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George William Frederick, King George III, the eldest son of Frederick Louis, and Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, ruled from 1760 to 1820. He was born in England and was the third Hanoverian monarch.  During the last decade of his reign, George was diagnosed with a mental illness that is believed to be porphyria. As a consequence, the Parliament decided that it was necessary for his son, the later George IV, to act as a Prince Regent. In view of that, the “Regency Bill” was proposed in 1789. However, in this initial attempt, George III recovered from his illness before the bill was passed. Finally, in 1811, since the King was once more mentally ‘incapable’ to rule, the Parliament approved the bill, despite George III not agreeing with it.

Main events during his reign:

The end of the Seven Years' War with France (1756-1763): After this conflict, Britain assumed control of Louisiana, Florida, and Canada;

The Encyclopaedia Britannica is published in 1768;

Captain James Cook’s first voyage to explore the Pacific (1769). In 1770 he lands in Botany Bay, South East Australia;

Boston Tea Party (1773): British colonies in North America start to protest against high incomes and taxes.

American War of Independence (1775-1783);

The American Independence Declaration (1776);

In 1789 the French Revolution starts;

From 1793 to 1815 there are the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars: A significant number of conflicts happened between France and different European monarchies;

Act of Union: "An Act for the Union of Great Britain and Ireland" (1801);

Slave Trade Abolition Act (1807): Abolished Britain's involvement in the transatlantic slave trade. However, slavery itself is only made illegal in 1834;

Peninsular War (1808-1814): Great Britain helped the Spanish and Portuguese army to fight against the invading troops of Napoleon's France in the Iberian Peninsula.

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Unpopular King George III | Gorgeous George III | Horrible Histories

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3rSFyT1T9o

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Unpopular King George III | Gorgeous George III | Horrible Histories

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“An Act to provide for the Administration of the Royal Authority, and for the Care of His Majesty's Royal Person, during the Continuance of His Majesty's Illness; and for the Resumption of the Exercise of the Royal Authority by His Majesty”

[5th February 1811]

“'WHEREAS by reason of the severe Indisposition with which it hath pleased God to afflict the King's Most Excellent Majesty, the Personal Exercise of the Royal Authority by His Majesty is, for the present, so far interrupted, that it becomes necessary to make Provision for assisting His Majesty in the Administration and Exercise of the Royal Authority, and also for the Care of his Royal Person during the continuance of His Majesty's Indisposition, and for the Resumption of the Exercise of the Royal Authority by His Majesty;' Be it therefore enacted by the King's Most Excellent Majesty, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the Authority of the same, That His Royal Highness George Augustus Frederick Prince of Wales shall have full Power and Authority, in the Name and on the Behalf of His Majesty, and under the Stile and Title of ‘Regent of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland’ […]”.

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George Augustus Frederick, the eldest son of George III and Charlotte Sofia of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, became the Prince Regent in 1811, due to his father’s illness. In 1820, after George’s III death, he finally was crowned King George IV (r. 1820-1830). While young, George was considered to be the "First Gentleman of Europe", but this title was undermined during his reign. As a King, he was known, on the one hand,  for his “selfishness, extravagance and lazy dissipation”; he also had many ‘affairs’ and a reprehensible moral. However, on the other hand, King George IV had a huge interest in literature, art, and architecture. In this sense, during his rule, there were several achievements in the cultural sphere. Despite these accomplishments, George IV’s acts as a King were not very significant.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tHmn5pqQuqY

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Horrible Histories - King George IV Solo Career

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Antecedents of The War of 1812: Great Britain X United States. 

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Antecedents of The War of 1812: Great Britain X United States. 

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Great Britain had been waging a global war against France since 1793. This conflict led the two world powers to attempt to restrict international trade. While Revolutionary France declared Napoleon's Continental System, which considered every ship that landed in British ports an enemy, the British Parliament issued twelve “Orders in Council” (1783-1812) that asserted that every merchant ship bound for a French port was subject to search and seizure.  As a consequence, the United States was placed in a complex situation: if it traded with Britain, it would wrath France; and if it traded with France, it would wrath Britain. Faced with that conjecture, the American congress started to pass non-importation and embargo acts in order to demonstrate to both empires the losses of not having access to the American markets. However, these acts did not seem to affect Europe and, in the end, the United States was dealing with an enormous economic depression. Moreover, the British Government was also taking some attitudes that were increasing the dissatisfaction of the United States:

Although the United States was already independent, the British Parliament rejected their claim to keep neutral in the global war, which offended American pride;

American ships were not only stopped at the sea but also the American sailors were being forcibly recruited to the Royal Navy;

Britain also armed the Native American tribes, arising conflicts between these communities and the American settlers;

In view of that conjecture, on June 18, 1812, when James Maddison became the president, the United States declared war against Britain. As a matter of fact, although the British Parliament, under the power of Lord Liverpool, on June 16, 1812, repealed the Orders, the conflict still went on.

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The War of 1812: Great Britain X United States.

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The War of 1812: Great Britain X United States.

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Although both the British in Canada and the Americans were not fully prepared for this conflict, it is undeniable that the army of Great Britain outnumbered the American, as well as it was better prepared for the battles. However, it should be also mentioned that, on account of the Revolutionary Wars and the battles with France, the British Government did not put a lot of effort at the beginning of this War.

The United States was aiming for commercial rights. Along with that, another reason that legitimated this conflict was the North American fight for its honor as an independent nation;

The first American strategy was to invade Canada (1812), a British colony at that time. The idea was to use this territory as a mechanism of negotiations. However, this attempt failed.

Some Native Americans, meanwhile, were fighting pro-Britain and, therefore, were massacring the American settlers;

The Americans could achieve more success in the sea, winning a significant number of battles and capturing British trade vessels;

In 1813 there were new attempts to invade Canada, but none of them succeeded;

In September of 1813, Americans won a major naval battle on Lake Erie;

In October the Tecumseh's Confederacy of northwestern Native American tribes was crushed at the Battle of the Thames.

At the end of 1813, the Creek War erupted. Initially, the conflict was motivated because of a divergence in which the Red Sticks were supporting the British Army, whereas another faction of Creeks was not only adopting the white culture but was also fighting for the United States. The army of the United States got involved in the conflict and formed one alliance with the Creeks, helping them to fight against the Red Sticks. On March 27, 1814, at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, General Andrew Jackson finally defeated the Red Sticks, ending the War. After that, on August 1814, he signed the Treat of Fort Jackson, which allowed the United States to take possession of 21 million acres of the Creek's territory. These places correspond to the states of Georgia and Alabama nowadays.

Winfield Scott, who was recently promoted to Brigadier General, proposed a plan for the American troops to reach the Canadian border, in 1814. The idea was initially successful, leading the Americans to Upper Canada, where they won the Battle of Chippewa (July 5, 1814). Nevertheless, they were once more forced to withdraw due to the Battle of Lundy's Lane (July 25, 1814).

In August 1814, after the defeat of Napoleon, General Robert Ross landed in the United States with 44,000 British veterans. They routed Maryland militia at the Battle of Bladensburg and, after that, burned the public buildings of Washington D.C.

In September 1814, General Ross tried to take control of Baltimore. At the Battle of North Point, Ross was killed by the Maryland militia. On 13 September, the British bombarded  Fort McHenry, which was defended by a significant quantity of American soldiers, sailors, and militiamen. Soon afterward, the British forces were repealed and decided to abandon the attempt to take Baltimore.

On December 24, 1814, the Treaty of Ghent was signed, but peace was only settled in February 1815 when the treaty was finally officialized.

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The Post-War: “Less a shout of triumph than a sigh of relief”. 

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The Post-War: “Less a shout of triumph than a sigh of relief”. 

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At the end of the war: 15,000 Americans and  8,600 British as well as Canadians, were dead;

The Treaty of Ghent guaranteed that all territories, which were dominated during the war, should be reverted to their original owners;

Great Britain was no longer supporting the Native Americans. Having lost financial and military help from Britain, the Native Americans could not defend themselves. Consequently, American expansion  significantly increased;

In America, the war generated the “Era of Good Feelings”, with economic growth;

The Treaty of Ghent:

His Britannic Majesty and the United States of America desirous of terminating the war which has unhappily subsisted between the two Countries, and of restoring upon principles of perfect reciprocity, Peace, Friendship, and good Understanding between them, have for that purpose appointed their respective Plenipotentiaries, that is to say, His Britannic Majesty on His part has appointed the Right Honourable James Lord Gambier, late Admiral of the White now Admiral of the Red Squadron of His Majesty's Fleet; Henry Goulburn Esquire, a Member of the Imperial Parliament and Under Secretary of State; and William Adams Esquire, Doctor of Civil Laws: And the President of the United States, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate thereof, has appointed John Quincy Adams, James A. Bayard, Henry Clay, Jonathan Russell, and Albert Gallatin, Citizens of the United States; who, after a reciprocal communication of their respective Full Powers, have agreed upon the following Articles.

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A Period of Literary Enrichment: Jane Austen, “from a ‘miniaturist’ to the keenest observer and sharpest analyst of England in the 19th century”. 

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A Period of Literary Enrichment: Jane Austen, “from a ‘miniaturist’ to the keenest observer and sharpest analyst of England in the 19th century”. 

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Jane Austen (1775-1817) is an English writer who lived during the reigns of George III and George IV. She is considered to be the first novelist to introduce the modern character, by depicting ordinary and common people in their daily lives. In all her novels it is possible to observe the representation of middle-class reality in the Nineteenth-century. In this regard, her productions can be also classified as manner novels, once they focus on a more realistic portrayal of the ‘domestic’ and familiar setting. By dealing with this subject, Jane Austen utilizes satire and comic elements that criticize the constitution of the late Eighteenth and Nineteenth British society. To this extent, all her heroines are psychologically constructed in a way that they illustrate a tension with the traditional social patterns: they are intelligent, determined, confident, and strong-willed; yet, due to the social conjecture of the period,  they all depend on marriage in order to have financial stability. Moreover, in her novels, there is likewise the problematization of the moral values and the institutions that sustained society, such as religion and marriage.

Although while Jane Austen was alive her productions were not quite recognized, nowadays critics admire her style of writing, the construction of her novels, and how they were able to represent the social, cultural, religious, and economic features of the Nineteenth-century.

-Jane Austen’s literary works:

From 1787 to 1793 she wrote different pieces that were found in three manuscripts -Volume the First; the Second; and the Third-. This production, now referred to as '"Juvenilia", contains a diversity of genres: plays, novels, and verses. All of them constitute a parody of the sentimental novel and sentimental comedy, which were famous during this initial period of her writing;

In 1793 “Lesley Castle” started to be written, but this novel was left unfinished.

In 1804 Jane started writing “The Watsons”, which she never finished. However, in 1850 her niece continued this production that was published in 1871;

“Sense and Sensibility” (1811);

“Pride and Prejudice”, Jane Austen's most famous work, (1813);

“Mansfield Park” (1814);

“Emma” (1815);

“Northanger Abbey” (1818);

“Persuasion” (1817);

In 1871 “Lady Susan”, an epistolary novel, was published. This production was written in 1794.

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Pride and Prejudice:  "It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife."

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Pride and Prejudice:  "It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife."

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In 1813 Jane Austen published "Pride and Prejudice", her most famous production, which is considered to be a novel of manners. In this piece, the readers accompany the complicated relationship between Fitzwilliam Darcy and Elizabeth Bennet. Within this domestic scenario, Jane demonstrates the main features of  Nineteenth-century society: the marriage as a central aspect; the differences between socio-economic classes; and the artificiality involved in their interactions. Consequently, this book works as a paradigmatic example of her productions, by depicting her attempt to criticize the moral values of her period and, on top of that, the women’s lack of choice and agency in the patriarchal society. In this sense, her novel is likewise elucidating the difficulties faced by upper and middle-class women during the Georgian Regency Period.

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QUIZ: Which Pride and Prejudice Character Matches Your Personality? | The SparkNotes Blog

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FUN-FACT!!! Who are you in “Pride and Prejudice”? 

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FUN-FACT!!! Who are you in “Pride and Prejudice”? 

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I am definitely an Elizabeth Bennet. That's what I'm choosing to believe, anyway, and no, I won't actually be taking this quiz to find out for sure. I don't want to have to confront any harsh truths, like the fact that I am a Mr. Collins or a Mary.

You're probably a lot braver and more self-aware than I will ever be, so why not take this quiz and find out which character from Pride and Prejudice you truly are?

Take The Quiz

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QUIZ: Which Pride and Prejudice Character Matches Your Personality? | The SparkNotes Blog

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I am definitely an Elizabeth Bennet. That's what I'm choosing to believe, anyway, and no, I won't actually be taking this quiz to find out for sure. I don't want to have to confront any harsh truths, like the fact that I am a Mr. Collins or a Mary.

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Jane Austen’s novels were translated into thirty-five different languages. Along with that, they inspired many cinematographic adaptations and appropriations. Among them:

Pride and Prejudice (1995), BBC TV: A miniseries adaptation with Colin Firth; <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7UYq-ITtxZs>

Sense and Sensibility (1995), Columbia Pictures: A movie adaptation with Kate Winslet and Emma Thompson; <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G0XvqB1ENzs>

Clueless (1995), Paramount Pictures: Amy Heckerling was inspired by Jane Austen’s production while making this appropriation of Emma; <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mgjwq1ZzdPQ>

Emma (1996), Miramar Films: A movie adaptation with Gwyneth Paltrow; <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jz_P43jHN6w>

Mansfield Park (1999), Buena Vista International: A movie production with Frances O’Connor;   <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tWbOcYHtP94>

Bridget Jones’s Diary (2001), Miramar Films: A movie appropriation of Pride and Prejudice, with Renée Zellweger and Colin Firth. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EH9CWWqb-6E>

Pride and Prejudice (2005), Focus Features: A movie adaptation with Keira Knightley; <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chTk5UxWUlw>

Love and Friendship (2016), Lionsgate: A production based on Lady Susan, with Kate Beckinsale. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8MaSK3POHI0>

Emma (2020), Focus Features and Universal Pictures: an adaptation with Anya Taylor Joy; <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qsOwj0PR5Sk>

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The East India Company Act (1813) was a measure taken by the British Parliament. During this period, on account of Napoleon’s Continental System in Europe that prohibited French allies from importing British products, the tradesmen and merchants were passing through financial issues. In view of that conjecture, they required the end of the East India Company’s monopoly in order for them to have access to this trade in Asia. Even though the Company initially rejected this proposal, in 1813, it was passed the Charter Act, which allowed both tradesmen and merchants, in conformity to a licensing system, to trade in India. Yet, the monopoly remained for the tea and opium trade, as well as the trade in China.

-Features of the Charter Act:

It guaranteed and consolidated the British Crown sovereignty under the colony;

The Parliament established an amount of 100.000 rupees (Indian currency) per year to invest in literature, scientific research, and education;

It allowed Christian Missionaries to disseminate the English language, as well as to preach the religion in the Company’s territories;

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The Battle of Toulouse happened on 10 April 1814 in the Southern of France. This was one of the last conflicts of the Napoleonic Wars. Portuguese, Spanish, and British troops, led by Field Marshal Wellington, started to march to the Southern of France. As a result, the French commander, Marshal Nicolas Soult, decided to direct his troops to Toulouse in order to fortify his army. In the meantime, Field Marshal Wellington was able to divide his army and surround the city on three sides: in the west, there was Lieutenant General Sir Rowland Hill along with his second division and the Portuguese Division; in the east, there were two divisions organized by Marshal Sir William Beresford and also the two Spanish divisions commanded by General Manuel Freires; finally, in the north, there was the third Division lead by Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Picton and the Light Division. Faced with that strategy and knowing that Napoleon had abdicated, Nicolas Soult decided, on 17th April, to make an agreement of armistice with Wellington.

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In February 1815 Napoleon could escape from his exile, being able to return to power in France. His idea was to go on an offensive and achieve a victory in a battle in order to end the Seventh Coalition, which was created between the European armies, against him. Faced with that conjecture, the British, Russian, Austrian, and Prussian troops started to prepare for another conflict. Knowing that his army was not enough for combating the entire coalition while they were together, Napoleon decided to attack them individually. In June, he conducted his army to Belgium, where the British and Prussian troops were located. On 16 June, during the Battle of Ligny, Napoleon could, temporally, defeat the Prussian army. However, this army was able to regroup and march to Waterloo. On 18 June, Napoleon decided to lead his troops on an offensive against the British army, which was positioned close to the Prussian. Before the battle started, Napoleon gave the command for his troops to wait until the ground was dry. In the meantime, the Prussian troops were able to arrive and join the British army, which was under the command of Arthur Wellesley, the Duke of Wellington, and counted with Belgian, Dutch, and German troops. As a consequence, due to the unsuccess of Napoleon's strategies and the fact that the British and Prussian troops were better prepared for the battle, Napoleon faced several losses. Soon afterward, on 7 July, the forces from the Seventh Coalition were able to enter France and reinstate Louis XVIII on the throne. Finally, on 15 July, Napoleon surrendered to the British government and was exiled in 1821.

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After the end of the Napoleonic Wars, it was expected that food prices would fall in Britain since it would be, once more, possible to trade with the rest of Europe. Nevertheless, the importing of grains was considered to be prejudicial for the interest of the landowners and, therefore, Tory Prime Minister, Lord Liverpool, passed the Corn Laws in 1815.  Based on the Corn Laws, the imported grains and cereals, which were cheaper,  started to be taxed with tariffs in order to ‘protect’ the local produce. As a consequence, it was asserted that the people would only have access to domestic grains. This measure was considered to privilege the landowners, whereas the working class was in an even poorer situation. In this sense, there were several objections to this law, many petitions were signed and several riots broke out, demonstrating people’s discontent. However, even though there was huge opposition since the rural groups had more political power and influence, the Corn Laws were only repealed in 1846 by the Conservative Minister, Robert Peel. The main reason that seems to have motivated his decision was the Great Famine in Ireland that happened during the years of 1845-1862 on account of a disease that affected the potato crop.  It is estimated that the grain’s price needed to reach 80 shillings a quarter, generating a high rate of famine levels, for the imports to become once again allowed.

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Impacts of the Napoleonic Wars in Britain: Depression and Stagnation. 

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Impacts of the Napoleonic Wars in Britain: Depression and Stagnation. 

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The Napoleonic Wars lasted for a significant period and this resulted in a lot of expenses. Great Britain, from the first conflict, in 1793, to the final battle, in Waterloo, in 1815, spent more than £ 1,650,000,000. It is estimated that most of this amount was raised by the huge taxation and incomes that were introduced during this period. At the end of the war, Great Britain was passing through an economic and social crisis. There were several riots and the community was unsatisfied with the situation they were living in: poverty, unemployment, high food prices, and incomes, not to mention the many deaths caused by the battles.

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The Peterloo Massacre: "the bloodiest political event of the 19th century in English soil".

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The Peterloo Massacre: "the bloodiest political event of the 19th century in English soil".

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Great Britain, after the end of the Napoleonic Wars, was passing through an economic slump. There was a high rate of unemployment, harvest failure, and high food prices, mainly because of what is called the “Year Without a Summer" and the Themes froze in the winter of 1814. The institution of the Corn Laws worsened the situation by raising the price of food. Moreover, this moment was marked by industrialization in which there was a constant cycle of relative progress, followed by stagnation and depression. In this regard, it can be acknowledged that society was open to social conflicts, which were related to the growth of consciousness of the middle and working class, as a result of the French Revolution. During this historical period, not all adult males had the right to vote. In fact, the agriculturists were the ones with more political power, whereas the rest of the population could barely participate in the decisions. In light of that conjecture, some people started to advocate for social changes with parliamentary reform. In 1817 the House of Commons denied a petition that aimed for manhood suffrage. In 1819, the Manchester Patriotic Union, led by Henry Hunt, organized a meeting to show popular dissatisfaction. The rally was attended by 60,000 people: women, men, and children, none of them armed. The local magistrates, fearing a revolution, called on Manchester and Salford Yeomanry to arrest Hunt and other members. Additionally, William Hilton ordained the 15th Hussars to disperse the crowd. The contention of this rally was extremely violent.  It is believed that the cavalry caused the death of fifteen people and more than six hundred got injured.

Consequences of the Peterloo Massacre:

The government passed the Six Acts;

It is speculated that this event led, if only indirectly, to the creation of the Manchester Guardian Newspaper;

The manifestation was initially considered inadequate, receiving a blue plaque that justified the need for dispersion. However, in 2007, the City Council changed it to a red plaque that recognizes the event as a peaceful rally, which was brutally contained.

In 2019 was inaugurated the Peterloo Memorial designed by Jeremy Deller.

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Six Acts: “Every meeting for radical reform is an overt act of treasonable conspiracy against the King and his government.” 

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Six Acts: “Every meeting for radical reform is an overt act of treasonable conspiracy against the King and his government.” 

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The Six Acts were promoted in 1819, by the conservative Henry Addington,  1st Viscount  Sidmouth, the Home Secretary, after the Peterloo Massacre. It consisted of different legislations that monitored and restricted both public and press freedom. In this sense, it promulgated barriers to public meetings, which demanded permission to occur. Moreover, there was also repression of the materials that were being published, if they were considered to be ‘dangerous’ for generating popular revolts. All these acts were proposed in an attempt to reduce the manifestations and riots, by controlling the population. However, they were faced by society with extreme resistance.

The Training Prevention Act: It made it illegal for normal citizens to have weapon training;

The Seizure of Arms Act: It made it possible for the magistrates to search and apprehend weapons on private property;

The Seditious Meetings Act: It limited public meetings by requiring approval from an official for them to happen. The organizers have to provide information about the date, time, place of the meeting, the number of people, and the subject that was going to be discussed;

The Blasphemous and Seditious Libels Act: It made the punishments suffered by the writers considered to be publishing 'seditious' materials more severe. On account of this Act, the maximum penalty was transportation for up to fourteen years. Additionally, the magistrates were allowed to seek and seize all "libelous material" under the possession of a supposed accused.

The Misdemeanours Act: It developed the court system in order to avoid, or at least diminish, the possibility of bail;

The Newspaper and Stamp Duties Act: It increased the taxes for publication in the press and restricted its freedom;

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After George’s III death, when the Prince Regent was finally crowned King George IV, there was a plot to kill the Lord Liverpool and all the members of his cabinet. The main objective of this attempt was to start a revolutionary government which was based on the Committee of Safety, elaborated by Robespierre in the French Revolution. This plot was a result of the problematic atmosphere of England, being its antecedents the Peterloo Massacre and the Six Acts. Arthur Thistlewood, the soldier who led this conspiracy, gathered about 30 men on the 23 of February and tried to carry out their attack. The plot was unsuccessful because of the presence, in the group, of a spy from the government. The members involved in this attack were arrested, charged with treason, and then hanged.

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A Period of Artistic and Cultural Achievements: Foundation of the Royal Academy of Music. 

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A Period of Artistic and Cultural Achievements: Foundation of the Royal Academy of Music. 

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In 1822 the 11th Earl of Westmorland, John Fane (1784-1859), who was a musician and compositor, besides discharging other activities; along with Nicholas Charles Bochsa (1789-1856), a harpist and composer, founded the Royal Academy of Music at the Tenterden Street, Hanover Square. In 1830 it received a Royal Charter from King George IV, who was supported in this decision by the Prime Minister, the Duke of Wellington. This is the first and oldest conservatoire in London and it is responsible for providing undergraduate and postgraduate training for different musical performances, such as jazz, composition, musical theater, and opera.

Royal Music Academy website:  More information about how it works today can be found on their website. It also gives access to recorded performances and a virtual tour. <https://www.ram.ac.uk/>

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A Period of Artistic and Cultural Achievements: Foundation of the National Gallery. 

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A Period of Artistic and Cultural Achievements: Foundation of the National Gallery. 

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In 1824 the House of Commons decided to buy a collection of thirty-eight paintings from the Russian John Julius Angerstein. This marked the foundation of the National Gallery, which remained for almost ten years located in Angerstein’s house, at 100 Pall Mall. Only in 1831, did the House of Commons vote for inaugurating a new building, which was designed by the architect William Wilkins and had a Greek concept. Nowadays, the National Gallery is located on the north side of Trafalgar Square, Westminster. It has more than 2,600 works in exposition, which are originally from different places in Europe.

Access to the website of the National Gallery: <https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/>. In this link, it can be found more information about the National Gallery: its history, the available expositions, and how this institution functions nowadays. It also gives access to a virtual tour: <https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/visiting/virtual-tours>.

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Scientific and Technological Advancement: George and Robert Stephenson. 

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Scientific and Technological Advancement: George and Robert Stephenson. 

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Locomotion No. 1, also known as "Active", was built in 1825 by two engineers George
and Robert Stephenson. They designed the first passenger train, which was ordered by Stockton
and Darlington Railway Company.  In September of the same year, George Stephenson was responsible for conducting
the first train on the Stockton and Darlington Railway. During this primer hauling, there were passengers, workmen, and also eleven wagons of coal. After that, the Stockton and Darlington Railway continue to haul Locomotion No. 1 for three more years.

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George IV was very involved with art, literature, and architecture, being regarded as having an extravagant sense of aesthetics. In this sense, the King was not only responsible for patronizing the projects but also participated actively in the construction of their design.
During his reign, he worked with two main architects, Henry Holland (1746-1806) and John Nash (1752-1835). Georgian Architecture in the Nineteenth Century was influenced by exotic ideas. There was an intermixture of Antiquity, classic Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Indian, Chinese, and also the presence of the Gothic style. These architectural styles can be seen in the designs of:

Carlton House, in 1811, George IV asked Henry Holland to redesign it. After Holland’s death, the Carlton House was further remodeled by John Nash, James Wyatt, Thomas Hopper, and Edward Wyatt.

Brighton Pavilion, in 1815, commissioned by George IV, John Nash redesigned the Marine Pavilion, giving this palace an orientalist approach.

Buckingham Palace, in 1820, George IV nominated John Nash to transform the Bucking House into Buckingham Palace;

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The Roman Catholic Relief Act: "though emancipation was a great danger, civil strife was a greater danger." 

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The Roman Catholic Relief Act: "though emancipation was a great danger, civil strife was a greater danger." 

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"Whereas by various Acts of parliament certain restraints and disabilities are imposed on the Roman Catholic subjects of his Majesty, to which other subjects of his Majesty are not liable, and whereas it is expedient that such restraints and disabilities shall be from henceforth discontinued, and whereas by various Acts certain oaths and certain declarations, commonly called the declarations against transubstantiation and the invocation of saints and the sacrifice of the mass, as practised in the Church of Rome, are or may be required to be taken, made, and subscribed by the subjects of his Majesty as qualifications for sitting and voting in parliament and for the enjoyment of certain offices, franchises, and civil rights, be it enacted ... that from and after the commencement of this Act all such parts of the said Acts as require the said declarations, or either of them, to be made or subscribed by any of his Majesty's subjects as a qualification for sitting and voting in parliament or for the exercise or enjoyment of any office, franchise, or civil right, be and the same are (save as hereinafter provided and excepted) hereby repealed."

In 1801, the Act of Union, which consolidated the union of Great Britain (England and Scotland) and Ireland,  abolished the Irish Parliament. As a consequence, Ireland started to be represented by the Parliament in Westminster. However, due to the Penal Laws, the Irish people could not become members of the Parliament. Faced with that conjecture, Daniel O’ Conell, a catholic Irish, aiming for Catholic Emancipation, started the Catholic Association in 1823. In 1828 he was able to stand for election and his victory generated great excitement for the Irish population. Yet, since O’ Connel was catholic he was not allowed to take the charge and that caused popular dissatisfaction. Robert Peel, the Home Secretary of the British Government, worried about the possibility of a new revolution, decided to pass the Catholic Relief Act in 1829. Still, King George IV was resistant to this measure and only accepted it after the Duke of Wellington threatened to resign his position as Prime Minister. On account of this act, members of the Catholic Church were allowed to sit in the Parliament at Westminster.

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After the Industrial Revolution, there was a huge increase in the number of inhabitants in the cities and also in the levels of criminality. To deal with this problem, in 1829, Sir Robert Peel, the Home Secretary, proposed to the Parliamentary a bill that was passed as the Metropolitan Police Act. In this way, it was established the Metropolitan Police in central London in order to guarantee the security and protection of people. Although they, initially, covered only an area within a radius of seven miles from the center of London this was an important change for the mechanisms of law enforcement and order, as well as for the start of the modern police force.

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George IV's reign was controversial. There were many battles, social conflicts, riots, and economic crises. However, at the same time, there were significant advances in science, technology, industry, and artistic productions. His extravagances and marriage difficulties were responsible for his lack of popularity during his rule. He passed his final years in seclusion at Windsor. In 1830, at the age of 67, George IV died and left no heirs. Therefore, he was succeeded by his brother, the Duke of Clarence, crowned in June 1830, King William IV.