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Language Proficiency in Academic Contexts 

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Language Proficiency in Academic Contexts 

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1. Average (Promedio): the result you get by adding two or more amounts together and dividing the total by the number of amounts.

2. Breadth (Amplitud): the fact of including many different things, features, subjects, or qualities.

3. Plateau (Nivel): to reach a particular level and then stay the same.

4. Core (Centro): the basic and most important part of something.

5. Cue (Señal): a word or action in a play or movie that is used as a signal by a performer to begin saying or doing something.

6. Geared (Enfocado): prepare, adjust, or equip for a particular purpose or need.

7. Eschew (Evitar): to avoid something intentionally, or to give something up.

8. Entail (Implicar): to make something necessary, or to involve something.

9. Drill (Práctica): an activity that practices a particular skill and often involves repeating the same thing several times.

10. Insofar (En la medida en que): to the degree that.

11. Uptake (Consumo): the rate or act of taking something in.

12. Overlapping (Superposición): covering something partly by going over its edge, or covering part of the same space.

13. Heuristic (Heurístico): (of a method of teaching) allowing students to learn by discovering things themselves and learning from their own experiences rather than by telling them things.

14. Elucidate (Dilucidar): to explain something or make something clear.

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From a Bureaucratic to a Critical-Sociocultural Model of Policymaking in Colombia

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From a Bureaucratic to a Critical-Sociocultural Model of Policymaking in Colombia

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1. Launched (lanzado): to begin something such as a plan or introduce something new such as a product.

2. Insertion (Inserción): the act of putting something inside something else, or adding something, especially words to something else.

3. Toll (Cifra): the total number of bad things or amount of damage that happens as a result of something.

4. Patch (Parche-Pedazo): a small area that is different in some way from the area that surrounds it.

5. Ample (Amplio): more than enough.

6. Reliability (Fiabilidad): the quality of being able to be trusted or believed because of working or behaving well.

7. Exempted (Exentado): to excuse someone or something from a duty, payment, etc.

8. Ache (Dolor): a continuous pain that is unpleasant but not very strong.

9. Parroted (Repetir como un loro): to repeat exactly what someone else says, without understanding it or thinking about its meaning.

10. Myriad (Miríada): a very large number of something.

11. Dyad (Pareja-Díada): something that consists of two parts.

12. Chalk (Tiza): a stick of this rock or a similar substance used for writing or drawing.

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Chapter 2: The Translanguaging Turn and Its Impact

1. Coin (Acuñar): to invent a new word or expression, or to use one in a particular way for the first time.

2. Readily (Fácilmente): quickly, immediately, willingly, or without any problem.

3. Enclave (Enclave): a part of a country that is surrounded by another country, or a group of people who are different from the people living in the surrounding area.

4. Heretofore (Hasta ahora): before this point in time.

5. Invigorate (Vigorizar): to make someone feel fresher, healthier, and more energetic.

6. Sine qua non: a necessary condition without which something is not possible.

7. Wondrous (Maravilloso): extremely and surprisingly good.

8. Steadily (Continuamente): gradually.

9. Thrive (Prosperar): to grow, develop, or be successful.

10. The forefront (La vanguardia): the most noticeable or important position.

11. Spur (Estimular): to encourage an activity or development or make it happen faster.

12. Affordance (Asequibilidad): a use or purpose that a thing can have, that people notice as part of the way they see or experience it.

13. Keen (Entusiasta): very interested, eager, or wanting (to do) something very much.

14. Sheer (Escarpado): used to emphasize how very great, important, or powerful a quality or feeling is; nothing except.

15. Constrain (Restricción): to control and limit something.

16. Mesh (Encajar): when different things or people mesh, they suit each other or work well together.

17. Split (Dividir): to (cause to) divide into two or more parts, especially along a particular line.

Chapter 6: Translanguaging to teach

1. Disarray (Desarreglar): throw into a state of disorganization or untidiness.

2. Interstices (Intersticios): an intervening space, especially a very small one. Intersticios

3. Departure (Salida): the action of leaving, especially to start a journey. Salida

4. Straddle (Montar a horcajadas): to sit or stand with your legs on either side of something.

5. Ground up (Desde los cimientos): from the very beginning.

6. Deem (Considerar): to consider or judge something in a particular way.

7. Leverage (Aprovechar): to use something that you already have in order to achieve something new or better.

8. Recruit (Reclutar): to persuade someone to work for a company or become a new member of an organization, especially the army.

9. Set sth up: (Configurar algo): to formally establish a new company, organization, system, way of working, etc.

10. Interspersed (Intercalados): having something in several places among something else.

11. Intermingled (Entremezclar): to become mixed together.

12. Transliteration (Transcripción - Transliteración):  the act or process of writing words using a different alphabet.

13. Ostracize (Ostracismo): to avoid someone intentionally, or to prevent someone from taking part in the activities of a group.

14. Endorsement (Aprobación): the act of saying that you approve of or support something or someone.

15. Interweave (Entrelazar): to twist together or combine two or more things so that they cannot be separated easily.

16. Span (Lapso): the period of time that something exists or happens.

17. Cornerstone (Piedra angular): something of great importance that everything else depends on.

18. Convey (Transmitir): to express a thought, feeling, or idea so that it is understood by other people.

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Integrating content and language  in English language teaching  in secondary education:  Models, benefits, and challenges

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Integrating content and language  in English language teaching  in secondary education:  Models, benefits, and challenges

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1. Hint (Pista): something that you say or do that shows what you think or want, usually in a way that is not direct.

2. Cater (Abastecer): to provide, and sometimes serve, food.

3. Detached (Separado): separated.

4. Devoid (Vacío): to lack or be without something that is necessary or usual.

5. Wording (Fraseología): the choice and meaning of the words used when you say or write something.

6. Impinge (Incidir): to have an effect on something, often causing problems by limiting it in some way.

7. Buzz (Cuchicheo): a continuous, low sound.

8. Drawback (Inconveniente): a disadvantage or the negative part of a situation.

9. Blur (Borroso): something that you cannot see clearly.

10. Subtly (Sutilmente): in a way that is small and difficult to notice or describe, but important.

11. Array (Formación): a large group of things or people, especially one that is attractive or causes admiration or has been positioned in a particular way.

12. Reticence (Reticencia): an unwillingness to do something or talk about something, for example because you are nervous or being careful.

13. Assurance (Garantía): a promise.

14. Seldom (Rara vez): almost never.

15. Skew (Sesgar): to cause something to be not straight or exact; to twist or distort.

16. Liaison (Enlace): communication between people or groups who work with each other.

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Major Trends in Twentieth-Century Language Teaching

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Major Trends in Twentieth-Century Language Teaching

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Chapter 1: A brief history of language teaching
Deadening

1. Jaw (Mandíbula): the lower part of your face that moves when you open your mouth.

2. Hen (Ganilla): an adult female chicken, often kept for its eggs.

3. Offspring (Descendencia): the young of an animal, or a person’s children.

4. Depict (Representar): to represent or show something in a picture or story.

5. Distaste (Disgusto): a dislike of something that you find unpleasant or unacceptable.

6. Stilted (Artificial): (of a person's behavior or way of speaking or writing) too formal and not smooth or natural.

7. Drawback (Retirarse): a disadvantage or the negative part of a situation.

8. Bandwagon (Carro-Causa popular): an activity, group, movement, etc. that has become successful or fashionable and so attracts many new people.

Chapter 2: The nature of approaches and methods in language teaching

1. Axiomatic (Axiomático): obviously true and therefore not needing to be proved.

2. Contrivance (Estratagema): the act of intentionally arranging for something to happen by clever planning, or something that is arranged in this way.

3. Spell sth out (Deletrear algo): to explain something in a very clear way with details.

4. Ameliorate (Mejorar): to make a bad or unpleasant situation better.

5. Rod (Vara): a long, thin pole made of wood or metal.

6. Catalyst (Catalizador): a condition, event, or person that is the cause of an important change.

7. Departure (Partida): the fact of a person or vehicle, etc. leaving somewhere.

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Bilingualism: Definitions and Distinctions 

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Bilingualism: Definitions and Distinctions 

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1. Scattered (Dispersado): covering a wide area.

2. Outward (Exterior): relating to how people, situations, or things seem to be, rather than how they are inside.

3. Squeeze (Exprimir): to press something firmly, especially from all sides in order to change its shape, reduce its size, or remove liquid from it.

4. Trawl (Rastrear): to search among a large number or many different places in order to find people or information you want.

5. Canvas (Lienzo): strong, rough cloth used for making tents, sails, bags, strong clothes, etc.

6. Spotlight (Destacar): receiving a lot of public attention.

7. Attainment (Logro): the act of achieving something.

8. Hurdler (Vallista): a person or horse that runs in races where there are hurdles.

9. Sprinter (Velocista): someone who runs short distances very fast, especially someone who competes in races such as the 100 meters.

10. Stilted (Artificial): (of a person's behavior or way of speaking or writing) too formal and not smooth or natural.

11. Belittling (Menospreciado): to make a person or an action seem as if he, she or it is not important.

12. Laden (Cargado): carrying or holding a lot of something.

13. Cope (Afrontar): to deal successfully with a difficult situation.

14. Vacuum (Vacío): a space from which most or all of the matter has been removed, or where there is little or no matter.

15. Bystander (Espectador): a person who is standing near and watching something that is happening but is not taking part in it.

16. Haphazard (Al azar): not having an obvious order or plan.

17. Catering (Abastecimiento): any job making or serving food .

18. Disparage (Menospreciar): to criticize someone or something in a way that shows you do not respect or value him, her, or it.

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Concept map: Bilingual Education Frameworks and Types

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Concept map: Bilingual Education Frameworks and Types

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Angie Lizeth Trejos, Catalina Ciro Agudelo

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General Introduction Applied Linguistics: Subject or Discipline? 

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General Introduction Applied Linguistics: Subject or Discipline? 

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1. Fathom (Desentrañar): to discover the meaning of something.

2. Resemble (Parecerse): to look like or be like someone or something.

3. Guise (Disfraz): the appearance of someone or something, especially when intended to deceive.

4. Enquiry (Consulta) UK: a question, often expressing doubt about something or looking for an answer from an authority.

5. Inquiry (Pregunta) US:  (the process of asking) a question.

6. Tenable (Defendible): (of an opinion or position) able to be defended successfully or held for a particular period of time.

7. Assemble (Reunir): to come together in a single place or bring parts together in a single group.

8. Cease (Cesar): to stop something.

9. Flaky (Escamoso): coming off easily in small, flat, thin pieces.

10. Bundle (Manojo): a number of things that have been fastened or are held together:

11. Hubris awaits!: ¡La arrogancia aguarda!

12. Tie (Relacionar): to relate to or connect to.

13. Bedfellow (Compañero): a person connected with another in a particular activity.

14. Eschew (Evitar): to avoid something intentionally, or to give something up.

15. Duty (Deber): something that you have to do because it is part of your job, or something that you feel is the right thing to do.

16. Amenable (Susceptible): willing to accept or be influenced by a suggesting.

17. Unashamedly (Sin vergüenza): in a way that shows someone is not ashamed or embarrassed.

18. Ameliorate (Mejorar): to make a bad or unpleasant situation better.

19. Attrition (Desgaste): gradually making something weaker and destroying it, especially the strength or confidence of an enemy by repeatedly attacking it.

20. Falter (Desfallecer): to lose strength or purpose and stop, or almost stop.

21. Abeyance (Suspensión): a state of not happening or being used at present.

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CLILL: Colombia Leading Into Content Language Learning

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CLILL: Colombia Leading Into Content Language Learning

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1. Misleading (Engañoso): causing someone to believe something that is not true.

2. Advocate (Defender): to publicly support or suggest an idea, development, or way of doing something.

3. Foster (Fomentar): to encourage the development or growth of ideas or feelings.

4. Suit (Adaptar): to change something slightly, especially to make it more correct, effective, or suitable.

5. Scarce (Escaso): not easy to find or get.

6. Pose (Plantear): to cause something, especially a problem or difficulty.

7. Apprehension (Comprensión): the act of understanding something, or the way that something is understood.

8. Caveat (Advertencia): a warning to consider something before taking any more action, or a statement that limits a more general statement.

9. Plenty (Abundante): (the state of having) enough or more than enough, or a large amount.

10. Grasp (Jadeo): to take a short, quick breath through the mouth, especially because of surprise, pain, or shock.

11. Core (Núcleo): the basic and most important part of something.

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1. Endeavor (Empeño): to try to do something.

2. Fairly (Equitativamente): a space from which most or all of the matter has been removed, or where there is little or no matter.

3. Indebted (En deuda): grateful because of help given.

4. Fledgling (Incipiente): new and without experience.

5. Forefather (Antepasado): someone's relative who lived a long time ago.

6. Yield (Producir): to supply or produce something positive.

7. Undertaking (Emprender): an effort to do something, to do a large or difficult job, or the job that is done.

8. Rely on (Basarse en): to need a particular thing or the help and support of someone or something in order to continue, to work correctly, or to succeed.

9. Stale (Anticuado): no longer new or fresh, usually as a result of being kept for too long.

10. Embed (Incrustado): to fix something firmly into a substance.

11. Squarely (Directamente): directly and firmly.

12. Uneven (Desigual): not level, equal, flat, or continuous.

13. Pursuit (Búsqueda): an activity that you spend time doing, usually when you are not working.

14. Net: red o nato.

15. Leap (Salto): to make a large jump or sudden movement, usually from one place to another.

16. Willingly (Voluntariamente): in a way that shows that you are happy to do something if it is needed.

17. Reappraisal (Reevaluación): the act of examining and judging something or someone again.

18. Biased (Sesgado): showing an unreasonable like or dislike for a person based on personal opinions.

19. Feasible (Factible): able to be made, done, or achieved.

20. Drudgery (Trabajo pesado): hard boring work.

21. Bulk (A granel, al por mayor): something or someone that is very large.

22. Handicapped (Minusválido): having an illness, injury, or condition that makes it difficult to do some things that other people do.

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1. Lingua Franca: a language used for communication between groups of people who speak different languages.

2. Rough (Áspero): not even or smooth, often because of being in bad condition.

3. Breadth (Amplitud): the distance from one side to another.

4. Witness (Testigo): a person who sees an event happening, especially a crime or an accident.

5. Scratch (Rayar): to cut or damage a surface or your skin slightly with or on something sharp or rough.

6. Pedantic (Pedante): giving too much attention to formal rules or small details.

7. Coalesce (Juntarse): to combine into a single group or thing.

8. Nought : nothing

9. Ere: before

10. Underpinning (Fundamento, apuntalamiento): support, strength, or the basic structure of something.

11. Flurry (Ráfaga): a sudden light fall of snow, blown in different directions by the wind.

12. Suasion (Persuasión): influence, especially from government organizations, that is used to try to persuade banks and other financial institutions to keep to rules and act in the best interests of the economy.

13. Deixis (Deixis): the use of a word or phrase whose meaning depends on who is talking, who they are talking to, where they are, etc., for example "me," "here," or "yesterday".

14. Stakeholder (Partes interesadas): a person or group of people who own a share in a business.

15. Affordable (Asequible): not expensive.

16. Tailor (Adaptar): to adjust something to suit a particular need or situation.

17. Foreseeable (Previsible): event or situation that can be known about or guessed before it happens.

18. Blossom (Florecer): When a tree or plant blossoms, it produces flowers before producing fruit that can be eaten.

19. Endowment (Dotación): money that is given to a college, hospital, etc. in order to provide it with an income, or the giving of this money.

20. Stem (Tallo): a central part of something from which other parts can develop or grow, or which forms a support.

21. Seamless (Continuo, sin costuras): happening without any sudden changes, interruption, or difficulty.

22. Grasp (Comprensión): to understand something, especially something difficult.

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In the Quadrant, 1 we put “show some pictures of different animals”, “bingo game”, “use visual aids, gestures, and examples”, and “flashcards, worksheets, or games” because they use perceptible elements to support the explanation of the topic. For example, the activities “show some pictures or different animals” and “use visual aids, gestures, and examples” provide a vivid and specific image of the animal as well as key information to construct an explanation easier to understand, making the student not put so much effort. In the “bingo game”, as the students just have to cover the sentence or word that the teacher calls out, it does not require much cognitive activity. In the “flashcards, worksheets, or games” activity, the teacher looks for a more dynamic and simple way to explain.

In the Quadrant 2, we put “play a quiz game” which does not require the teacher's guide, so students need to invest a little more cognitive effort than the previous. Also, the activity of “share what they liked or disliked about the lesson and what they want to learn more about” as the students have to remember and transmit what was done during the class without any type of support or correction, they need cognitive work but not that complex.

In Quadrant 3, we place the activity “asking and answering questions about the animals” since it demands more endeavor to ask and respond to different questions; however, the teacher gives any kind of feedback at any moment.

In Quadrant 4, we place “create their own animal”, “describe it to the class”, “write a short story or dialogue”, “act it out in front of the class”. The activities “create their own animal” and “write a short story or dialogue” challenge the students to produce a completely new material themselves from scratch, expecting a high level of cognition and reasoning. Besides, the “describe it to the class” and “act it out in front of the class” activities entail showing the product to the whole class in an understandable way. All of these activities do not include any type of external support.

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1. Motif (Motivo): a dominant idea or feature.

2. Tap into (Aprovechar): to manage to use something in a way that brings good results.

3. Draw on (Recurrir, basarse en): to use information or your knowledge of something to help you do something.

4. Devote (Dedicar): to give all of something, especially your time, effort, or love, or yourself, to something you believe in or to a person.

5. Uninhibited (Desinhibido): free and natural, without embarrassment or too much control.

6. Elicit (Obtener): to get or produce something, especially information or a reaction.

7. Raw (Crudo): not processed or treated; in its natural condition.

8. Refrain (Abstenerse): to avoid doing or stop yourself from doing something.

9. Honk (Tocar la bocina/Graznar): a short, loud sound made by a car horn or a goose.

10. Unscrew (Destornillar): to remove the lid or top from something by twisting it, or to remove screws from something.

11. Fine-tuned (Afinado): to make very small changes to something in order to make it work as well as possible.

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Bilingual Education: Frameworks and Types

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Bilingual Education: Frameworks and Types

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1. Uphold (Defender): to defend or keep a principle or law, or to say that a decision that has already been made, especially a legal one, is correct.

2. Intertwine (Entrelazar): to twist or be twisted together, or to be connected so as to be difficult to separate.

3. Engulf (Envolver): to surround and cover something or someone completely.

4. Tight (Ajustado): (held or kept together) firmly or closely.

5. Gross (Bruto): (in) total. Extreme in a way that is very obviously wrong and unacceptable.

6. Assess (Evaluar): to judge or decide the amount, value, quality, or importance of something.

7. Enmesh (Enmarañar): to catch or involve someone in something unpleasant or dangerous from which it is difficult to escape.

8. Neat (Limpio): tidy, with everything in its place.

9. Ridge (Cresta): a long, narrow raised part of a surface, especially a high edge along a mountain.

10. Nurture (Nutrir): to take care of, feed, and protect someone or something, especially young children or plants, and help him, her, or it to develop.

11. Asset (Activo): a useful or valuable quality, skill, or person.

12. Vim (Empuje): energy and enthusiasm.

13. Tempered (Templado): limited or controlled, or made less extreme.

14. Instill (Infundir): to put a feeling, idea, or principle gradually into someone's mind, so that it has a strong influence on the way that person thinks or behaves.

15. Heritage (Herencia): features belonging to the culture of a particular society, such as traditions, languages, or buildings, that were created in the past and still have historical importance.

16. Cochlear (Coclear): relating to the cochlea. Caracol (parte del oído interno).

17. Ensuing (Consiguiente): happening after something and because of it.

18. Hereto (Hasta ahora): to this matter or document.