# data[].attributes.body
- Is there a need for a new international organisation for hydrogen governance? With a focus on R&D?
- Example of nuclear fusion

# data[].attributes.body
- What role are African multinationals playing?

# data[].attributes.headline
Cross-cutting nature of hydrogen  politics is not yet taken into account: H2 politics carry social, gender,environmental, security dimension

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Cross-cutting nature of hydrogen  politics is not yet taken into account: H2 politics carry social, gender,environmental, security dimension

# data[].attributes.headline
External financing and questions of access 

# data[].attributes.subject
External financing and questions of access 

# data[].attributes.body
- Who has access to financing?
- What determines access?

# data[].attributes.headline
Colonial mindset means that Southern societies are still prone to energy extractivism

# data[].attributes.subject
Colonial mindset means that Southern societies are still prone to energy extractivism

# data[].attributes.headline
Hydrogen production has an immense political and social dimension: socio-technological adoption of technology, job creation and skill training, connection of hydrogen production to  local policies

# data[].attributes.subject
Hydrogen production has an immense political and social dimension: socio-technological adoption of technology, job creation and skill training, connection of hydrogen production to  local policies

# data[].attributes.body
- countries with more power that can be purchased by consumers

# data[].attributes.body
- Municipal electricity providers?

# data[].attributes.body
- Is it a shift to more decentralization or are new platform actors emerging?

# data[].attributes.headline
Producer-consumer dichotomy in hydrogen production chains; Africa merely considered as producer, EU outsourcing its transition

# data[].attributes.subject
Producer-consumer dichotomy in hydrogen production chains; Africa merely considered as producer, EU outsourcing its transition

# data[].attributes.headline
Political economy the transition and energy utilities/SOEs

# data[].attributes.subject
Political economy the transition and energy utilities/SOEs

# data[].attributes.body
- Shifting power dynamics
- New versus old players
- hydrogen versus electricity
- role of policy in enabling new actors

# data[].attributes.headline
Capacity of countries to set up energy infrastructures vs. external expectations; country competition, e.g. Namibia vs. Angola, Morocco vs. Algeria vs. Tunisia

# data[].attributes.subject
Capacity of countries to set up energy infrastructures vs. external expectations; country competition, e.g. Namibia vs. Angola, Morocco vs. Algeria vs. Tunisia

# data[].attributes.headline
Transition finance: Which finance tools are offered, what are the prerquisites and conditions? Just transition carries a huge social burden and does not pose a business case as such. Replacing / reskilling workers is not always bankable

# data[].attributes.subject
Transition finance: Which finance tools are offered, what are the prerquisites and conditions? Just transition carries a huge social burden and does not pose a business case as such. Replacing / reskilling workers is not always bankable

# data[].attributes.headline
Hydrogen auctions: How are the rules + the decision-making procedures, how is the procurement process organized? 

# data[].attributes.subject
Hydrogen auctions: How are the rules + the decision-making procedures, how is the procurement process organized? 

# data[].attributes.headline
H2Global: What's happening here, does H2Global adhere to ESG taxonomy standards?

# data[].attributes.subject
H2Global: What's happening here, does H2Global adhere to ESG taxonomy standards?

# data[].attributes.headline
Labour effects of hydrogen infrastrucutre: new jobs needed in specific regions; job absorption potential huge, but geographic allocation not considered

# data[].attributes.subject
Labour effects of hydrogen infrastrucutre: new jobs needed in specific regions; job absorption potential huge, but geographic allocation not considered

# data[].attributes.headline
Expectation management in hydrogen: transport questions are unresolved, energy enclaves may be created, all-too futurist perception of technology; path dependencies are not taken into account

# data[].attributes.subject
Expectation management in hydrogen: transport questions are unresolved, energy enclaves may be created, all-too futurist perception of technology; path dependencies are not taken into account

# data[].attributes.headline
Hydrogen economy: resource colonialism, orientalism. Germany so much concentrating on RE onshoring, for instance in hydrogen partnerships; national institutional architecture of Southern countries does not count

# data[].attributes.subject
Hydrogen economy: resource colonialism, orientalism. Germany so much concentrating on RE onshoring, for instance in hydrogen partnerships; national institutional architecture of Southern countries does not count

# data[].attributes.headline
Evolving Governance Topics/Aspects & Research puzzles

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Evolving Governance Topics/Aspects & Research puzzles

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- Geopolitical context: war in Ukraine
- Africa perceived at yet another economic opportunity for Europeans
- how can Africa develop agency / frame their own policies within the actual context
- some plans for energy transition are not developed in Africa but in EU or USA
- moral capacity of EU
- Africa should focus on renewables, not on export or use of the gas for export
- governance and institutional capacity + financial and techno-economic needed to support introduction of renewables
- power dynamics, what is the (colonial) history of countries; energy colonialism
- security on the ground (combined with governance aspects)
- stop asking question: Should we use gas in the African continent. Instead, look at conditions that develop renewables and suppport climate protection
- loosing acceptance on the ground for renewables if not including societies
- decentralized renewables can enable more inclusion of people
- who benefits from the transition?
- energy sources are not any more where the industries are. so which parts of the value chain (regarding renewable installations, as well fossil fuels / hydrogen) remain in Africa
- how to get/support a middle class society (e.g. through employment possibilites during the renewable supply chain, ...)
- role of China is different from Europe/US. Perceivement on the ground: more acceptance, no moral judgement, perceived as partner, faster to work with.
Through this China is able to get access to land/resources. Also corruption exists

# data[].attributes.body
- How do attempts at energy transition (re)shape existing energy dependencies in African countries?
- What are potential effects of energy importers potentially becoming energy exporters (hydrogen, electricity, etc.)?
- How does the changing discourse on energy transition in Europe shape energy relations between Europe and Africa (role of gas)
- How do investments in megaplants affect forms of local energy security?
- What role do state-owned energy utilities play in enabling/blocking attempts at energy transition?
- How do tensions between big utilities and privatised renewables play out?
- How do geopolitical tensions between Russia, China and EU play out in African energy politics?
- How do African actors perceive Western hydrogen strategies?
- How do attempts at energy transition risk deepening forms of energy colonialism?
- How may efforts at energy transition risk greenwashing forms of colonial occupation? (Morocco's occupation of West Sahara)
- Rebalancing of North-South relations + concerns of human rights and climate change
- How do shifting production chains and the growing importance of natural resources needed for batteries, PV panels, etc. rebalance power relations?
-

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How are certain forms of statehood (authoritarian, neoliberal, postcolonial) pervading African energy governance?

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How are certain forms of statehood (authoritarian, neoliberal, postcolonial) pervading African energy governance?

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Which energy policy innovations can we identify?

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Which energy policy innovations can we identify?

# data[].attributes.headline
Which forms of green geopolitics do you see evolving? How prone to conflicts are the new green value production chains?

# data[].attributes.subject
Which forms of green geopolitics do you see evolving? How prone to conflicts are the new green value production chains?

# data[].attributes.headline
How are green funds and green finance tools restructuring the green transition? How do we perceive policy innovations like the Just Transition Fund?

# data[].attributes.subject
How are green funds and green finance tools restructuring the green transition? How do we perceive policy innovations like the Just Transition Fund?

# data[].attributes.body
- Derisking von green finance
- Consultingfirmen haben großen Einfluss bei Deriskingpolitiken, Einschränkung von Handlungsspielräumen, politischer Ownership geht verloren
- H2Global als Finanzierungsinstrument als Doppelauktionsmodell von Wasserstoffprojekten in Afrika
- Just Transition Fund als Teil der JETP zur Energie- und Klimafinanzierung

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Energy economy: How are stranded assets in the fossil sector becoming an issue for African economies?

# data[].attributes.subject
Energy economy: How are stranded assets in the fossil sector becoming an issue for African economies?

# data[].attributes.headline
Energy governance: How are global energy governance and energy diplomacy currently evolving? Which 'research puzzles' come to our mind?

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Energy governance: How are global energy governance and energy diplomacy currently evolving? Which 'research puzzles' come to our mind?

# data[].attributes.headline
Open topic: What do you think are under-researched issues with regard to African energy politics?

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Open topic: What do you think are under-researched issues with regard to African energy politics?

# data[].attributes.headline
Open topic: What do you think are under-researched issues with regard to African energy politics?

# data[].attributes.subject
Open topic: What do you think are under-researched issues with regard to African energy politics?

# data[].attributes.headline
Open topic: What do you think are under-researched issues with regard to African energy politics?

# data[].attributes.subject
Open topic: What do you think are under-researched issues with regard to African energy politics?

# data[].attributes.body
Energy partnerships:
- different kind of energy partnerships of different countries
- potential for real partnership or colonial continuities
- energy partnerships in Germany are with the BMWK?
- bilateral energy partnerships with Africa have North-South divide
- differences between energy partnerships with countries of the Global North and Global South
- focus is not developmental politics but interest is in securing energy resources
- Access to markets by private actors through energy partnerships
- selective making of energy partnerships
- how do bilateral and multilateral partnerships work together?
- materiality of energy sources: mutual dependencies of countries linked by electricity grids, hydrogen is an energy carrier to transport renewable electricity across the world
- more focus on hydrogen, instead of electrification
- what are the effects of hydrogen developments on energy transition? can it advance the energy transition or hinder the energy transition?
- are there conflicts of goals between hydrogen and energy transition? there may be, but it depends on context, there may also be positive spillovers
- in North Africa electrification rate is higher, in South Africa lower and there might be more conflicts between energy poverty and building hydrogen projects for export

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- Frage nach der kolonialen Dimension der deutschen/europäischen Wasserstoffökonomie
- Wirtschaftliche Herausforderungen bei Wasserstoff, bspw. fehlende Infrastruktur, Transport, ...
- Risiko der Enklavenökonomien in afrikanischen Ländern bei exportorientierter Wasserstoffproduktion
- Pfadabhängigkeiten in den Institutionen müssen beachtet werden
- Wie groß sind die Beschäftigungseffekte von Wasserstoffprojekten in afrikanischen Ländern?
- Frage der Relocation der Stahlindustrie wird nicht gestellt. Es würde aber Sinn machen, in Ländern zu produzieren, wo viel Wasserstoff günstig hergestellt werden kann
- Unklarheiten wie schnell eine globale Wasserstoffwirtschaft entsteht und wie schnell grüner Wasserstoff wettbewerbsfähig sein wird

# data[].attributes.headline
Energy security: How are energy security & geopolitics becoming relevant topics also for energy research in African contexts? 

# data[].attributes.subject
Energy security: How are energy security & geopolitics becoming relevant topics also for energy research in African contexts? 