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STEP 1:   Find the theory that was assigned to you (see below):

STUDENTS WITH LAST NAME A-D are assigned to Precaution Adoption Process Model

STUDENTS WITH LAST NAME E-I are assigned to Diffusion of Innovation Theory

STUDENTS WITH LAST NAME J-L are assigned to Social Cognitive Theory

STUDENTS WITH LAST NAME M-N are assigned to Transtheoretical Model

STUDENTS WITH LAST NAME O-Q are assigned to Theory of Planned Behavior

STUDENTS WITH LAST NAME R-S are assigned to the Health Belief Model

STUDENTS WITH LAST NAME T-Z are assigned to the Social Ecological Model

STEP 2:   Choose one (1) concept from the theory that was assigned to you.  Please include the following:

1. TITLE: NAME OF YOUR CONCEPT

2. EXPLANATION OF HOW PHOTO/PICTURE IS RELATED TO CONCEPT

3. PHOTO OR PICTURE THAT REPRESENTS YOUR CONCEPT

STEP 5:   COMMENT ON AT LEAST 2 POSTS FROM YOUR CLASSMATES

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Precontemplation is the first concept under the Transtheoretical Model. It indicates the individual has no intention to change within the next 6 months. This image represents a person sitting and thinking, allowing time to pass. This person is thinking about change, but is allowing time to pass, which shows there is no intention to change anytime soon.

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Attitude is one of the four concepts under the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Attitude can be defined as how someone feels and believes about perpetrating a particular behavior and whether the behavior will result in something negative, positive, or no result at all. This image best represents this concept because it demonstrates how one's perception or attitude can determine if one can perform the task or not.

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Cues to Action is one of six constructs that help psychologists determine the factors that influence an individual’s decision to act. Cues to action can be defined as factors that an individual is exposed to that activate action. The image is related to this construct because the megaphone can exemplify doctors or individuals promoting awareness or providing information. The items being thrown out the megaphones such as the phone, statistical diagram, papers, mail, and social media can illustrate the resources an individual can utilize that may encourage them to take action to improve their health.

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The precaution adoption process model consists of seven different concepts that range from being unaware of the issue to maintenance. Acting is the concept which comes before maintenance. The image above is a representation of this concept. In the photo is a person who is considered obese for their age. They have decided to take action and begin exercising in order to improve their health.

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Self-efficacy is one of the concepts under the Health Belief Model. It is defined as the confidence one has in their own skills which can be influenced from their past experiences. Having self-efficacy allows people to start pursing their goals, no matter the challenge. Whereas people who have low self-efficacy have more difficulty starting because they do not believe in themselves. One way to help people increase their levels of self-efficacy include accomplishing small goals to put them on the road for success. Having self-efficacy is important to jump start someones journey to a healthier and more successful lifestyle.

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Unaware of Issue is the first concept of the Precaution Adoption Process Model. It is pretty self explanatory since the individual is unaware of the issue that is surrounding them. This image that I attached represents how this individual is consuming large amount of foods in one sitting without thinking about how much food they are eating. They have not yet realized that they have a binge eating disorder. They are in the stage where they do not know that they have a health issue.

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Perceived susceptibility relates to whether an individual believes they are at risk of getting a disease/illness. For example, young women or women who do not present any symptoms are less likely to get breast cancer screening if they believe they have a low risk of getting breast cancer. As seen in this image, health care providers should address questions and concerns women may present during screening and teach them about their probability of getting breast cancer. Also, teaching women about the benefits of preventative measures such as doing regular self-breast exams and annual cancer screenings can be helpful to decrease susceptibility. Learning about favoring preventive measures can ultimately decrease the prevalence of breast cancer.

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Perceived Severity is whether or not the person believes the condition has serious

consequences or not. For Covid-19  the Vaccine Hesitant and Anti Vaccine community used the fact that most people had mild cases to justify them not getting vaccinated for a something that is just like the "flu" and they will recover from. This photo show's what most covid deniers and anti vaccine communities and individual believe; that their natural immune system is enough to protect them against novel virus. Sadly this was not true for many healthy individuals who passed away from covid-19 before vaccines were available. Their perception of severity leaves them susceptible to being hospitalized or having a severe case with out the protection of being vaccinated.

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This picture of an X-ray is related to the concept of Diffusion of Innovation Theory. The healthcare industry goes through constant changes. Therefore, new technologies are invented along the way. The X-ray allowed non-invasive viewing of internal organs and bone structure. Although there were advantages and disadvantages with this invention, medical facilities are still willing to use this to diagnose patients. X-rays diffused rapidly across the world and they are one of the biggest revenue generator in healthcare.

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This picture of an X-ray is related to the concept of Innovation in the Diffusion of Innovation Theory. The healthcare industry goes through constant changes. Therefore, new technologies are invented along the way. The X-ray allowed non-invasive viewing of internal organs and bone structure. Although there were advantages and disadvantages with this invention, medical facilities are still willing to use this to diagnose patients. X-rays diffused rapidly across the world and they are one of the biggest revenue generator in healthcare.

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I decided to do an image of a nurse teaching their students to represent the concept observational learning. The picture itself shows the nurse demonstrating how to do a certain skill. As the student is watching their professor perform a certain skill, the student will have their own outcome expectancies or goals to become like their professor. The professor will be the students’ influence to achieve a certain behavior. In the medical field, learning clinical skills from a textbook is different than seeing the skills in-person or live action.

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Maintenance is the last stage in the Precaution Adoption Process Model. Maintenance is the stage in which individuals have made specific changes to their lifestyles and are consistently trying to maintain these changes. This image represents how a person has accepted a new behavior and is continuing to maintain this behavior over time. In this example, the woman is trying to maintain exercising on a regular schedule and eating healthy as part of her daily routine in order to lower her risk of obesity.

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I chose a photo of the COVID-19 vaccines, Pfizer and Moderna, to represent the concept of diffusion of innovation. When the 2020 pandemic first began, the entire world was afraid. Pfizer and Moderna had to be emergency use authorized by the FDA. It was a new innovation and many were skeptical about it at the time. As Rogers uses a bell curve to explain the process of adoption, you can see the five categories of adopters in the world population: innovators, early adopters, early majority adopters, late majority adopters, and laggards. The first few people to receive one of the COVID-19 vaccines would be considered innovators. The next few people to get more comfortable with receiving the vaccine would be considered the early adopters. The majority of the population are the early majority adopters and the late majority adopters; these groups of people are probably the people who got vaccinated because they believe there is enough research on the vaccines now, or they were required by work to get vaccinated. The laggards would be the people who are still very skeptical about the vaccines.

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Subjective norms is a concept from the Theory of Planned Behavior. Subjective norms can be described as beliefs about whether key people approve or disapprove of a certain behavior. It also states that individuals feel motivated to engage in a certain behavior in order to gain the approval of peers or people that are important to them, if the behavior is accepted among their peers. The picture of the individuals running is related to the subjective norms concept because it shows that individuals are engaging in the behavior of running, since their peers are also participating in it. The individuals feel motivated or compelled to run because their friends or peers view running as an acceptable behavior and approve of running. In terms of improving one’s health, an individual may feel more encouraged to engage in healthier habits like running or physical activity when the people closest to them are supportive and partaking in this activity as well.

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Perceived behavioral control is one concept within the Theory of Planned Behavior. Perceived behavioral control is the personal belief that one has the ability and control over performing a particular behavior. The concept is measured by a person’s belief of whether or not performing a behavior is up to them. People can have very different perceptions about the level of behavioral control they have in various situations. Perceived behavioral control can also depend on how easy or how difficult a given behavior seems to an individual. The image of the woman choosing the apple and refusing to eat the donuts exemplifies that the individual is making a deliberate choice to choose the healthier food item over the unhealthy item. This relates to the concept of perceived behavioral control because it signifies that even when presented with a difficult choice, one must take control over themselves and make the best decision. In the image, the woman believes that eating healthy is a decision that she herself has complete control over and she intentionally chooses the apple because it is more nutritious for her.

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The third stage in the Precaution Adoption Process model is "Deciding About Acting." This stage involves the person facing the decision of acting. The person is deciding whether to act or not. They are undecided and pondering whether to initiate action on the issue. I chose this image because it displays a girl choosing between two thoughts. The look on her face seems undecided as she is contemplating whether or not acting on the issue will benefit her health.

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Individuals at different stages need a reason to change their issues by receiving different motivated messages.
Smokers at the Precontemplation stage: They aren't interested in getting help and not considering change. They need more information to move to the next stage, contemplation than smokers in action stage to be in the maintenance stage.

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Action is a concept in the Transtheoretical Model. It indicates that the individual has changed behavior for less than six months and is stepping towards adopting the behavior. This picture presents a person exercising with the supervision of an acquaintance to gain a healthier lifestyle. The person is taking action on trying to adopt a new behavior and is putting their plans into practice. To assist with this concept and to prevent the individual from relapsing, it is best to have individuals around the person supporting them and assisting them with any concerns.

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The Health Belief Model (HBM) consists of six main constructs that influence people

when it comes to making decisions of how to prevent, control, and screen for illness. Perceived barriers are one of these six constructs and believed by some to be the most significant factor in determining

behavior change. When faced with taking action some people believe the costs of taking action are outweighed by the benefits. Barriers can be both tangible or intangible. Tangible barriers can include

the lack of financial resources, a lack of transportation, and many more possible barriers. Intangible barriers can be psychological, like fear of pain, embarrassment or inconvenience. An example of this could be a man undergoing his first colonoscopy. Perceived barriers could range from fear of pain to

embarrassment when having to ask for transportation after. These perceived barriers can lead to him delaying his appointment causing further problems in the future. I included a picture of the camera used when doing a colonoscopy. Reminding a patient how small and painless the camera is will help with these perceived barriers. When working with someone who has perceived barriers there are a variety of change strategies. Offering reassurance can help patients to feel more heard and understood. Incentives can be used to further push the patient to take action. It is also important to correct misinformation so that the patient is completely aware of the good taking action

with bring.

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The 'precaution adoption process model' includes seven different concepts. The first stage is being unaware of the issue and the last stage is maintenance. 'Decided to Act' is one of the two branches of the third stage which is 'Deciding about Acting', the other branch is 'Decided not to Act'. When someone decides to choose acting to resolve the issue shows typically positive behavior. This image is a quote from Amelia Earhart, the first aviator US woman. I was attracted to this quote because it says how is important to finally arrive at this stage to make our final decision to act to change negative health behavior. So, a positive decision can do many good changes in a human's life. Therefore When a person chooses to act after reflecting on her or his issue, shows that the step of 'Decided to act' is the main core of the PAP model, as it resulted to resolve the issue.

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Two important tenets of the health belief model are perceived benefits and perceived barriers. Perceived benefits refers to the benefits one feels they would receive by taking action, so in this case, the benefit that their likelihood of becoming pregnant is significantly reduced if they take the contraception. Perceived barriers refers to the worry that the risk will outweigh the benefits, so in this case, the risk of blood clots and cardiovascular events outweigh the positive effect of cramp relief and pregnancy prevention. I chose this infographic over others because this infographic displays both the pros and cons of taking oral contraception. This allows people to determine their perceived benefits and perceived barriers, both of which should be considered when making such a large and influential decision. As a future public health professional, special care needs to be taken to explain both risks and benefits on educational tools, such as this image, so that consumers can make the best choices for themselves, based on unbiased education.

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Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) describes a dynamic, ongoing process in which personal factors, environmental factors, and human behavior influence each other. This theory has five different concepts, but I have chosen to discuss Self-Efficacy. Self-Efficacy is seen in the above photo as any individual gains that confidence to get things done & know that they're as capable as others. This is to take leadership or a higher role where they might have to lead a group to get things done. This concept of Self-Efficacy allows a better insight into their behavior and expands their knowledge of their environment. I believe it's essential to understand better what you're capable of, to engage with your peers in a better mindset & ready to get things done.

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One concept under the Health Belief Model is perceived benefits. An example of a scenario using the model would be whether someone gets vaccinated. In the picture, it shows a family. Perceived benefits involve people believing that taking action will reduce seriousness or result in something positive. For instance, people may believe that one benefit to getting vaccinated is to protect family members. The picture describes a daughter, mother, father, grandma, and grandpa living together and interacting with one another in one home. Knowing that older individuals are more likely to get sick from COVID, they want to make sure that the grandma and grandpa are safe. So, the daughter and parents may believe that getting vaccinated is a benefit to reduce the likelihood of the grandparents from getting sick. Ultimately, an individual has a higher chance in taking action, or in this case getting vaccinated, if it leads to beneficial results.

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The Health Belief Model and its six concepts impact an individual’s choice to take actions that directly affect their health. One of the six concepts included is perceived benefits. The concept of perceived benefits encompasses a person’s belief or understanding of the advantages that come along with following through with their actions relating to health. The picture above is an advertisement that depicts the benefits of quitting smoking. This picture is directly related to the concept of perceived benefits because it educates and informs smokers about the possible positive results that follow their action of no longer smoking. Not only does it show the long-term benefits, it also shows the benefits that can result within minutes. After looking at the advertisement, smokers may feel inspired to quit smoking. Even if they do not quit smoking right away, they may have the desire to gain more knowledge and understanding of perceived benefits. This can lead them to researching information or scheduling an appointment with their physician. Advertisements, such as the one above, are a simple tool to summarize perceived benefits to the public. Overall, this concept shows that when individuals become aware that particular actions benefit their health in a variety of ways, they may be more inclined to change their actions.

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The second stage of the Precaution Adoption Process Model is unengaged of the issue. The stage is when the person is aware of their health issue, but won't make the changes or actions necessary to resolve the health issue. For example, in this meme, the man is aware that in order to live a healthy lifestyle, he has to eat healthy, get tested regularly, and exercise on a daily basis. Yet however, he chooses to eat junk food, not exercise and not get tested, which can jeopardize his health status.

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The Health Belief Model focuses on six topics: perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy. Perceived barriers is the belief that the costs of taking action will outweigh any benefits. The picture above depicts traffic that appears to stretch for miles. The perceived barrier in this picture is that commuting to the doctor's office is not worth sitting in traffic for hours. An individual might believe that instead of spending time to see a medical professional, the time saved staying at home can be spent looking for an at-home cure. Potential change strategies for perceived barriers include offering reassurance and incentives. An incentive to encourage an individual to commute would be to offer discounts.

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Intention in the Theory of Planned Behavior represents the likelihood of the user to perform an action. For example, if you are trying to buy an iPhone, you must first contemplate the subjective norm (what others think about the iPhone), your attitude towards the behavior (whether you like the iPhone), and if you can handle the phone in perceived behavioral control (if you can afford to put phone to use). If these constructs are aligned, then the likelihood of you purchasing an iPhone is up which will ultimately lead to the behavior of buying it. The image displayed above goes hand in hand with what I talked about since you are collectively gathering information about your target behavior until you either release and hit the target or decide you need to adjust and put the bow down.

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Regularly reminding yourself of your intentions is the key to keeping your life on target, says Sylvia Boorstein. She shares how to set meaningful intentions for yourself, your loved ones, and all beings.

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An individual’s various traits and identities make up one of the five levels known as the intrapersonal level. Attributes such as age, education level, attitudes, beliefs and economic status can be found at the intrapersonal level. The image depicts an individual seen smoking a cigarette. This individual may have certain beliefs about tobacco use, which is why they smoke in the first place. They might not view it as something that is detrimental to their health and may possess a stubborn attitude with their smoking habits. It is important to recognize an individual's characteristics in order to understand what influences their behavior and implement prevention strategies.

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One of the 5 components of the social ecological model is community. Community can consists of where you work, where you go to school, and the area you live in. I choose a photo of a park because having access to parks, having safe sidewalks, and the number of trees in your neighborhood can impact your health. Parks are a great place to exercise and enjoy the outdoors. Those with limited access may be less likely to live an active lifestyle.

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The reason as to why I have decided to post this image, is because it is demonstrating the second stage of the "Precaution Adoption Process Model". Which is the stage as to when the person is aware of the issue but remains unengaged by it. The image is demonstrating an elderly woman that is aware of the issue of smoking and there is also a person (daughter or son) telling this woman not to smoke but the elderly woman in a sense has no desire is becoming engaged in changing this behavior.

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A picture of internet channels across the world is what I chose for the concept of communication channels for the Diffusion of Innovation Theory. The internet is one of the main ways that new information and ideas is shared today. An example would be the CDC. The CDC updates their website with useful information regarding diseases, epidemics, pandemics, etc. Websites like CDC help keep the public safe and give people valuable resources and tips on how to stay healthy.

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^I wrote the above one, but forgot to login

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A picture of internet channels across the world is what I chose for the concept of communication channels for the Diffusion of Innovation Theory. The internet is one of the main ways that new information and ideas is shared today. An example would be the CDC. The CDC updates their website with useful information regarding diseases, epidemics, pandemics, etc. Websites like CDC help keep the public safe and give people valuable resources and tips on how to stay healthy.

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One of the concepts of the Theory of Planned Behavior is Perceived Behavioral Control which refers to an individual's perception of how easy or hard a behavior is to them. Different perceptions of behavioral control occur depending on the situation which also affects the level of control one might have for that specific situation. This image represents the concept because when presented with an overwhelming situation the individual must take control of the situation and decide what to do despite the difficulty. We see two persons in the image, one who did not take control of the situation after seeing how difficult their situation was and one who did. Despite having a lot of studying or homework to do, the person who is at peace perceived the situation in a good way and made the best decision possible knowing that at some point the studying had to be done. On the other, the person who saw the task as a difficult one did not take control of the situation and made no progress at all which leaves them in the same place feeling overwhelmed with an increase of stress. Making the best decision made the difference in this image through the perception of behavioral control.

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The intent of the Health Belief model was to explain why people do not participate in programs to prevent disease. Social psychologists and public health officials concluded that individuals do not take advantage of public health programs that offer screening or prevention of disease since the individual does not believe they are susceptible to the disease. In the Health Belief Model,  social psychologists and public health researchers concluded that perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cue to action, and self-efficacy are the 6 constructs that make an individual more likely to take action to prevent, screen for, and control illness.
I chose this polio vaccine campaign advertisement image since the public health vaccine campaign was extremely successful and demonstrates the 6 constructs of the Health Belief Model.  The campaign made the public believe everyone was vulnerable to polio, how server the disease was, how successful the vaccine would help in reducing the risk of contracting polio, factors to activate change, confidence in one’s ability to initiate change, and offered reassurance, incentives, and assistance.

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Part of the five levels of the Social Ecological Model includes the Interpersonal Level. This level explains how a person's relationships (family, friends, peers, etc.) may influence their behaviors or conditions toward health. This picture of a doctor and a patient is a great representation of the concept of an interpersonal level. The relationship one has with their physician can highly affect how the individual chooses to act and behave on their own health. For instance, a patient with a highly positive relationship with their health professional will be more willing to listen to their advice on getting regular exercise or getting a mammogram.

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Under the diffusion of innovation theory, I chose the second concept of communication channels. Once an innovation is created-- like the COVID-19  or Monkeypox vaccine-- federal health agencies must communicate the availability and information regarding the item to the public to raise awareness of that said innovation. With the power of the internet and social media platforms, governmental health agencies and local community health organizations can disseminate the information to the public. Providing accurate and credible information online allows people to make sound decisions about their health. In addition to social media platforms, information can be diffused by word-of-mouth, television ads, or news networks. As soon as information is put out on either network, it is diffused to the general public. However, communication channels can be challenging as people may spread misinformation about that topic. The above image showcases people reading, reacting, and sharing a post of an innovation.

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I choose starting a healthy diet as a way to tie into the Transtheoretical Model. The model is a way to express and explain an individuals readiness to change their behavior. When it comes to changing your behavior, it takes steps/stages to get to the end goal of where you wanna be. Even though the modeL has 6 steps, this photo about starting a healthy diet in 8 simple steps paints the picture. To go into detail about making the changes start with pre contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination. Starting a healthy diet is all of those. In the beginning its challenging to start and stay consistent. It requires a lot of effort.

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You're sick and tired of feeling sick and tired. You may have been told that you're "just going to have to learn to live with" certain painful symptoms or chronic health issues. But you know there must be a better way. You want to live life to your fullest potential.

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I choose starting a healthy diet as a way to tie into the Transtheoretical Model. The model is a way to express and explain an individuals readiness to change their behavior. When it comes to changing your behavior, it takes steps/stages to get to the end goal of where you wanna be. Even though the modeL has 6 steps, this photo about starting a healthy diet in 8 simple steps paints the picture. To go into detail about making the changes start with pre contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination. Starting a healthy diet is all of those. In the beginning its challenging to start and stay consistent. It requires a lot of effort.

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You're sick and tired of feeling sick and tired. You may have been told that you're "just going to have to learn to live with" certain painful symptoms or chronic health issues. But you know there must be a better way. You want to live life to your fullest potential.

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This picture of different social media icons on someone's phone is related to the concept of Diffusion and Innovation Theory because the diffusion of new ideas pertaining to health are easily first seen on facebook, instagram, and other outlets that enable people to put their ideas on a platform. Social media acts as a communcation channel. Physicians today are now realizing how easily accessible the public is through these platforms, therefore they are hopping on trends on TikTok, Instagram, and even Snapchat, to quickly relay information to their followers. For example, many physicians, public health organizations, and news outlets used Facebook and Instagram to share information and updates on COVID-19 regulations, vaccines, etc., and it was where most people found their first source of news on the status of the pandemic. New innovations for the vaccine were being promoted on the internet, and many shared their beliefs and opinions, relaying misinformation, however most of the public has found motivation to be vaccinated through these outlets. Social media is now na important tool in public health and speeds up the diffusion of current innovations in healthcare.

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The concept in the Health Belief Model portrayed in this image is perceived barriers. Perceived barriers is one of the six constructs in the Health Belief Model, being the fourth one. In this construct, the individual or subject perceives that the benefits of taking action would outweigh the costs. Therefore, the subject has considered the potential psychological cost and the financial burden they may endure. However, they have thought about the efforts to taking action to change a health behavior of theirs will reduce the harms they have exposed themselves to. Further, in the image there is a scale with one side labeled benefits and the other labeled costs. The "costs" side of the scale has also lists money and time, and both terms correlate with the financial burden and psychological toll aspect of perceived barriers. The "benefits" side of the scale is a simplified word that covers any potential benefits of the money and time put into taking action to change a health behavior. Thus, this image demonstrates the fourth construct in the Health Belief Model, as it clearly illustrates that benefits outweigh the costs for the subject.

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Maintenance is the end goal of the Transtheoretical Model, and I chose a picture of studying to represent this model because studying is the act of maintaining good grades. It starts with pre contemplation when there is no thought of changing. Then contemplation where where someone wants to change their behavior to gain the benefits of better grades. This leads to preparation of study materials. Then ends with action and maintenance to keep good grades.

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In order for the concept known as Diffusion of Innovation Theory to work, it requires that time pass in order to add validity to theory being presented. Throughout the years, ideas/products/social practices are used by the population to improve their quality of health. An example given is the use of condoms which with time have proven to be way of having safe sex which reduces both pregnancies and STD's.

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Behavioral intention is one of the concepts of Theory of Planned Behavior. This refers to the motivational factors that influence a given behavior where the stronger the intention to perform the behavior, the more likely the behavior will be performed. For example, The picture above shows an image of a book, or a journal, that states "Stuff I am going to do." Have a journal like this with lists or pictures of things you would like to achieve can be a motivational factor that will lead to performing this behavior or action.

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One of the five components that make up the Social Ecological Model is community. I decided to choose community because I believe it plays a significant role in one's health because it creates social relationships. It is said that the Social Ecological Model focuses on the networks between organizations and institutions that make up the greater community. A park is considered a built-in environment that will affect one's health behaviors and will help determine where they originated as well.

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Out of the five components that make up the Social Ecological model, I decided to discuss community. Community plays a significant role in the Social Ecological model because it will create social relationships. Having social relationships is important because it will affect one's behavior. The Social Ecological model focuses on the networks between organizations and institutions to create a  greater community. Some examples of community structures include parks, neighborhoods, workplaces, and schools.

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The Precaution Adoption Process Model is model that includes 7 different stages of acknowledging and acting on a health issue. I felt this picture represents acting because it demonstrates a woman deciding to take medication for a certain health issue they may have acquired. She has gone through the stages of being unaware of the health issue, unengaged of the health issue, deciding about acting, and now she has finally acted upon the issue.