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Word/Phrases => existence of a state or the performance of an action

2 types

Main/Full verbs: used as an only verb

Action, state

Transitive, Intransitive, Linking

Auxiliary verbs: not used as an only verb

Modals

Be, Do, Have

Finite & Non-finite verbs are not types, they’re forms of verbs consisting of all the verbs

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A universal, non-linguistic concept with 3 divisions: past, present, and future.

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A grammatical concept expressing the relationship between the form of the verb and the time of the action or state that the verb describes

E.g. She liked jogging.

She now likes swimming.

She will like jogging again.

Only 2 types: past & present/ past & non-past

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A grammatical category dealing with how the event expressed by a verb is viewed, such as whether it is complete, is in progress, is habitual, or is momentary

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State

Activities

Accomplishments

Achievements

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(BE) + V-ing

Incomplete, in progress, developing

E.g. She is wearing contact lenses.

I was watching TV.

Uncompleted states

Temporary duration

E.g. He will be practicing violin this time tomorrow.

Pre-arrangement

E.g. She was picnicking the next day, that's why her fridge was full of food

BE in progressive, NOT for feelings

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(HAVE) + past participle

A relationship between 1 state/event and a later state/event or time

E.g. We have finished.

She had finished.

A state/event that extends up to a point in time

E.g. I have lived here 6 years now. (Perfect for the action occurring first)

An event that occurred within a time period

E.g. Have you ever been to Paris?

An event that has the result continuing up to a point in time

E.g. I have broken my watch. (it's still broken now)

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o   Temporary: limited duration, no longer lasting, being subject to change

E.g. It's raining. We'll leave when the rain stops.

o   Permanent: stability, being unlikely to change

E.g. They live in a large house.

o   Stative verbs (state verbs)

Verbs of perception and cognition: abhor, adore, believe, etc

Relational verbs: apply to, be, belong to, etc

o   Dynamic verbs (action verbs)

Activity verbs

Process verbs

Verbs of bodily sensation

Transitional event verbs

Momentary verbs

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A set of contrasts shown by the form of the verb and which express the speaker's/writer's attitude to what is said/written.

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The form of the verb used in statements or questions

E.g. She sat down.

Are you coming?

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The form of the verb used in imperative sentences

E.g. Be quiet!

Put it on the table.

Imperative do not have tense or perfect aspect, but they may be used in progressive aspect.

E.g. Be waiting for me at 5!

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The form of the verb used to express uncertainty, wishes, desires, etc. This mood refers to non-factual/ hypothetical situations and belongs mainly to formal/ written English.

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Same form as the bare infinitive and used

That-clause + subjunctive (mandative subjunctive): after nouns, verbs and adjectives expressing obligation, demand, suggestion, advice, etc.

LEST + present subjunctive

E.g. He left 2 hours early, lest he (should) be caught in a traffic jam

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= past simple (BE -> WERE)

We can put the main verb in the past tense without changing the subjunctive

E.g. He ordered me about as though I were his servant.

If the action in the subordinate clause is earlier than that of the main verb, past perfect is normally used

E.g. He talks as though he had built the house himself.

As if/ As though + past subjunctive

E.g. He orders me about as though I were his servant. (=I am not his servant)

It is (high/about) time + past subjunctive

E.g. It's time (that) we went. (formal)

It's high time (that) you had your hair cut.

Would rather + past subjunctive

E.g. I'd rather (that) you did it now.

Wish structures

Conditional sentences (type 2)