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Afghanistan’s culture is very structured throughout every aspect of life, causing many to suffer due to a lack of freedom. The Taliban controls almost every part of the people’s lives, including hairstyle, religion, and technology, all of which either deny or completely ignore basic rights of freedom (“Taliban”). The ignorance of most of these laws are punishable by extreme punishments, such as stoning and amputation (“Taliban”). Many laws are strict rules of how women should behave, what women should say, and rules of privacy that give all power to their husband (Fitzgerald). Although the rules are forced upon women, some of the violations of restrictions have directed punishments on their husband, which motivates the husband to encourage his wife to follow these laws (Fitzgerald). The Taliban encourages discrimination and has in turn become numb to the horrible treatment that women receive from their husbands due to a woman’s lack of power and freedom.

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In the world of Ancient Greece, women had few rights compared to their male counterparts (Cartwright). A typical woman of Ancient Greece was unable to vote nor own and inherit land, so their purpose was to stay home and raise the children while also managing the daily requirements of the household (Cartwright). Greek women had no political rights and were under the control of men in almost every stage of their life, unmarried and married (). Being as this was, women also held the responsibility of visiting tombs of deceased family members, where they brought offerings and tied sashes around the graves (Hemingway). Besides that, their time outside of the household was limited, meaning they did inside activities like spinning, weaving, and sewing the family’s clothes (). Through the manipulation of Greek culture, women were shaped through behavioral instruction in the home, myths that reiterated social values, and their involvement in rituals that educated them (Hemingway).

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Before colonizers came, the Igbo culture was very prominent and unique in Nigeria. The Igbo culture, also called Ibo, was centered around a democratic government, one language, and ancestor worship. The Igbo were well known for having the most democratic political system and no chieftaincy system, but a village assembly allowing ordinary citizens to have an input. The Igbo were split into the Upland Igbo and the Lowland Igbo, the majority of which live in rural settings. They had only one major language, but with slight variations based on the location. The Igbo were also largely centered a traditional African religion similar to ancestor worship. Their main god is known as Chuckwu, but they also have lesser gods called Umugbar and below those the Ndi Ichie, or the spirit of the ancestors (Igbo). The Igbo culture is a very large part of life in Nigeria with a democratic government, one language, and celebrating ancestor worship.

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The Chinese Civil War lasted around four years and thousands of Chinese citizens immigrated to America to escape the brutal environment. During the war, more than two million soldiers died, and five million innocent civilians were wounded because of disease, combat, and starvation (“Chinese Civil War”). Around one hundred fifty Chinese civilians immigrated in 1850s and America eventually set a limit to control immigration (Batalova and Hooper). China became a malicious territory for families to raise their children and many widowed females traveled long distances with children to escape it (Batalova and Hooper). Nationalist, led by Chiang Kai-shek, and communists, led by Mao Zedong, fought for almost five years and eventually China declared themselves a communist country (“Chinese Civil War”).  Overall, China became a heavily communist country and dangerous for anyone with different views; therefore, many Chinese civilians immigrated to America.

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Past trauma experienced by a mother diminishes the desired authentic parent-child bond, subsequently causing the child to display behavioral issues or poor emotional regulation (Danvers). The mindset that a mother acquires after experiencing unspeakable past trauma resurfaces when interacting with her child, adversely affecting the way that they connect (Danvers). This lack of connection disrupts their relationship and, subsequently, affects the child’s behavior. Primarily, children become more attention-seeking due to the insufficient response that they receive when interacting with their mother, which provokes the child to “act out” in class or in social situations (Danvers). Additionally, the mother’s trauma causes her to appear distant to the child, leading the child to display instability regarding their emotions (Danvers). According to studies by Danielle Roubinov, Linda Luecken, and colleagues, children with mothers affected by trauma show higher levels stress hormones throughout childhood, prompting their behavior to become unfavorable (Danvers). With effects on both behavior and emotional regulation, a mother’s past trauma becomes visible within the parent-child relationship (Danvers).

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Nigeria, as well as many other countries, is a patriarchal society, where the men are nearly completely dominant over the women. While boys are taught from childhood to be bold, audacious, and brave, young girls are taught to be soft, gentle, and compliant. Girls are also taught from childhood that their world begins and ends with marriage, childbirth, and continually catering to the needs of her husband (Worldmark). When a woman gets married, she is not only taking on the role of being a wife, but she is also taking on the assumed roles of becoming a mother, caretaker, and provider for her family. Wives are often seen as no more than possessions belonging to their husbands and are therefore expected to be completely obedient and submissive to them (Curry). As women must be obedient and submissive to their husband, domestic violence, emotional abuse, trafficking, and other crimes against women are very common, and due to the male-favored society, often go unpunished (Worldmark).

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Those who grow up in violent or traumatic environments are predisposed to become domestic abusers (Graboys). A study published in the journal Child Maltreatment followed over five thousand abused children and found these children more likely to abuse their future partners (Heimpel). Psychologists attribute these findings to the social learning theory, which indicates that abuse victims are more likely to use aggression because they model observed behaviors of violence (Heimpel). In agreement with these findings, an article published by the United States Department of Justice claims that around one-third of abuse and neglect victims become abusive parents (Kaufman). Reviews of case histories, agency records, and self-report studies also indicate that the rate of becoming abusive is six times higher for those with a history of abuse (Kaufman). Accordingly, abuse tends to provoke juvenile violence, mental health issues, and substance abuse, which are three factors that significantly increase one’s chances of becoming abusive (Heimpel).

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In 1996 the Taliban created gender policies restricting women from basic rights; including, forbidding women to work, forbidding girls to attend school, and limiting the amount of money a woman is allowed to possess. In 2001, the Taliban was thrown from power, and women’s rights in the twentieth century saw a gradual improvement regarding the status of women in urbanized parts of Afghanistan. However, Afghanistan fell back under Taliban rule in 2021, and women’s restrictions have become significantly more conservative than those of the Taliban’s first regime. Among the restrictions on women are the right to appear in public, the rights to adequate health care, the rights before the law, the right to work, and girls’ rights to education. Across the board, these policies have practically restrained women from any free movement outside the home, and given men control within the home. The effects of their restrictions are quite hostile, resulting in the lowest life expectancy and literacy rates in Asia, as well as the highest infant mortality rate in Asia. Women’s presence on the streets of Kabul can be described as nothing better than shadowy and peripheral, due to substantially increased occurrence of begging and prostitution among the Afghan women. The foundation of Taliban government is based on the subjugation of women, because they have no other substantial policy for governance (Goodson).

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Chinese maternal practices sought to positively influence their daughter’s success in life and were often products of cultural heritage despite their often misunderstood intent. For Chinese mothers, education was viewed as an investment in both the parents’ and the daughters’ futures, as the daughters were expected to support their parents in their old age. Growing up in poverty with limited education, the mothers hope for a better life for their daughters. Therefore, the mothers enforced strict rules and regulations to ensure this outcome. The daughters’ activities were restricted to only schoolwork and approved extra-curricular activities. This discipline often included systematic and severe beatings. This act was a common justifiable punishment in Chinese families and was delivered in the “context of love”. Despite this, the emotional bond between mothers and daughters persists into adulthood, allowing Chinese mothers to continue shaping their daughters' lives.

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Chinese culture holds a heavy belief that accomplishments made by one individual in a family are the success of the whole family (TMA World). This belief was founded upon the Chinese’s faith in the idea of Confucianism, which places the gains of the group ahead of the individual. The belief of Confucianism also demonstrates why family is an important part of Chinese culture as it holds an emphasis that a family member’s success is a reflection of their lineage (Brand Genetics).  Americans value and celebrate the individual. The United States supports the belief that all individuals should have the opportunity to shine rather than having their success be regarded as a success for the company. Americans have individually centered morals that emphasize their inherent rights as well as emphasize that the individual action was the success and not the gradual growth that took place with the help of family to get them the opportunities they received (TMA World). This difference in beliefs causes a huge clash in generational relationships between immigrant families.

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The Second Sino-Japanese War broke out when China began a full-scale resistance to the expansion of Japanese influence in its territory, and the war resulted in devastating losses to the Chinese people. This conflict marked the culmination of almost a half-century of growing Japanese aggression towards China. Despite the superiority of Japan’s military, by 1937, no Chinese government could accept further territorial losses while maintaining legitimacy with the Chinese people. The beginning of the war is conventionally dated to the Marco Polo Bridge on July 7, 1937, when a dispute between Japanese and Chinese troops in Peking escalated into a full-scale invasion. This full-scale war between the Chinese and Japanese empires is often regarded as the beginning of World War II in Asia. The Second Sino-Japanese War was the largest Asian war of the twentieth century, and it accounted for the majority of civilian and military casualties in the Pacific War, with between ten and twenty-five million Chinese civilians and over four million Chinese and Japanese military personnel missing or dying from war-related violence, famine, and other causes. The Second Sino-Japanese War is often referred to as the “Asian holocaust.”

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Abuse can take several forms, but nevertheless, it still has lasting impacts, such as extreme mental issues. Researchers have found that both physical and mental abuse contributes to a myriad of emotional issues, “including anxiety, depression, substance use disorders, eating disorders, dissociative identity disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)” ("Understanding Child Abuse and Its Effects on Mental Health”).  These disorders can cause a disturbingly large number of outcomes, some more serious than others. Some of these delayed developments produce outcomes like helplessness, aggression, neuroticism, and emotional unresponsiveness (Iram Rizvi).  Abuse can also lead to psychological losses, especially in children. Some of these  “losses include the loss of childhood, loss of innocence, loss of faith in God, loss of hope in a higher power, loss of family relationships, loss of self-esteem, loss of personal power, loss of self, and loss of the ability to feel pleasure in life,” (Teresa Gil Ph.D.). While it may not be directly a cause of the perpetrated abuse, these are all real and dangerous outcomes. Children, whose minds are still developing, are very impressionable, and abuse can set off a chain of negative reactions throughout a child’s life.

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The violence and manipulation shown to women in Afghanistan during this time reveals their role in society, seen as nothing more than wives and caretakers tormented by their husbands. To the Afghan people, a woman’s role as a wife limits them to the common gender stereotype of this time. The stereotype of a “caretaker,” and a “child bearer,” that belonged to their husband and acquired no other importance. The hate and cruelty shown to women for all these years has degraded the hopes of the women all over the country. The women continue to not be taken seriously and continue to be seen only as a man’s caregiver. Throughout the years, women suffer and suffer, and will never reach the reputation of a man in this world. (Gordon 75-77)

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Domestic Abuse can occur in diverse forms, each with its own effects.  Traumatic events can be classified as either “Type I” or “Type II” events. “Type I” trauma comes from a short or single event, such as assault or severe beating. Repeating or extensive traumatic situations identify with “Type II” traumatic events. Research shows the “Type II” trauma has substantial influence on how an individual functions. Many individuals who experience “Type II” trauma develop interpersonal and academic or occupational problems, and may also suffer with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Diagnosis for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder occurs when an individual has to have witnessed or experienced a life-threatening event and react with horror, intense fear, or helplessness. The individual with this diagnosis experiences persistent flashbacks of the event, a avoidance of incentives that relate to the trauma, and a form of hyperarousal. These symptoms can cause clinical issues interfering with functioning daily (Volpe).

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The inferiority status of women in Afghanistan decreases the amount of freedom and diminishes individuality. Women citizens in present day Afghanistan do not have the same rights as men. This is because all the restrictions on women made are to follow the Taliban leader’s, Hitbatullah Akhundzada, vision of the purity of the women and also pushed by his goal for control of the country. There were many unfamiliar restrictions being made onto just women. Such as the banning of going to public places, examples being parks, gym, and bath houses, without having a male chaperone present and having strict dress codes. Women are not allowed out of the house without having a hijab or chador. With all of the new rules, women cannot do anything by themselves. They must rely on their husband to bring them places without being severely punished. The orders striped women of their freedom because they have no control over where they could go. For example, if the husband did not want to go outside, the wife could not go outside. There was no choice for women, just to stay put inside the homes. Just because they are seen as “lesser” than the men. Not only are women’s minds being blocked mentally, by not being able to have a proper education, but women are physically blocked and cannot move freely. These beliefs threatened a women’s autonomy and independence. The women are restricted from making their own decisions and having control over one’s actions. Taking away one’s individuality.

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Childhood abuse affects every child differently. One of the major factors of how a child internalizes abuse is gender. (Jackson) Due to differences in the brain, boys and girls filter experiences and trauma differently. Both genders display similar problems such as weak emotional bandwidth, poor social skills, sleep deprivation, chances of a psychological disorder, and more. But boys tend to exhibit more outward behavioral issues. (Jackson) Witnessing abuse also has a great negative impact on children. Multiple studies have found that boys exhibit externalizing behaviors more than girls.

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Domestic violence stems from the need to invoke fear, have control, and cause submission towards the victim. The perpetrator becomes defensive and feels threatened. Their only way to cope is to use violence. (Abpp) Perpetrators of domestic violence invoke fear to make their family scared to leave and show they are superior to their spouse. Social differences like class and status make the victim scared to leave. (Pain) According to The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, homes where violence between partners occurs, there is a 45% to 60% chance of co-occurring child abuse, a rate 15 times higher than the average. Even when they are not physically attacked, children witness 68% to 80% of domestic assaults (Lmft) Being abused by a spouse leads to significant trauma and negative effects on their health and wellbeing (Pain). Abusers want to assert control over their partner and control situations. They do this out of fear of things going wrong and they are the only way to maintain control. They do this by using physical force or forcing them to do things they do not want to do. (medical news). Rank differences impact the likeness of someone’s voice being heard and respected. It is easier for someone with a higher rank to speak up than someone below them. Women have less social rank leading to the silencing of women and ongoing abuse some face.