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Julia Jumana

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Ben, Agnik, Annmaria

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Disha Nidhi Prachi

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Adelina Meg

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Angel Aastha Mafata Josephine

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Question 1: What are the fundamental concepts and ideas that are applied to these approaches? Where do they come from? Are they borrowed from other disciplines?

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Question 1: What are the fundamental concepts and ideas that are applied to these approaches? Where do they come from? Are they borrowed from other disciplines?

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Gunveer Parth Mohammed

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The biological aspect of psychology helps us to understand how the our brain works and impacts psychology, as the main psychological "vessel", if you will, and its importance in analysing and processing memories and emotions. the main filed of study in this subfiend of psychology looks at the different organs of the brain and their functions, how the brain grows and canges as you age, and how damage to certain parts of our brain can impact aspects of psychology. understanding of the brain's functions are essential to understanding the other fields of psychology, like behavioural, cognitive and psychodynamic, while borrowing ideas and concepts from evolutionary psychology. Key concepts of the biological approach to psychology include the focus on genetics and heritable traits, neuronal communication and the nervous system as a whole, and biochemistry as it relates to substances such as neurotransmitters and hormones.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               .                                                                                                             sources:Wendt, T. (2022). Hippocampus: What to Know. [online] WebMD. Available at: https://www.webmd.com/brain/hippocampus-what-to-know#:~:text=Like%20many%20parts%20of%20the,including%20anxiety%20and%20avoidance%20behaviors. [Accessed 5 Jun. 2024].‌

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1) Fundamental concepts :  Unconscious Mind: Much of our mental activity is unconscious, influencing behavior in ways we are not fully aware of.

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1) Fundamental concepts :  Unconscious Mind: Much of our mental activity is unconscious, influencing behavior in ways we are not fully aware of.

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Psychosexual Stages of Development: Freud believed that personality develops through a series of childhood stages in which the pleasure-seeking energies of the id become focused on certain erogenous areas.

Defense Mechanisms: These are psychological strategies brought into play by the unconscious mind to manipulate, deny, or distort reality in order to defend against feelings of anxiety and unacceptable impulses.

2) Type of Answers Provided:

Psychodynamic approaches provide insight into how early life experiences, unconscious motivations, and conflicts influence behavior.

They offer explanations for the mental processes that underlie symptoms and behaviors, suggesting that present difficulties are rooted in unresolved past conflicts.

3) Most Basic Facts:

The existence of the unconscious mind and its influence on behavior.

The developmental impact of early childhood experiences.

The role of defense mechanisms in protecting the individual from psychological distress.

The dynamic interplay between the id, ego, and superego in shaping personality.

4) Limits of These Perspectives:

Empirical Evidence: Some of the concepts in psychodynamic theory, such as the Oedipus complex and the emphasis on sexual drives, lack empirical support and are considered untestable by some.

Overemphasis on the Unconscious: Critics argue that the psychodynamic approach may overemphasize the unconscious mind's role at the expense of recognizing conscious thought and environmental factors.

Cultural and Gender Bias: Freud's theories were developed in a different era with different social norms and values, which can lead to cultural and gender biases in the interpretation of behavior.

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What are the most basic facts of this view upon which other facts can be built?

Cognitive psychology is a branch of psychology that studies mental processes such as "how people think, perceive, remember, and learn." As part of the larger field of cognitive science, this psychological perspective focuses on the way people process information, looking at how we treat information that comes in to the person (what behaviorists would call stimuli), and how this treatment leads to responses. Here are some of the most fundamental concepts upon which the field of cognitive psychology is built:

1. Information Processing

2. Mental Representations

3. Memory

4. Perception

5. Problem Solving and Decision Making

6. Cognitive Development

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1) This discipline involves the biological roots derived from the ideas/concepts of mainly Charle's Darwin natural selection theory, genetics in biology, and behavioural psychology (BAB approach). Darwin also laid out a foundation of how organisms acquire adaptative characteristics. This provided a hypothetical model for psychologists and alike to apply this comprehensive aspect of gaining insight into da human behaviour.

(2) These distinctions collaborate together to form a holistic understanding of how certain human behaviours affect one's cognitive processes. Another assumption grounded in the theory is that genes mutate within the gene pool due to a particular stimuli; those advantageous get passed down through natural selection.

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1.  What are the fundamental concepts and ideas that are applied to these approaches? Where do they come from? Are they borrowed from other disciplines?

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1.  What are the fundamental concepts and ideas that are applied to these approaches? Where do they come from? Are they borrowed from other disciplines?

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Humanistic approaches emphasise an individual's intrinsic worth and the importance of human values. These fundamental approaches include:

Holistic education - humanistic education looks at the whole individual and includes emotional, social, and cognitive development.

Democratic and collaborative learning - Humanistic classrooms feature democratic decision-making processes and cooperative learning experiences.

Critical Thinking and Creativity - Encouraging students to think critically and creatively is a key aspect of humanistic education, enabling them to become independent thinkers

These approaches are not exclusively borrowed but are influenced by other sources.

Philosophy - The ideas of existentialism and phenomenology have influenced humanistic approaches, emphasizing personal choice and experience.

existentialism: the philosophical belief we are each responsible for creating purpose or meaning in our own lives

Psychology - the philosophical belief we are each responsible for creating purpose or meaning in our own lives

Cultural influences - The humanistic approach is also shaped by broader cultural movements that emphasize individual rights, personal growth, and social responsibility.

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Image of a student conforming to the "normal" in her school.

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What are some of the limits of these perspectives?

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What are some of the limits of these perspectives?

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The study of cognitive psychology has the tendency to oversimplify complex emotional and irrational human behaviour. This oversimplification of the human cognition does not fully provide an insight into the position that social and cultural factors have on cognition. A prevalent social factor  that influences one’s cognition process is ‘conformity bias’. Conformity bias is defined as one’s inclination to change their behaviour or beliefs to “fit in” with others. An example of the conformity bias is: a specific bracelet is trending so more and more people buy said bracelet to “fit in” since it’s currently popular in society.

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2) What type of answers to they provide?

The psychological concept cognition alows us to answer the questions of how human thought proccess and decision making works. Humans have constantly strived to understand the unknown and cnition is no exception. Understanding human cognitive proccess allows us to uncover better ways to think, define judicial laws, and redefine education an mprove many otherconcepts.

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1) What are the fundamental concepts applied to this approach?

1. Attention: This is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things. Attention is crucial for information processing and is often seen as the gateway to cognition.

2. Perception: Perception involves interpreting sensory information to represent and understand the environment. It is how we make sense of the sensory data we receive from our senses.

3. Memory:

Short-term memory: Also known as working memory, this is the capacity for holding a small amount of information in an active, readily available state for a short period.

Long-term memory: This is the continuous storage of information. It includes both declarative (explicit) memory, such as facts and events, and procedural (implicit) memory, such as skills and tasks.

4. Learning: Cognition involves learning, which is the process of acquiring new understanding, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences. Learning can occur through various methods, such as observation, experience, instruction, and practice.

5. Problem Solving: This cognitive process involves discovering, analyzing, and solving problems. The ultimate goal of problem-solving is to overcome obstacles and find a solution that best resolves the issue.

6. Decision Making: Cognition is involved in decision making, which is the process of selecting a course of action from multiple alternatives. This process can be rational and systematic or intuitive.

7. Emotion and Cognition: Emotions can affect various cognitive processes, including attention, memory, and decision-making.

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From the perspective of Humanistic psychology, there are different types of answers provided across different principles, such as Holistic Approach, Empathy and Understanding, Encouragement of Self-Exploration, Focus on Personal Meaning, Emphasis on Self-Efficacy, Non-Directive Guidance and Positive Regard .

Holistic Approach:

Responses would not only address the academic question; they would take into account the full individual, including their feelings, opinions, and experiences. This method recognises the individual's development and sense of fulfilment as a necessary component of learning.

Empathy and Understanding:

In order to comprehend and affirm the user's perspective and emotional condition, responses would be developed with empathy. The goal is to provide a learning atmosphere that is encouraging and free from judgement.

Encouragement of Self-Exploration:

As part of the educational process, the answers would prompt individuals to consider their own views, values, and concepts, encouraging self-discovery and reflection.

Focus on personal meaning:

By relating academic material to a person's life and goals, responses would assist users in finding personal significance and relevance in the material.

Emphasis on Self-Efficacy:

By increasing user's self-efficacy- the belief in their own capacity to learn, solve issues, and make decisions- answer would seek to empower users.

Non-Directive Guidance:

Responses that encourage users to come to their own conclusions or solutions rather than giving them straight answers might help them become more independent and develop critical thinking skills.

Positive Regard:

regardless of the user's enquiry or degree of understanding, all replies would be given with unconditional positive regard, demonstrating respect and acceptance for them.

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A branch of Biological Psychology that focuses on the evolution of humans over time and making connections between the environments people are placed in and whether or not it affects the mind (and behaviour.

Question 3: What are the most basic facts of this view upon which other facts can be built?

The basic facts in this view are that the pressure to reproduce and survive can affect our psychological adaptations. This is an idea that our ancestors developed new processes in order to survive in their environment.

These adaptions are now apart of human genetics. Natural selection is the theory that Charles Darwin suggested. It is a theory that argues that humans have now arrived at their current state due to the characteristics and processes developed by their ancestors.

Question 4: What are the limits of these perspectives? create a post with a summary, an image or video to assist with your responses

A limit of this perspective would be that these theories are difficult to measure and that most of these theories are based on Charles Darwin's theory of Natural selection. As this theory was introduced in 1859, many of the ideas relating or based on this theory may be outdated. New theories rise over time and replace older theories as many theories are based off of behaviours that were observed over time. These behaviours may change as we humans evolve so newer theories may be more relevant to modern times.

This branch of psychology also does not address how the environment we grow up in (individual experiences) could influence our evolution or growth. Cultural (and social) aspects that could influence human behaviour and different traditions are also not considered in this branch of psychology. This theory also fails to address the fact that genetics can have a direct correlation on aspects of our behaviour.

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3. What are the most basic facts of this view upon which other facts can be built?

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3. What are the most basic facts of this view upon which other facts can be built?

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Here are some basic concepts of Humanistic psychology which other facts can be built upon are as follow:

Inherent Goodness: The fundamental belief of humanistic psychology that people are innately good and that mental and social problems result from variation from this natural tendency.

Self - Actualisation: Achieving one's full potential and fulfill their own unique purpose

Holistic perspective: It is based on beliefs that we are whole beings with combining of all the aspects of an individual: mind (mental), body (physical) and spirit (emotional and spiritual connections)

Free will: Humans are able to make their own decision, have choice on how we behave and it is not determined by the external factors (biological or environmental)

Personal Growth and development: Focuses on individual potential growth and it emphasises the importance of development and self - actualisation.

These foundational facts of humanistic psychology that provide the preliminary work for deeper understanding of human development, personality and motivation.

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1. Behaviour comes from a persons experiences and how they interact with a specific environment or situation. Its our adaptation of specific scenarios in which allows us to behave in a specific way or manner. The environment as a fundamental concept came from the need to understand what stimuli triggers certain behavioural responses. Since behaviour includes the way one acts and/of the emotions behind is a key aspect of behavioural psychology. It is important to isolate these as it makes a part of a diagnostic framework-making it predictable and treatable.

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2. Behavioral perspectives provide a framework for understanding the observable aspects of human actions. However, they do not typically address internal mental states or cognitive processes, as these are not directly observable. The emphasis is on external behavior that can be seen, measured, and modified.

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Behavior can be learned: Learning theories suggest that behavior can be acquired through conditioning (both classical and operant), observation (social learning), and reinforcement.

Behavior serves a purpose: Behaviors often have functions, such as fulfilling basic needs, achieving goals, or avoiding negative outcomes.

Behavior is subject to variation and change: Individual behavior can vary greatly and can change over time due to factors like development, experience, and changes in the environment.

Behavior can be measured and analyzed: Through observation and experimentation, behavior can be quantified and studied scientifically to understand its causes and effects.

Behavior is influenced by biology: Genetics, neurobiology, and physiology all play roles in shaping behavior. This includes brain structures, neurotransmitters, and hormonal influences.

Behavior is multifaceted and complex: There is rarely a single cause for a behavior. Instead, it is the result of a complex interplay of factors, including cognitive processes, emotions, social dynamics, and past experiences.

Behavior can be adaptive or maladaptive: Behaviors can be beneficial and enhance survival or well-being (adaptive), or they can be harmful or counterproductive (maladaptive).

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11. Behaviorist perspectives can be criticized for being too reductionist, often oversimplifying the complexities of human behavior by breaking it down into stimulus-response units without considering the mental processes involved.

Overemphasis on the environment: While the environment plays a significant role in shaping behavior, focusing too much on environmental factors can neglect the individual's innate biological and psychological traits.

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4.  What are the limits of these perspectives? 

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4.  What are the limits of these perspectives? 

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Humanistic perspectives, while offering a holistic and compassionate approach to education, do have certain limitations:

1. Resource Intensive: Humanistic approaches often require smaller class sizes and more teacher attention per student, which can be difficult to implement in schools with limited resources.

2. Assessment Challenges: Standardized testing and traditional assessment methods may not effectively measure the personal growth and development aspects emphasized by humanistic education.

3. Subjectivity: The focus on individual experiences and personal growth can lead to subjective interpretations of educational success, making it harder to establish clear, objective standards.

4. Overemphasis on Individualism: The strong focus on individual needs and self-actualization may overlook the importance of community, cooperation, and collective responsibility in education.

Despite these limitations, many educators incorporate elements of humanistic approaches into their teaching to create a more student-centered and empathetic learning environment. Balancing humanistic principles with the demands of standardized curricula and assessments remains a challenge for educators.

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Question 2: What type of answers to they provide?

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Question 2: What type of answers to they provide?