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The Mitchell Williams house was a very separated house built for conducting specifically, medical practices. The front of the house was used for medical practices. Other parts were conducted for public rooms and different areas.

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Laura Wheeler was a visual artist during the Great Migration during the 1900's. Laura focused on painting African Americans. During this time African Americans were portrayed in a badd way so she focused on portraying elegancy by trying to raise awareness from their discrimination.

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File:Marian Anderson, by Laura Wheeler Waring (1944).jpg - Wikipedia

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This is Dorthea Lange, an eighteen year old mother from Oklahoma during the Great Depression. Dorthea was a California migrant in Nipomo in 1937. This image signifies the closeness of her and her children which show the severity of their bond during this tough time. This Art was meant to rally everyone up emotionally.

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The Reform movement was from the 1820's and 1850's in the United States. This movement addressed social issues and wanted to abolish slavery, as well as seek woman's rights and a whole educational reform. The image above shows the protesting that was led during that movement.

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The Great depression was a severe economic downfall the 1930's. The stock market crashed which was a main reason for the unemployment, poverty, and industrial loss. So many banks, businesses, and manufacturers lost their jobs and broke down the economy.

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june 25,1941

Definition: President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued this order to stop racial discrimination in defense jobs during World War II. It happened because Black leaders, like A. Philip Randolph, pressured him by planning a big march on Washington. This helped Black workers get more jobs in industries supporting the war effort.

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Date: 1941

Definition: The Tuskegee Airmen were the first group of Black pilots in the U.S. military. They proved that Black men could fly and fight just as well as white soldiers, helping change people’s minds about race in the military.

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Date: 1963

Definition: Betty Friedan's book, The Feminine Mystique, helped start the modern feminist movement. It talked about how many women were unhappy being just housewives and mothers and wanted more in life.

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Date: 1956

Definition: The Eames Lounge Chair, designed by Charles and Ray Eames, became famous when it was shown on the TODAY Show. It’s now a symbol of cool, modern furniture and represents the growing importance of design and consumer products after World War II.

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Occupation of Alcatraz by Native Americans

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Occupation of Alcatraz by Native Americans

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Date: 1969

Definition: In 1969, a group of Native Americans took over Alcatraz Island to protest how the U.S. government treated them. They stayed there for over a year, demanding fair treatment and the return of Native land

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Date: 1966

Definition: The Black Panther Party was started in 1966 to fight against police violence and to help Black communities by providing food and health care. It became a symbol of the fight for Black rights during the Civil Rights Movement.

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Date: 1972

Definition: Womanhouse was an art project where women artists turned a house into an art installation. It focused on women’s roles in the home and society, using art to show the struggles and stereotypes women faced.

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Date: 1964

Definition: In this performance, Yoko Ono let people come up and cut pieces of her clothing. It showed how women are treated and made people think about issues like violence and control over women's bodies.

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Date: April 22, 1970

Definition: Earth Day started in 1970 to make people aware of environmental problems like pollution. It was a big event with millions of people involved, and it helped kick off the environmental movement.

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Date: 1970

Definition: Spiral Jetty is a big art piece made of rocks and mud in the Great Salt Lake by artist Robert Smithson. It shows how art can be part of nature and made people think about the environment.

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Date: 1939

Definition: Billie Holiday's song Strange Fruit talked about the terrible lynchings of Black people in America. The song became a powerful symbol against racism and violence.

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African American Music and Social Change

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African American Music and Social Change

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Date: 1900s to now

Definition: African American music, like jazz and hip hop, has been used to speak out against injustice and support social change. Musicians have played an important role in inspiring people to fight for their rights.

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The release of by all means necessary by boogie down 

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The release of by all means necessary by boogie down 

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Date: May 31, 1988

Definition: The second studio album by Boogie Down Productions, featuring socially conscious tracks like "My Philosophy." It responded to the murder of group member Scott La Rock and addressed social issues such as racism, police brutality, and education in the Black community. The album helped define politically charged hip-hop in the late 1980s

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Date: 1983

Definition: A groundbreaking documentary directed by Tony Silver and produced by Henry Chalfant, Style Wars explored New York City’s emerging hip-hop culture, focusing on graffiti, breakdancing, and rap music. The film became a historical record of how youth in marginalized communities used art to express identity and resist societal pressures.

Image/Link: Style Wars Film Poster

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Date: 1989

Definition: The NEA faced an unprecedented and fierce attack in the late 1980s for funding several works deemed controversial, such as the work of Robert Mapplethorpe and Andres Serrano's Piss Christ. Conservative politicians took to task the NEA for promoting what they saw as indecent and blasphemous art. The controversy exemplified the so-called "Culture Wars" of the 1980s, representing profound ideological conflict over free expression, public funding, and cultural representation in the United States.

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 The Couple in the Cage by Coco Fusco and Guillermo Gómez-Peña

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 The Couple in the Cage by Coco Fusco and Guillermo Gómez-Peña

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Date: 1992

Definition: A performance art in which Fusco and Gómez-Peña travel to various international museums and public spaces posing as the "undiscovered Amerindians" in a cage. A satirical performance which was critically addressing colonialism, exotification, and objectification of the non-Western people within the frames of cultural institutions; it exposed audiences to their complicity in viewing marginalized communities through a colonial lens.

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 The Couple in the Cage by Coco Fusco and Guillermo Gómez-Peña

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September 11, 2001 - Terrorist Attacks in the U.S.

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September 11, 2001 - Terrorist Attacks in the U.S.

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Date: September 11, 2001

Definition: On September 11, 2001, coordinated terrorist attacks by al-Qaeda struck the United States, targeting the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington, D.C. Nearly 3,000 people were killed. The attacks triggered a significant shift in U.S. foreign policy, including the War on Terror, the invasion of Afghanistan, the creation of the Department of Homeland Security, and the passage of the USA PATRIOT Act.

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Release of Green Day’s American Idiot Album

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Release of Green Day’s American Idiot Album

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Date: September 21, 2004

Definition: American Idiot is a politically charged punk rock album by Green Day, reflecting post-9/11 disillusionment, anti-establishment sentiments, and critiques of American foreign policy under the Bush administration. Tracks like "American Idiot" and "Holiday" expressed frustration with war, media manipulation, and cultural decline in the U.S., making the album a cultural touchstone of early 21st-century protest music.

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Release of Green Day’s American Idiot Album

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Founding of Immigrant Movement International by Tania Bruguera

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Founding of Immigrant Movement International by Tania Bruguera

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Date: 2011 - Present

Definition: Immigrant Movement International is a long-term socio-political art project founded by Tania Bruguera. It operates as a community resource center and activist platform advocating for immigrant rights through art, social engagement, and political action. Bruguera’s initiative redefines art as a tool for activism, blending political advocacy with artistic expression to enact social change.

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Founding of Immigrant Movement International by Tania Bruguera

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Launch of The Oakland Projects by Suzanne Lacy

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Launch of The Oakland Projects by Suzanne Lacy

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Date: 1991-2001

Definition: The Oakland Projects is a series of community-based performance artworks by Suzanne Lacy addressing youth empowerment, urban violence, and media representation.

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Launch of The Oakland Projects by Suzanne Lacy

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Muscogee (Creek) Removal (Trail of Tears)

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Muscogee (Creek) Removal (Trail of Tears)

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Date: 1830s

Definition: The forced removal of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation from their ancestral lands in present-day Georgia and Alabama occurred after the Indian Removal Act of 1830. Thousands of Muscogee people were displaced and forced westward to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) along what became known as the Trail of Tears. This removal caused immense suffering, loss of life, and the destruction of their cultural and social systems.

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Muscogee (Creek) Removal (Trail of Tears)

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Publication of Poet Warrior: A Memoir by Joy Harjo

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Publication of Poet Warrior: A Memoir by Joy Harjo

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Date: September 2021

Definition: Poet Warrior: A Memoir is a literary memoir by U.S. Poet Laureate Joy Harjo, reflecting on her life, her Muscogee (Creek) heritage, and the power of storytelling. The book blends poetry, history, and personal narrative, exploring themes of identity, survival, and resilience while advocating for the visibility and humanity of Native peoples through literature and art.

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Publication of Poet Warrior: A Memoir by Joy Harjo

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Date: August – December 1862

Definition: The US-Dakota War of 1862 was a violent conflict between the Dakota people and the U.S. government in Minnesota. Following broken treaties and mass starvation among the Dakota, they launched an armed uprising. The war resulted in the largest mass execution in U.S. history, with 38 Dakota men hanged in Mankato, Minnesota. The aftermath included forced relocations, land confiscations, and cultural suppression of the Dakota people.

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Date: 2010

Definition: Dakota 38, directed by Smooth Feather Productions, is a documentary that follows riders on a 330-mile journey from South Dakota to Mankato, Minnesota. The journey commemorates the 38 Dakota men executed in 1862 following the US-Dakota War. The film emphasizes healing, reconciliation, and remembrance through a spiritual and historical lens.

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Date: 1964-1975

Definition: Native Americans served disproportionately in the U.S. military during the Vietnam War, with many seeing service as both a patriotic duty and a continuation of their warrior traditions. Native soldiers faced high casualty rates and returned home to a lack of recognition and ongoing discrimination. Their service continues to be honored in Native communities through ceremonies, memorials, and historical preservation efforts.

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 AI-Generated Artwork Auctioned at Christie’s

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 AI-Generated Artwork Auctioned at Christie’s

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Date: October 25, 2018

Definition: In 2018, Christie’s auctioned Portrait of Edmond de Belamy, an AI-generated artwork created by the French art collective Obvious. The piece sold for $432,500, sparking debates about whether art created by machines can be considered authentic and valuable. This sale marked a significant cultural moment, redefining notions of creativity and artistic authorship.

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Title: AI-Generated Artwork Auctioned at Christie’s

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Publication of “If It Wasn’t Created by a Human Artist, Is It Still Art?”

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Publication of “If It Wasn’t Created by a Human Artist, Is It Still Art?”

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Date: August 15, 2023

Definition: Liz Mineo’s article from The Harvard Gazette investigates the evolving role of artificial intelligence in art-making. It features perspectives from artists, scholars, and critics on the philosophical, ethical, and legal issues surrounding AI-generated art. The article explores how AI disrupts traditional artistic definitions by creating pieces capable of evoking emotional responses while challenging human-centric ideas of creativity.

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Publication of “If It Wasn’t Created by a Human Artist, Is It Still Art?”