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Expression of Warmth

Are the parents warm and affectionate or are they cold and distant?

Strategies for discipline

What kind of discipline do the parents use? Are they strict or easy going? How often do they discipline their child?

Expectations for maturity

Do the parents have high expectations of responsibility and self-control for their child? Are those expectations attainable?

Communication

Does the child feel comfortable with telling things to their caregiver? Does the caregiver explain things to the child such as why they should look both ways before crossing the roads?

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Discipline is a “training whether physical, mental or moral, that develops self-control, moral character and proper conduct” (Chapter 10, slide 26).

Discipline depends on the parent’s temperament, values, experiences and culture. For example, if the caregiver has a short temperament, the child will most likely will be disciplined more often and harsher.

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Corporal Punishment

“Corporal punishment, the infliction of physical pain upon a person’s body as punishment for a crime or infraction. Corporal punishments include flogging, beating, branding, mutilation, blinding, and the use of the stock and pillory” (Britannica).

It increases obedience temporarily and the kid’s chances to become a bully, delinquent or having an abusive behavior (Chapter 10, slide 27).

Time-Out

“Time-out is when your child is removed from where the misbehavior happened. Your child is away from all things that are fun. [They do] not get any attention in time-out. [They] cannot interact with [their] parents or anyone else” (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).

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“Step 1: Give warnings
Step 2: Countdown to the time-out
Step 3: 1 minute in time-out for each year of age
Step 4: Use a timer in plain view of the child
Step 5: Leaving the area, means time resets
Step 6: Parents do not interrupt time-out
Step 7: A talk after wards is essential”
(Chapter 10, slide 28)

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Authoritarian

“25% of parents in Canada are Authoritarian” (Chapter 10, slide 22)

Permissive

“25% of parents in Canada are Permissive” (Chapter 10, slide 24)

Authoritative

“33% of parents in Canada are Authoritative” (Chapter 10, slide 22)

Neglect/Uninvolved parenting

“15% of parents in Canada scored low – similar to uninvolved” (Chapter 10, slide 22)

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(Chapter 10, slide 18)

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Parents [with an authoritarian parenting style] have “high behavioral standards, strict punishment of misconduct, and a little communication” (Chapter 10, slide 20)

Long-Term Effects of having a authoritarian parent:

Showcasing Aggression (webMD)

Low self-esteem (webMD)

Quiet

Rebel during their adolescence years

Depressed

Anxious

Blame themselves when things go wrong

Unhappy

Leave home before the age of 20

…

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They showcase “high nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance, or control” (Chapter 10, slide 20

Long-Term Effects of having a permissive parent:
- Unhappy
- Lack self-control
- Inadequate emotional regulation
- …

We found that most children with permissive parents tend to continue to live at home through adulthood.

(Chapter 10, slide 22)

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Authoritative “parents set limits and enforce rules, but are flexible and listen to their children” (Chapter 10, slide 20).

Long-term Effects of having authoritative parents:
- Successful
- Articulate
- Happy with themselves
- Generous
- Well-liked
- …

(Chapter 10, slide 25)

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Neglectful “parents are indifferent toward their children and unaware of what is going on in their children’s lives” (Chapter 10, slide 21).

Long-term Effects of having an uninvolved parent:
- Anxious or stressed due to lack of family support
- Emotionally Withdrawn
- Fear of becoming dependent
- Delinquency during adolescence
- Increased risk of substance abuse
- …

(verywellmind.com)

We also know that “almost half of these children had behavioural problems” (Chapter 10, slide 22).

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Child Maltreatment is the “intentional harm or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18 years of age” (Chapter 8, slide 24).

Long-term effects of Child Maltreatment in children:
- Regard people as hostile and exploitative
- Less friendly
- Aggression
- Isolation
- Experience greater social deficits
- …

(Chapter 8, slide 34)

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(Chapter 8, slide 31)

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Child abuse and child neglect are the two types of child maltreatment.

Child abuse is the “deliberate action that is harmful to a child’s physical, emotional or sexual well-being” (Chapter 8, slide 24).

Child neglect is the “failure to meet a child’s basic physical, educational, or emotional needs” (Chapter 8, slide 24).

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Reported maltreatment is “harm or endangerment about which someone has notified the authorities” (Chapter 8, slide 26).

Substantiated maltreatment is “harm or endangerment that has been reported, investigated and verified” (Chapter 8, slide 26).

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“Child neglect can encompass abandonment; lack of appropriate supervision; failure to attend to necessary emotional or psychological needs; and failure to provide necessary education, medical care, nourishment, shelter, and/or clothing.”

Indicators of child neglect:
- poor hygiene
- low weight gain
- inadequate medical care
- frequent absences
- steals or begs for food or money
- abuses alcohol or other drugs
- …

“Neglect is the most common form of child maltreatment, according to data gathered by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.”

(Psychologytoday.com)

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- “Physical neglect is a broad category that includes refusal to       seek necessary medical care; child abandonment, or the desertion of a child without arranging for care or supervision; inadequate supervision; the expulsion of child from the home; and failing to provide for a child’s safety or physical needs.”

- “Educational neglect occurs when a child is allowed to engage in chronic truancy or is of mandatory school age but does not receive schooling; the refusal to obtain or allow recommended remedial education services; or the refusal to follow through with treatment for a diagnosed learning disorder or other special education needs without reasonable cause.”

- “Emotional neglect includes inadequate nurturing and affection; spousal abuse in a child's presence; allowing a child to use drugs or alcohol; the refusal, or delay in providing, needed psychological care; and encouraging or allowing maladaptive behavior such as chronic delinquency or assault.”

- “Medical neglect is the failure to provide for the appropriate health care of a child. Such a child may exhibit signs of poor health such as fatigue, infected cuts, and constant itching or scratching of the skin.“

(Psychologytoday.com)

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“Child abuse refers to physical, emotional, or sexual harm inflicted on a child.”

Symptoms of Child Abuse:
- Any injury
- fearful behavior (nightmares, depression, unusual fears, attempts to run away)
- Abdominal pain (Sexual Abuse)
- Bedwetting (Sexual Abuse)
- Dramatic change in self confidence
- Social withdrawal
- …

Risk factors of child abuse:
- Lack of family cohesion
- Substance abuse in the family
- Young, single, or non-biological parents
- Community violence
- Disabilities or mental retardation in children that may increase caregiver burden
- …

Types of child abuse:
- Physical Abuse
- Psychological or Emotional Abuse
- Sexual Abuse
- Neglect

“While some children are victims of just one type of abuse, it’s possible for children to experience multiple types, even all four types.”

(Psychologytoday.com)