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The notorious hacker group known as 'Anonymous' are a group of unidentified hactivists and activists who hide behind Guy Fawkes masks that are known for their numerous cyberattacks against government websites, institutions and corporations. They originated from an image based message board called '4chan' where individuals can share confessions and have discussions about anyone and anything. 4chan slowly diminished after authorities argued that it was a platform of "cyberbullying and posting offensive content" after one too many Anonymous prank calls, harassing online forums, games and communities.

Anonymous' infamous takedown of the global Scientology websites in 2008, leaking documents and exposing the church's illegal use of copyright laws and the brainwashing of other individuals.

When Russia attacked Ukraine, Anonymous got involved and hacked into Russian government websites, agencies, news and media outlets and banks.

Anonymous also played a major role in the Steubenville High School case in which a student was raped, sexually assaulted and dragged unconscious by two football players at a party. While the coach of the football team and also police were trying to protect the two boys of the accused, Anonymous took this case into their own hands and hacked into Steubenville's booster club website 'RollRedRoll.com' and uploaded a video essentially 'doxxing' these boys. This did result in the two football players being convicted and the teachers and members of the school were charged.

Hacking is a cyber-dependent crime that involves using digital technologies in order to achieve illegal objectives. The hacking community are viewed as being part of a subculture as a way to stand against authority and to spread transparent information freely. As subcultures have shared interests, values, beliefs and ideas, they are thought to be the origin of deviant behaviour.

Anonymous demonstrates the social learning theory by revealing how users of chat rooms, online forums and many other digital platforms may become familiar with hacking techniques and ideas. They could be easily adapted by the behaviour of their group members, which could cause them to act in ways they wouldn't normally do or cause more harm.

Anonymous are also a good example of neutralisation theory as they believe that they do no harm to the world and they justify their deviant behaviour and hacking activities.

Legislation can help prevent hackers like Anonymous from committing further crimes as they can strengthen laws and try to improve cybersecurity standards by updating privacy online and promoting two-factor authentication.

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The Christchurch massacre terrorist attack in 2019 was one of the worst terrorist attacks in the history of New Zealand. Australian far-right extremist, Brenton Tarrant, was the lone wolf in his act of terrorism as he not only killed 51 people but also livestreamed a 17 minute video of it on Facebook for the whole world to see.

Brenton Tarrant is a 33 year old gym trainer who has no history of criminal behaviour. Tarrant was found to be active on extreme-right forums such as '8chan' which is a message board in which people can anonymously share extremist ideas and statements. Brendon sent out copies of his manifesto in an email, "The Great Replacement", to the New Zealand Prime Minister, 70 media outlets and other people of Parliament. In his manifesto he wrote about his beliefs, reasons and excuses for the crimes he was about to commit.

Tarrant started his rampage at Al Noor mosque in Christchurch where he shot 42 people, he then shot 2 more people when leaving the mosque to then move to the next attack at the Linwood mosque, resulting in 51 total deaths.

More detailed than his manifesto, his video served as the message itself rather than only a means of communication. The main purpose of his attack, according to Jason Burke, was "to make a video of someone killing Muslims" rather than simply to kill Muslims.

With technology having a major influence on the events and the aftermath, the Christchurch massacre was cyber-enabled. The use of digital technology before, during and after the attacks displays how digital platforms can promote and escalate acts of terrorism and extremism.

Brendon Tarrant, someone with zero criminal history, had learned deviant behaviour through online communities. The social learning theory demonstrates that he was influenced by others exposing beliefs and extremist ideologies. The strain theory is shown through Tarrant's switch over to deviance as he felt a sense of resentment towards this specific cultural group that led him to target them as a way to express his indignity to assert dominance. This leads to the routine activity theory in which he had motive to hurt Muslims as he viewed them as a threat to his beliefs. As Muslims were unarmed in the mosques and there was no security or mediation of authorities, this lead the attack to occur.

Following the attack, major technology organisations and 18 national governments signed "The Christchurch Call," a document outlining actions to 'eliminate terrorist and violent extremist content online'

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Phone cloning scams are scammers who imitate the voice of a person their victim knows using artificial intelligence (AI). Voice cloning has progressed to the extent where any individual who knows how to use AI is capable of replicating voices just as short as a 3 second audio sample.

62 year old, Lakshmi Chand Chawla in Delhi, India, had fallen victim to a phone cloning scam by a group of cyber criminals who faked the kidnapping of one of his close relatives using the cloning of a child's voice. In which Chawla had transferred Rs 50,000 in hopes of getting his relative returned.

Chawla got a call on WhatsApp from the criminals stating that his 25 year old cousin's son was abducted and he was threatening to hurt him if he didn't send money. Chawla stated that he heard the voice of a suffering man, fearing this, Chawla transferred Rs 50,000 as ordered. After Chawla transferred the payment to a different phone number, Chawla realised and contacted his cousin who told him his son was safe at home, coming to the conclusion that it was a scam.

Voice cloning created through artificial intelligence (AI), is becoming more common and cybercriminals in India have been using it to demand ransom payments. According to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), Delhi, India's capital alone, had "685 cybercrime cases in 2022 as against 345 in 2021 and 166 in 2020."

Voice cloning is a cyber-enabled crime when used in a malicious way to hurt or deceive others. Rational choice theory is demonstrated through Chawla's cyber criminals as they may have considered the advantages of using AI voices for fraud and financial gain against the risks of being caught and legal action.

Routine activity theory also shows as cyber criminals may use weaknesses in communication channels, for example, automated voice response systems or call centres to be able to commit these crimes and illegal activity is easier to do now as digital communication technologies provide voice cloning.

Voice cloning can be reduced with public awareness and education. For individuals to know they are not alone in having experienced voice cloning, it only takes one victim to come forward. This can help families establish a "code word" to use during difficult phone calls so that loved ones are protected.

Voice cloning can also be reduced through law enforcement as agencies can investigate these crimes that include identity theft, harassment and fraud as the people who misuse voice cloning to deceive and harm others will be punished and face charges or conviction.

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Deepfakes are falsified media that uses "machine learning" to make lifelike images and videos of individuals acting or speaking that they have not done. Since it became popular in 2018, deepfakes have skyrocketed into both positive and negative outcomes.

A case that involves the use of negative deepfakes was a Twitch streamer who goes by the name of Atrioc who was caught watching these fake porn videos of other women gamers. He was caught when streaming online, as a viewer screenshotted his web browser that had a deepfake website on it, this then got spread onto Reddit and images and names of women that had been deepfaked were then exposed. One of the women that was named and shamed was QTCinderella, who tweeted the next day that "The amount of body dysmorphia I've experienced since seeing those photos has ruined me.  It's not as simple as 'just' being violated. It's so much more than that." Atrioc apologised soon after and is "engaging more law firms to continue to remove this content"

Deepfakes are a cyber-dependent crime as it relies on digital technology, artificial intelligence, machine learning and editing softwares to be able to create this form of content and would not be possible without the use of technology.

The labelling theory suggests that the victims of deepfakes may cause harm to their reputations, mental wellbeing and privacy. Victims may be called names that ruin their self-image and confidence to continue to be active on social media.

Routine Activity Theory links to the criminals as they exploit and expose people from social media platforms, to then manipulate media content to popular websites and the lack of protection against deepfakes allows them to distribute them.

Social learning theory plays an important part in this especially in this case as the subcultures of gaming there are many inappropriate animations that can lead individuals to have desire towards them. So this can influence individuals to create more of these inappropriate deepfakes.

Women make up 100% of the victims on deepfake pornographic websites and men only making up 61% of non-pornographic deepfakes on YouTube is a reason why negative deepfakes need to be prevented.

Public awareness is crucial when it comes to deepfakes as technology improves rapidly and it is vital for everyone to be aware of these crimes. By creating hashtag activism this can make people come together to create a community of victims of deepfakes, people can support one another and create a place for healing.

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After three years of running an online operation to harass and stalk females, a 17 year old adolescent from London has received his sentence. With his technical abilities, he was able to get a females personal details and expose her online. When she begged him to take it down, he only would if she sent sexual photos. As she refused, he sent fake reports of a shooting occurring at her house. He soon got convicted but that didn't stop him from reoffending as another female YouTuber he harassed not long after, he again spread misinformation about this girl in an attempt to get her fired from her job. The teen and his community harassed her online Twitch stream with slander and her personal information, he sent a parcel of bodily waste to her house and was then arrested again.

He was found to be involved in running an illegal hacking group, control over Discord, Telegram and government accounts. He also saved everything that he had done to the females so the police had all of the evidence. He was finally charged with 16 offences "including eleven counts of fraud by false representation and two counts of stalking involving serious alarm/distress". He was also charged with fraud, blackmail and computer misuse.

Stalking and harassment are cyber-enabled crimes as the criminal teen used emails, social platforms and websites to harass and follow his victims and threaten them through the use of digital technology.

The strain theory is evident in this case as the teen must have a bias against females and chose them specifically to target. He has a desire for revenge as he may have experienced rejection or was unable to have sufficient relationships with females previously.

Subcultural theory is shown in this case as the teen created a hacking group who all shared the same interest which was to harm and harass women. This subculture would have motivated him to commit these crimes and also influenced others to do the same.

Routine activity theory was also demonstrated as he was a very motivated teenager who enjoyed targeting women and although he was arrested and caught multiple times, it did not stop him from reoffending until he was sent to prison.

The National Crime Agency (NCA) in London created a program called "Cyber Choices" that works to prevent young people from harming others online. The younger generations are taught on this platform about the dangers of unlawful cyber behaviour and how to handle things legally. Legislation can also assist in preventing victims from being hacked into by activating a two-factor authentication which makes it harder for criminals to steal your identity or invade privacy.