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He is regarded as one of the fathers of surgery and modern forensic pathology and a pioneer in surgical techniques and battlefield medicine, especially in the treatment of wounds. Ambroise Pare was a French barber surgeon who served in that capacity for kings Henry II, Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III. He was one of the first military surgeons to advocate primary amputation as a method of treating gunshot wounds, as well as one of the first to pick an amputation location that was located well above the gangrenous area.

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Andreas Vesalius' work marked the start of modern medicine, and he is regarded as the father of modern anatomy. Based on his findings from corpses and dissections, Vesalius was among the first medical professionals to precisely record and depict human anatomy, which advanced our understanding of the human body and improved surgical methods.

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Scientific Revolution c. (1543 - c. 1690)

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Scientific Revolution c. (1543 - c. 1690)

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The Scientific Revolution was a set of occurrences that heralded the advent of modern science in the early modern era, when advances in biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics, and astronomy altered how society perceived the natural world. New social hierarchies, networks of thinkers, and knowledge systems were developed as a result of the Scientific Revolution. Distribution and production were also impacted.

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During the transition from the Renaissance to the early modern age, Francis Bacon was one of the most influential people in natural philosophy and the study of scientific methods. Francis Bacon developed and popularized the scientific method, which relies on evidence gathered from experiments and observations rather than logic-based arguments to determine the rules of science.

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Anatomy and physiology have benefited from the discoveries of English physician William Harvey. The first English physician to discover that the blood circulates quickly throughout the body, pumping through a single network of arteries and veins, and to provide evidence to support this theory.

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Skepticism was first incorporated into the scientific process by René Descartes, who also created analytical geometry. He is recognized as one of history's greatest philosophers. He made significant conceptual strides in the formerly disparate domains of algebra and geometry with his analytical geometry. Descartes made the ground-breaking discovery that he could solve algebraic problems by transforming them into geometrical ones.

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Robert Boyle is credited with discovering the renowned Boyle's law, which states that a gas's volume decreases with rising pressure and vice versa. He was a strong supporter of the scientific method and was a renowned scientist and intellectual of his time.

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https://iep.utm.edu/locke/                                                                            https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1257/john-loc

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The "Father of Liberalism" is a term used to refer to the English philosopher and physician John Locke, who is recognized as one of the most important intellectuals of the Enlightenment. He made fundamental contributions to contemporary views of limited, liberal government and is frequently credited as the creator of the school of thought known as British Empiricism. Natural law, the social contract, religious tolerance, and the right to revolt were pioneered by Locke, and they later became fundamental to the American Revolution and the United States. that was the constitution.

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In the Golden Age of Dutch science and technology, Anton van Leeuwenhoek was a successful merchant and scientist from the Netherlands. He was a scientist who was mostly self-taught and is referred to as "the Father of Microbiology" in addition to being one of the first microscopists and microbiologists. The earliest observations of bacteria and protozoa were made by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek using single-lens microscopes that he created. His in-depth study of the development of tiny creatures like fleas, mussels, and eels contributed to the debunking of the hypothesis of life's spontaneous creation.

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Over the course of his lifetime, Sir Isaac Newton made a tremendous contribution to science. He made optics understandable and created calculus (opens in new tab). His creation of a general rule of gravitation and his laws of motion, however, were his most important contributions to the study of forces.

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Questioning established wisdom, Enlightenment philosophers in Britain, France, and other parts of Europe accepted the idea that rational reform could better humanity. Numerous books, articles, inventions, scientific advancements, laws, conflicts, and revolutions were the result of the Enlightenment. The American colonial religious landscape was heavily influenced by the rationalism and intellectual and religious freedom of the Enlightenment, and these principles played a crucial role in the American Revolution and the establishment of a country without a state religion.

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French judge, author, historian, and political philosopher Montesquieu was also a judge. He is the primary author of the principle of separation of powers, which is included into many international constitutions. According to Montesquieu, the best type of government is one in which the legislative, executive, and judicial branches are distinct from one another and mutually check each other to prevent any branch from gaining excessive power.

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Author, historian, and philosopher of the French Enlightenment, François-Marie Arouet. He was better known by his pen name, Voltaire, and was renowned for his wit, as well as his criticism of slavery, the Roman Catholic Church, and Christianity. His fictional Lettres philosophiques and the satirical novel Candide were two of his most well-known creations. The former—a collection of writings on English politics and society—was a turning point in intellectual history. Today it is considered one of the great monuments of French literature.

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Genevan philosopher, author, and musician Jean-Jacques Rousseau was also a composer. He was well recognized for the elements of the French Revolution and the advancement of modern political, economic, and educational ideas, and his political philosophy affected the development of the Age of Enlightenment throughout Europe. He opened up new avenues for political and ethical thought. His reforms transformed taste, first in music, then in the other arts.

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A British physician and scientist named Edward Jenner invented the first vaccination for smallpox, introducing the idea of vaccines to the globe. He developed the cowpox vaccine to replace the smallpox vaccination's terrifying risks.

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https://www.bostonteapartyship.com/american-revolution                 https://fscj.pressbooks.pub/ushistory/chapter/the-consequences-of-the-american-revolution

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13 of Britain's North American colonies rebelled against its imperial rule, sparking an epic political and military conflict known as the American Revolution that lasted from 1765 to 1783. The British crown and Parliament's imposition of taxes without the consent of the colonial population sparked the initial revolt. New marketplaces and trade connections were made possible by the Revolution. The American triumph also allowed for invasion and settlement of the western regions, opening up new home markets. Instead of relying solely on British manufacturers, Americans started to establish their own.

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The signing of the Declaration of independence (August 2, 1776) 

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The signing of the Declaration of independence (August 2, 1776) 

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The 13 rebels united under the Declaration of Independence to fight for their freedom from the English monarchy. It was a formal declaration. 13 British colonies in North America were declared to have seceded from Great Britain. Its objectives were to mobilize the troops, win over allies abroad, and herald the birth of a new nation. The Declaration's fundamental goal, to justify the colonists' right to revolution, is stated in the opening sentence. The Declaration of Independence was the first official declaration of the right of the people of a country to form their own government.

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U.S. Constitution is ratified (June 21, 1788)

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U.S. Constitution is ratified (June 21, 1788)

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When New Hampshire became the ninth of the original 13 states to ratify the Constitution, it provided the formal basis for American federalism. But the road to ratification was a difficult and drawn-out one. The United States Constitution established the country's national government, established its core laws, and provided its citizens with a number of essential rights.