynthesis. However, by stimulating the growth of phytoplankton-the basis of the food chain-ocean fertilization could affect local and regional food productivity. Vast algal blooms could also cause eutrophication and result in dead zones depleted of oxygen. In addition to its possible ecosystem impacts, it also has less potential to sequester carbon over the long term.
Coastal blue carbon
Salt marshes, mangroves, sea grasses and other plants in tidal wetlands are responsible for more than half of the carbon sequestered in the ocean and coastal ecosystems. This blue carbon can be stored for millennia in the plants and sediments. However, wetlands are being destroyed by runoff and pollution, drought and coastal development-a soccer field-sized area of seagrass is lost every half hour. Restoring and creating wetlands and managing them better could potentially double their carbon storage. Healthy wetlands also provide storm protection, improve water quality and support marine life.

There are few estimates of the carbon removal potential of blue carbon, but the costs would be low to zero.
And some ideas for the future
Y Combinator, an organization that funds promising startups, has put out a call for any working on new types of carbon dioxide removal technologies, none of which have yet been tested outside of a lab. Specifically, they are looking for projects in four areas:

Modifying the genes of phytoplankton would enable them to sequester carbon in areas of the global ocean that lack the nutrients needed for photosynthesis.

Electro-geo-chemistry uses electricity from renewable sources to break saline water down to produce hydrogen (which can be used for fuel) and oxygen, which, in the presence of minerals, produces a highly reactive solution. This solution absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and turns it into bicarbonate.

Enzyme systems speed up chemical reactions that could change carbon dioxide into other useful organic compounds. Y Combinator would like to create enzyme systems that can do this outside of living cells to simplify carbon fixation.

The last idea involves creating 4.5 million little oases in deserts to host phytoplankton that would absorb CO2. They would also provide fresh water and support vegetation that could also suck up carbon.

What's needed to advance carbon dioxide removal?
Each CDR technology is feasible at some level, but has uncertainties about cost, technology, the speed of possible implementation, or environmental impacts. It's clear that no single one provides the ultimate solution to climate change.

"Carbon dioxide removal alone cannot do it," said Kate Gordon, a fellow at the Columbia Center on Global Energy Policy. "If there's one thing the IPCC report really underscores is that we need a portfolio-we need to reduce emissions dramatically, we need to come up with more renewable energy options to replace fossil fuels, we need to electrify a lot of things that are currently run on petroleum and then we need to do an enormous amount of carbon removal." In the near term she would like to see more deployment and ramping up of tried and true strategies, such as tree planting trees and more sustainable agricultural practices.

In fact, a new study just determined that planting trees and improving management of grasslands, agricultural lands and wetlands could sequester 21 percent of the U.S.'s annual greenhouse gas emissions at relatively low cost.

Developing the other carbon dioxide removal strategies further is going to take substantial amounts of money.

"The climate philanthropy community actually needs to recognize this as part of the climate solution-it's really important that [CDR] becomes part of that portfolio," said Gordon. "We also need a pretty significant federal R&D budget dedicated to these strategies so we can start improving the technology and get a better grasp on how much it does cost to do each of these things, how effective they are and how safe they are."

Establishing a financial incentive to remove carbon such as a carbon tax or penalties for emitting carbon would help as well.

"This is the next frontier of the energy, climate and technology conversation," said Gordon. "We need to be ahead of this thing if we want to stay competitive-if we want to continue to have most of the world's clean energy and advanced energy patents...Otherwise we'll be buying it from somebody else, because someone's going to do it."

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Can Removing Carbon From the Atmosphere Save Us From Climate Catastrophe?

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The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change says that limiting global warming to 1.5˚C will require removing CO2 from the atmosphere. How feasible is this?

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Interactives - Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet

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Interactives - Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet

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national aeronautics and space administration

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Interactives - Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet

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Vital Signs of the Planet: Global Climate Change and Global Warming. Current news and data streams about global warming and climate change from NASA.

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The Vatican's Efforts With Climate Change

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The Vatican's Efforts With Climate Change

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Bonn 2.June 2023: At the technical preparatory conference for COP 28 Dubai (2023) in Bonn (SB58) with 7.000 participants, the Holy See presented its Nationally Determined Contributions(NDCs). The NDCs are the most important, binding instrument for all states in order to achieve the Paris climate targets, in particular the 1.5 ⁰ C target.

The Vatican City State commits itself to reduce greenhouse gases to 20% below 2011 level by 2030. In 2011, CO 2eq emissions reached a value of almost 18.940 tonnes CO 2 eq. - 2030 the Vatican City State will reach 15.152 CO
The fundamental question of SB 58 for COP 28, Dubai
Mariana Paoli (Christian Aid) from the Climate Action Network emphasized in the press conference (12.06.23) of the Climate Action Network that the fundamental question for the further implementation to achieve the climate goals is sufficient funding. There is currently the biggest gap, which hinders that existential measures for e.g. lost and damage of the South are implemented or compensated . A fundamental rethink of the global financing logic for a suffienct Lost and Damage Fund - must take place here until 2025 to be in work for the next phase until 2030.

On June 8, Caritas Internationalis and the Catholic Agency for Overseas Development (CAFOD) organised a side event titled Perspectives of Faith and Local Actors on the New Joint Work on Agriculture and Food Systems.

"Let Justice and Peace Flow" is the theme chosen for Season of Creation 2023, the ecumenical celebration we hold each year from September 1, World Day of Prayer for the Care of Creation, to October 4th, the feast of St. Francis of Assisi.

In the Time or Season of Creation (from 1.09 until 4.10), all churches worldwide (with 2.2 billion Christians) work together for the care of our common home, with meditation, prayers, actions and the celebration of the Day of Creation.

The prophet Amos cries out, " But let justice roll on like a river, righteousness like a never-failing stream! " (Amos 5: 24), and so we are called to join the river of justice and peace, to take up climate and ecological justice, and to speak out with and for communities most impacted by climate injustice and the loss of biodiversity.

"A mighty river" is the symbol chosen to go with this theme, representing biodiversity at risk. The urgency grows and we must make visible peace with Earth and on Earth, at the same time that justice calls us to repentance and a change of attitude and actions. When we join the river of justice and peace together with others, it creates hope instead of despair.

All are invited to join the river of justice and peace on behalf of all creation and to converge our individual identities, of name, family or faith community, in this greater movement for justice, just like tributaries come together to form a mighty river.

Vatican 2.02.2023: Pope Francis establishes the Laudato Si' Center for Higher Education (with university functions) "a scientific, educational and social organization, working for integral formation" in the papal residence of Castel Gandolfo, near Rome.

The centre manages the "Borgo Laudato Si" project for training in integral ecology. The Borgo Laudato si' wants to present itself as a concrete sign of the applicability of the principles which Pope Francis outlined masterfully in the encyclical "Laudato si'".The aim is to create an educational place for integral ecology that is open to all people of good will. The activities and initiatives that will be implemented in the coming months aim to combine education in integral ecology, circular and ecological economy and environmental sustainability.

Pope Francis wanted to make a "concrete contribution to the development of environmental education" by providing a new training and awareness-raising space.

The Centre will also gradually take over some of the competencies of the Directorate of the Pontifical Villas of Castel Gandolfo, including the Papal Palace and the Pontifical Gardens.
The Planetary Health for All Initiative
BALTIMORE 01.12.2022: Today the Nova Conference "Flourishing FUTURES - People ⋅ Places ⋅ Planet" led by Susan Prescott started with very informative presentations and discussions. Sam Myers Director of the Planetary Health Alliance and Principle Research Scientist at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health sees not only an ecological and health emergency, but an increasing humanitarian and social justice crises. One reason for him is a spiritual crisis of humanity.

During the conference, the idea for a Planetary Health for All Initiative - was presented for the first time, which will comprises various programmes and projects until 2030 under one umbrella. Two projects are contributions of the Laudato Si Action Platform.

One goal is to concretise " the moral obligation to cooperate in the healing of the planet" of the spiritual and faith leaders signed on 4.10.2021 in the Vatican. An first take-off is planned for 4 October 2023, the global roll-out with the Planetary Health Assembly in Malaysia in 2024.

VATICAN 4.10.2022 Feast of St. Francis .A great new film "on humanity's power to stop the ecological crisis" facing the world was presented at the Vatican on Tuesday. The film "The Letter," says Cardinal Michael Czerny, "is a clarion cry to people everywhere: we have to act together, we have to do it now." "The Letter" premiere on the YouTube Originals channel was at 6:30 pm CEST on Tuesday 4.10.2022, the same day the Holy See becomes the latest nation to enter into the landmark 2015 climate accords known as the Paris Agreement and the last day of the Season of Creation 2022.

Organizations from across Europe come together to address the Planetary Health crisis being precipitated by the Earth crisis
Planetary Health leaders unite to build transformational change

AMSTERDAM - A new network of over 72 organizations from 12 countries was activated during a convening at ARTIS on September 26-27. Representatives are aligned around the transdisciplinary field and social movement of Planetary Health, which analyzes and addresses the impacts of human disruptions to natural systems on human health and all life on Earth. The Planetary Health European Hub consists of organizations from sectors including universities, healthcare, youth, business, civil society, and more.

Co-organized by the Planetary Health Alliance (PHA) and the European Environment and Sustainable Development Advisory Councils Network (EEAC), the new hub was conceived to focus on the policy, funding, and organizational landscapes that make Europe rich in opportunities for building transformational change.

"From the European Green Deal, the Health Environment Research Agenda for Europe, to the upcoming Horizon Health 2023 Agenda, now is the time to connect the dots, build collaborations, make links within the policy community, and fund Planetary Health priorities at scale," said Sam Myers, Director of the Planetary Health Alliance and Principle Research Scientist at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.

Members of the European Hub, including the FRANCIS OF ASSISI ACADEMY FOR PLANETARY HEALTH, came together in person and online and agreed on the Hub's principles, developed working groups to tend to plans in research, education, policy, and movement building, shared lessons learned, built relationships, and set the framework for sustaining the Hub into the future.

Pope Francis urges world leaders to protect 50% of lands and oceans for the survival of biodiversity and humanity.

In a press conference where the Papal Message for 2022 Celebration of the World Day of Prayer for the Care of Creation was presented, Card. Michael Czerny S.J. said that Pope Francis support the historic to protect 50% of lands and oceans for the survival of biodiversity and humanity - this concept is called: HALF-EARTH . The Holy Father highlights the need for a new UN agreement to stop the destruction of ecosystems and the extinction of species. At least half of the earth and oceans need to become protected areas by 2030, and ravaged ecosystems must be restored, always upholding the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities. May this limit the harm inflicted by "the great extractive industries" that Pope Francis calls out - "mining, oil, forestry, real estate, agribusiness".

The concept was developed by the famous Harvard biologist E. O. Wilson, in his book Half-Earth where Wilson proposed that half of the Earth's surface should be designated a human-free natural reserve to preserve biodiversity.The concept was first developed by Tony Hiss in his Smithsonian article "Can the World Really Set Aside Half the Planet for Wildlife?"

Let me repeat: " In the name of God, I ask the great extractive industries - mining, oil, forestry, real estate, agribusiness - to stop destroying forests, wetlands, and mountains, to stop polluting rivers and seas, to stop poisoning food and people " (Pope Francis)

On 6 July 2022 His Excellency Archbishop Gabriele Giordano Caccia, Permanent Observer to the UN, deposited before the Secretary-General of the United Nations the Instrument with which the Holy See, in the name and on behalf of Vatican City State, accesses to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). At the earliest possible date, considering the legal requirements of the Paris Agreement, the Holy See, in the name and on behalf of Vatican City State, will deposit the instrument of accession to the latter.

At the earliest possible date, considering the legal requirements of the Paris Agreement, the Holy See will deposit the instrument of accession to the latter, continues the statement.

Emergency Call for Action for the Universal Church and World Religions for 100% Renewable Energy Power until 2050

This is an important step for the Church but also for the other religions to actively contribute to climate neutrality by 2050. We - the Academy - have proposed this important step for a long time, because joining the Climate Framework Convention makes all words and deeds of our Church more credible and also gives powerful motivation. For the internal effect, this means that now every diocese, every Catholic institution, from the orders, parishes, universities, schools must set out here - concretely means to investigate all possibilities of reducing CO ₂ , how climate neutrality can be achieved and implement appropriate measures quickly for e.g. deinvestment. This is a Herculean task. We will only achieve this goal if we 1.3 billion Catholics, together with all religious communities, practice a climate-neutral lifestyle which is in harmony with following Jesus. We need a " devotio ecology" - a powerful synergy of Sustainable Lifestyles, Ecological Spirituality and innovative Global Energy Solutions - towards powerful Christian Actions transforming our unsustainable world.

"We cannot have a healthy planet without a healthy ocean. Our failure to care for the ocean will have ripple effects across the entire 2030 Agenda," said Secretary General António Guterres

The second United Nations Ocean Conference (27/06 to 01/07) has begun in Lisbon - Portugal's capital is on the Atlantic coast - with emotional appeals and urgent demands to save the world's oceans, increasingly battered by littering, overfishing, climate change and acidification. Thousands of politicians, experts and environmentalists have come together to try to save the fragile health of the oceans from harmful "cascading effects," according to organizers.

The Pontifical Academy of Science inspired by Pope Francis' Encyclical Laudato Si develeoped following statement: "On Health of the Seas and Oceans and their Role in the Present and Future of Humanity"

From May 22 to 29, on the occasion of this anniversary, the Catholic Church invites to celebrate the Laudato si' Week. The main objectives will be to raise awareness of the importance of the encyclical, to promote the principles of integral ecology and to begin together the journey towards ecological conversion.

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LaudatoSi.org promotes visibility and exchange of the rich diversity of the Laudato Si' Movement for the common care for our common home. We are guided by Pope Francis Encyclical Laudato Si' in ecumenical spirit and interreligious solidarity.

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NASA Global Climate Change: Sustainability and Government Resources

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NASA Global Climate Change: Sustainability and Government Resources

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Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet

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NASA is an expert in climate and Earth science. While its role is not to set climate policy or prescribe particular responses or solutions to climate change, its job does include providing the scientific data needed to understand climate change. NASA then makes this information available to the global community - the public, policy-, and decision-makers and scientific and planning agencies around the world. (For more information, see NASA's role.)

With that said, NASA takes sustainability very seriously. NASA's sustainability policy is to execute its mission as efficiently as possible. In doing so, we continually improve our space and ground operations.

Sustainability involves taking action now to protect the environment for both current and future living conditions. In implementing sustainability practices, NASA supports its missions by reducing risks to the environment and our communities.

In executing its mission, NASA's sustainability objectives are to:

increase energy efficiency;

increase the use of renewable energy;

measure, report, and reduce NASA's direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions;

conserve and protect water resources through efficiency, reuse, and stormwater management;

eliminate waste, prevent pollution, and increase recycling;

leverage agency acquisitions to foster markets for sustainable technologies and environmentally preferable materials, products, and services;

design, construct, maintain, and operate high-performance sustainable buildings;

utilize power management options and reduce the number of agency data centers;

support economic growth and livability of the communities where NASA conducts business;

evaluate agency climate change risks and vulnerabilities and develop mitigation and adaptation measures to manage both the short-and long-term effects of climate change on the agency's mission and operations;

raise employee awareness and encourage each individual in the NASA community to apply the concepts of sustainability to every aspect of their daily work to achieve these goals;

maintain compliance with all applicable federal, state, local or territorial law and regulations related to energy security, a healthy environment, and environmentally-sound operations; and

comply with internal NASA requirements and agreements with other entities.

For more information on NASA's numerous plans to upgrade infrastructure, reduce energy intensity, and decrease water use, visit:
https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2021/on-a-changing-planet-nasa-goes-green https://www.sustainability.gov/nasa.html https://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/about/sustainability/index.html https://www.nasa.gov/emd/sustainable-acquisition https://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/about/sustainability/index.html https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/greenspace/nasas-role.html#green%20aviation
The following selected resources from U.S. government organizations provide information about options for responding to climate change.

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national aeronautics and space administration

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NASA Global Climate Change: Sustainability and Government Resources

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An overview of NASA's role in sustainability and selected resources from U.S. government organizations that provide information about options for responding to climate change.

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It’s no surprise that the ice caps are still melting, but before it wasn’t. Before the early 1900’s the ice caps were just fine, nothing melting that, much, but part of it was still melting, but when the early 1900’s came around, well you probably know what happens. Since climate change came around the ice caps started to melt, which is causing sea levels to rise. Since the ice caps were melting throughout the years, it wasn’t really a problem, but in one specific year, was the worst year the ice caps melted, and the year was 2019, according to IMBIE. Between 1992-2020 over 612 billion tonnes of ice melted, and 2019 was of course the last year, and 2019 melted over 532 billion tonnes of ice. This happened, because 2019 was the result of an exceptional heatwave in the arctic, during the summer. Now scientists predict that in 2040, all the polar ice caps will melt, and flood, in which more sea levels will rise by 70 meters, which is approximately 230 feet. This will cause, you probably know a flood that will cause all the coastal cities in the world to flood. Here is 2 maps before the ice caps melt, and if the ice caps melted. (I have to put the 2 maps separately, because one, I can’t add 2 in one section like this, and 2 it would be confusing if I added a map on this section, and the other one down, because if I add a map here it will be on top.)

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Climate Change refers to long-term shifts in Temperatures, and weather patterns. These Shifts used to be natural, because of the Sun's activity, and Volcano eruptions.

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Climate Change is where the temperature shifts into a different temperature. These shifts happen due to the sun's activity, or large Volcanic eruptions. What Climate Change does is, well, it increases the heat on the world.

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Climate Scientists have done some research and found out that Humans were responsible for Global warming, and Climate changes. Wow, who would've thought. Since the 1800's humans started climate change by burning fossil fuels, coal, and oil.

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Climate Change has a lot of effects on the environment, so Ill put 5 of my choice, and put them separately.

1. Droughts are obviously on the climate change, because Greenhouse gases are wrapping the earth like a blanket, and containing all the heat. (I did make a section about Greenhouse Gases)This leads to a heatwave, evaporation, and of course a drought. Crops might not have the chance to grow, because the intense drought might destroy the crops, but not all of them.

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2. Floods.
You wanna know what else Climate Change does, cause a river flood. Climate Change is exacerbating the frequency of more extreme flood events. Climate change is also decreasing the number of more moderate floods. How does this happen, well warmer temperatures cause more water to evaporate from land and oceans. This causes the change of size and frequency of heavy precipitation. This event may turn and effect the size and frequency of flooding.

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3. Melting Polar ice caps.
Ah yes, who would've thought that climate change, and global warming could melt polar ice caps. Climate change causes warmer airs around the world, and these warm airs, visit Antarctica, or any tundra, well you might know what happens. These cause the ice to melt, and increase the sea levels, thus flooding all Coastal Cities. Companies knowing about these polar ice caps melting are either scared, worried, or don't care. Polar Bears, and other Arctic animals are not happy about this.

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People try and convince other people to help the environment by not using their car, stop using electricity, and don't use fossil fuels. People think if they come up with a solution, they wont have downsides right? WRONG! Every time someone comes up with a solution, there's always a problem, like a car battery dying, and etc.

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People either say that Greenhouse Gases are either good or bad. So I'll tell their pros, and cons.

Pros:
Greenhouse Gases can somewhat help the environment, and this is how. What they do is that it can produce clean air, make the days bright and happy, can stabilize the environment, and protect our plants, and animals. Apparently they also cause the Earth to be warm, and if we didn't have them the whole Earth would freeze.
Cons:
Greenhouse gases were a great idea, until they started work in the Summer. What they do is trap the sun's heat, which raises the temperature on the Earth. The greenhouse gases can make Hot, and uncomfortable days, can raise the sea levels, Change the weather patterns, and of course pose a threat to our wildlife.

So I ask you, are Greenhouse Gases a good idea or bad idea? (Please answer in the comments)

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Somehow using too much electricity is bad for climate change, and electricity does use fossil fuels, gasoline, nuclear energy, and how can I forget, renewable energy sources. If we use less electricity, we can promote clean air. The downsides of this though is that Trains that use electricity would go down, and important things lights that tell us what to do, would go down.

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Apparently eating fruit’s, vegetables, whole grains, beans, and any kind of nuts like almonds, and cashews, can help climate change. Eating healthy apparently uses less energy, land, water, and decreases the intensity of Greenhouse gasesBut you wanna know what happens if you eat too much Fruit, and Vegetables, you get a little something called Gut-Reactions, which not fun to have. If you just eat fruit and vegetables and nothing else, a bacteria type will populate your gut to change and take a period of time to get a little something called Gas-bloating, and another change of the population of the bacteria.

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We all know that Cars, use gasoline, and they all go up into the air, which pollutes the air, and this isn't the main reason why people are driving electric cars. The main reason why people are driving electric cars like the Tesla, is that the gas prices are way more expensive. To save the environment, is to either walk, run or ride a bike to stop polluting the air. This is the downside, you wanna spend like an hour or a while day to get to your work, I'm pretty sure you don't wanna get fired too. Your car battery will also die if you don't drive it.

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Hurricanes.
You know how climate change causes intense droughts, which can dry up all the water. Well when water vapor is evaporated into the atmosphere, that water vapor is fuel for intense, and powerful storms to develop. Then when the heat rises in the atmosphere, and when the oceans get warmer, well it’s probably not a good thing obviously. When a Hurricane is in progress, this increases the wind speeds, and I think you know what is going to happen. Heavy wind, and rain can knock down a tree, destroy houses, and possibly cause a flood. But the bright side is that if people were in a heatwave, they finally got out if it.

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Wild Fires.
You know how climate change causes droughts, well don’t go into a forest or plain when there hasn’t been any rain when there is a drought. You probably know what happens right?
Research shows that climate change creates a warmer air, drier conditions and longer and more active fires. You wanna know who increased the thirst of the atmosphere? Well it’s none other than Humans. I wonder why?. The difficulty of stopping a wildfire, is pretty difficult, because the fires spread really fast. And where does this happen? Either in plains, area’s that contain grass, oh and forest’s. You wanna know which state has the most wildfires? Well it’s none other than “California,” it self.

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According to Google, the hurricane that took the most lives was the Great Galveston Hurricane, which took about 8000 lives, but these are rookie numbers compared to another hurricane. The Great Galveston hurricane is well known, because it happened during the 1900’s, but let me tell you about another hurricane called the “Great Hurricane.” The Great Hurricane was the worst hurricane in the world, taking over about 20,000 lives. This hurricane took place in Martinique, Barbados, and St. Eustatius, on October 9-20. When the Hurricane first formed, Barbados was hit first, causing about 4,326 deaths St. Eustatius was also hit causing about 4000-5000 deaths, and Martinique had about 9000 deaths. The hurricane also had a very high wind speed, of over 200 miles per hour, and if I’m right, I think trees, and materials from houses might have gone flying. Now, The Galveston Hurricane is still ranked the deadliest hurricane, but people who said that the Galveston hurricane deserved top 1 of deadliest hurricane, might’ve not done any research at all, because Galveston only killed like 8,000 or 10,009 people compared to The great hurricane.

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So we all know what a gender reveal party right, everything is fun, and at the end, families reveal a gender in some crazy way. But this couple took things a bit farther. In July 21, 2021, a couple were planning to reveal a gender in the best way possible. What was the way you ask? Well their plan was to use a smoke bomb, but this was a stupid idea, because the area was dry, and you wanna know what happens. Now the bomb it self didn’t exactly set off the fire, the smoke bomb malfunctioned, and sparks just shot everywhere. About 22,744 acres of land was burnt because of the couples stupid decision. 10 buildings were also destroyed, 6 building were damaged, and about 12 or 13 people were injured. This is the sad part, not the buildings or injuries, it’s because a firefighter died while trying. This firefighter has served for 18 years, and sadly died while going alone to scout out the fire, which is kinda dumb. Now the firefighter died because of his decision to go alone, but the couple was responsible for the fire, injuries, destruction, and this firefighters death. The couple got a felony charge dismissed, but let the other 29 stand, including the most serious. Their charges were: Manslaughter, a felony, and among other felonies, and misdemeanor charges. You wanna know what the couple pleaded,? NOT GUILTY. The couple also demanded to drop all charges, and sadly they aren’t in custody.