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a sandbox at the beach, oil painting style

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Perfect Beach Scene: 7 Hours of White Sand, Blue Water & Ocean Waves in 4K

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In my life I have been fortunate to have explored fascinating places around the world.  There is one particular city though, that keeps giving me new emotions every day. It is Roma (or Rome).
Its variety of architectures that stands clearly apart from other "megacities", Its unparalleled history legacy and Its intimate and quieter sides make Rome a city that does get into your bloodstream. 

Watch my other works:
Cuba: https://vimeo.com/224883799
Venezia: https://vimeo.com/181612110
Lanzarote: https://vimeo.com/192406523
Reverie of Vietnam: https://vimeo.com/126747807
Moments of Puglia: https://vimeo.com/165102515
Malta: https://vimeo.com/202709486

Rome has been documented in different ways and for different purposes but few videos make you appreciate this city through local's eyes. 

I have dedicated months filming everyday's moment to describe a day in Rome through a roman's eyes. This short film is the result. Let me indulge you for a few minutes.  

Awards:
OFFICIAL SELECTION - 2016 ICFF – Italian Contemporary Film Festival

Locations:
Many filmed locations are unknown to many. Click on the link to see film locations on map: https://goo.gl/AWgM6g

Based on an original idea and directed by Oliver Astrologo - FB: http://fb.com/oliver.astrologo
Additional footage: Nils Astrologo

Original Score: 
Max LL - http://maxll.ca

The original soundtrack of ROMA has been produced by talented composer Max LL. All music and sounds effects rights are reserved. 

SteadyCam (Gimbal) support
Aerea Visus - Uniclamp : http://goo.gl/KMDqbs

Thanks:
Marco Baroni di Fonderia, Simone Sampò, Alice Celia, Federico Chericoni and everyone who helped me create this video.

Appearances:
Maurizio & Satia Martinoli, Alessia Scognamiglio, Andrea di Curcio, Stefano Silvani, Valeria D’Ovidio, Tommaso Cassinis. The mask: Jacopo Sabar Giacchino.

Flickr album: https://flic.kr/s/aHskitMuGV

Geek Stuff
I have received so many messages asking for details on how I produce my videos. 
I put down this short piece: http://oliverastrologo.com/videotips this explains few techniques I have been using and includes a list of equipment. Don't hesitate to write to me if you need further details or have any recommendation.

Gear (Find a comprensive list of my equipment here: http://oliverastrologo.com/gear)
Sony A7ii @ 1080 50p PP7 (Exposed in S-Log2)
Sony A7s @ 1080 50p PP7 (Exposed in S-Log2)

Video Stabilization: Area Visus AV-ST-01

Lens used:
Zeiss 35mm 2.8
Zeiss 55mm 1.8
Canon 24-15mm 4.0 IS

Color Correction
ImpulZ LUTs with some tweaks. 

Riprese aeree (in italiano):
La questione delle riprese aeree effettuate con Droni è spesso soggetta a controversie, è importante ricordare che possono essere (e spesso sono) utilizzati in modo responsabile. Le riprese aeree di questo video sono state realizzate prima del 30 Aprile 2014 data antecedente alle nuove restrizioni sui voli, tutte le immagini sono state acquisite rispettando le seguenti modalità:

- Evitare le zone sensibili o qualsiasi cosa che può essere frainteso senza previa autorizzazione.
- Evitare i periodi più affollati, le ore di punta, eventi speciali, ecc.
- Evitare le folle. In caso di zone ove erano presenti delle persone con osservatori di terra e ricetrasmittenti.
- Rispettare le aree residenziali di tranquillità e diritto alla privacy.
- Eliminare qualsiasi materiale che rivela inavvertitamente persone o che possa compromettere la privacy.

Per domande riguardanti le riprese aeree, vi prego di contattarmi via e-mail.

** Important **
All video, music and sounds effects are rights reserved.
Please only use and share this embed code of the original video.
Third party downloads and distribution is not permitted.

If you are interested in buying footage or any inquiry please contact: info@oliverastrologo.com
******************************************************
Instagram: https://instagram.com/oliverhl
Twitter https://twitter.com/oliverastrologo
Facebook https://fb.com/oliver.astrologo
*******************************************************

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Period 3 Baking Soda and Vingar Demonstration

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Every day, matter undergoes changes. These changes can be classified as either physical changes or chemical changes.

Physical changes can almost always be reversed. For example, when liquid water freezes and forms ice, you still have water. It is just in a different state. If you dissolve sugar in a glass of water, you can evaporate the water to get back to the solid sugar. This is a special kind of physical change called a phase change. A phase change is a change in state or form in which no new substance forms.

Our world is also full of chemical changes that take place every day. They help us stay warm, feed ourselves, drive cars and play games on our smartphones. Everything you see around you is either undergoing or has undergone chemical change. This includes inside of you!

A chemical change, or chemical reaction, is a process by which one or more substances are changed into others through chemical means. This may involve a substance joining together with another substance. It may also involve a substance breaking apart into different substances. A chemical change is a change in which at least one new substance forms.

Left: A melting ice cube is a good example of a physical change. Right: A browning banana is a good example of a chemical change (Sources: tomch via iStockphoto, Luda311 via iStockphoto).

Conservation of Mass

When a chemical or physical change happens, you can observe different types of things. One thing that will always stay constant is mass. This means that the total mass of what you begin with will equal what you end up with. This is easiest to measure in a closed system in which no matter can escape.

For instance, let's take a common combustion reaction such as burning a wood log. To prove the conservation of mass, you could measure the mass of the log before you burned it. After it has been burned, you could measure the mass of the ashes. But the mass of the ashes would be much lower than the mass of the log. So where did the rest of the mass go? It went into the air! Carbon dioxide gas and water vapour are products of combustion reactions. If you collected and measured the gases produced as the log burned, then you would find the missing mass. Antoine Lavoisier did exactly this to prove his point! We now call this idea the Law of the Conservation of Mass.
"Nothing is lost, nothing is created, everything is transformed".
Antoine Lavoisier (1789)

Other scientists had experimented and proven this law before Lavoisier, but Lavoisier usually gets the credit for it because he published it in what is considered the first chemistry book. This book encouraged a shift from alchemy to modern chemistry. What made his work different was that he used math to describe what happened when mixing elements. His work spotlighted the need to measure and count. We can see this math in action when we balance chemical equations.

How to Tell When a Chemical Reaction May Have Occurred

We can observe many different things when a chemical reaction takes place. We might observe a change in temperature, the emission of light, a change in colour, a release of gas, or a change in the amount of reactants or products. All of these observations are useful when determining whether a chemical reaction has happened.

Heat or Light

Many reactions involve a transfer of energy. In some cases the energy may be felt as heat energy or seen as light energy. Often, both light and heat can be observed at the same time!

Burning wood is a good example of a chemical reaction in which light and heat can both be observed (Source: LAWJR via Pixabay).

When a reaction gives off heat, we call this an exothermic reaction. This means that heat is transferred from the reactants to the external environment. When the opposite occurs and a chemical reaction absorbs heat from its environment, it feels cold. We call this an endothermic reaction. The emission of light from a very hot substance is called incandescence.

Many chemical reactions give off light and/or heat. A familiar example of a chemical reaction that gives off both heat and light is the combustion of propane in a gas stove or BBQs.

Sometimes light is given off without the temperature being high. We call this luminescence. A good example of this happens when you bend a glowstick. The bending allows two chemicals inside to react and give off light. When the light is as a result of an inorganic chemical reaction, we call it chemiluminescence. When a living organism uses chemicals in its body to emit light, we call it bioluminescence.

The brilliance of bioluminescence (2013) by TED-Ed (4:08 min.).

Colour Change

A change in colour is another sign that a chemical reaction has occurred. A good example of this is when something rusts. Pure iron is naturally silver in colour. We don't usually observe it this way on Earth because it reacts easily with the oxygen in the air.

The chemical equation of this reaction is:

As you may already know, rust is a reddish colour. It is responsible for the beautiful colours we see in the Grand Canyon, and the colour of the soil on Mars.

Rusty iron nails on the left and new iron nails on the right. Notice the difference in colour. (Source: RobertoDavid via iStockphoto).

Another impressive colour change reaction is that of potassium permanganate and sugar (glucose). In this reaction, the colour changes as more reactants are turned into products! But no need for lab chemicals to see this for yourself. Try this activity to see this at home!

Video Lab: Chemical reaction: Change in Color (2016) by Science Bits (0:39 min.).

Release of Gas

Sometimes a chemical reaction produces a gas as one of its products. When this happens, we can observe bubbles or fumes.

An example of a chemical reaction that produces a gas is the reaction between baking soda and lemon juice (citric acid). If you mix baking soda with lemon juice (or vinegar), both substances quickly react to form bubbles. The bubbles are made of carbon dioxide gas (CO 2(g)). Carbon dioxide bubbles are also responsible for the fizz you see in soft drinks. The burning of paper or wood (a type of combustion reaction) also produces carbon dioxide gas as well as water vapour.

The chemical reaction between baking soda and lemon juice forms bubbles of carbon dioxide gas (Source: uuurska via iStockphoto).

Misconception Alert!
Be careful to not confuse a phase change with a gas formation. Water vapor formed when heating water is not evidence of a chemical change!

In some chemical reactions, the gas produced can be highly toxic. This can happen at home if certain cleaning products are mixed together. Breathing the gas created from mixing some cleaning products can even result in death. This is why you should never use two different cleaning products together - ever!

Precipitate Formation

Sometimes when two solutions undergo a chemical reaction, one of the new products formed from the reaction is not soluble. This means that it is not able to dissolve in the new solution. Instead, we can observe a solid that is distinct and separate from the solution. We call this solid a precipitate. You have probably heard the word "precipitation", but maybe not when talking about chemistry. We also use the word precipitation to refer to the types of water that fall from the sky. The solid in a precipitation reaction also often falls, or sinks, to the bottom of the solution. Precipitation reactions are all double replacement reactions.

The video below shows many examples of a formation of a precipitate, including ones in which colourless solutions form colourful solid products. Who knew that chemistry could be so beautiful!

Beautiful Chemical Reactions - Precipitation (2014) by iseen (1:22 min.).

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Every day, matter undergoes changes. These changes can be classified as either physical changes or chemical changes. Physical changes can almost always be reversed. For example, when liquid water freezes and forms ice, you still have water. It is just in a different state .

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The Science Behind Striking a Match | Britannica

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Learn about the chemistry of lighting a match.

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Cozy Campfire 🔥 Relaxing Fireplace Sounds 🔥 Burning Fireplace & Crackling Fire Sounds (NO MUSIC)

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Cozy Campfire 🔥 Relaxing Fireplace Sounds 🔥 Burning Fireplace & Crackling Fire Sounds (NO MUSIC)

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Glass may fracture in a way similar to metals, but at a thousand times smaller scale.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 075504 (2003)

If you dropped a wineglass, you'd expect it to shatter, not skitter across the floor like a silver goblet would. But research published in the 21 February print issue of PRL suggests that glass does in fact break like a metal-at least at the nanometer scale. The research may help explain some of the fracture properties of glass, and may someday lead to stronger versions of the material.

Researchers generally categorize fracture modes into two classes. Ductile fracture occurs in metals, which can bend before they shatter. Brittle materials like glass can't bend, and so they break more easily. Researchers have traditionally thought that cracks in brittle materials grow because applied stress causes atomic bonds to stretch and pull apart at the tip of the crack. This process would produce sharp crack tips and smooth fracture surfaces. In contrast, ductile fractures occur because stress causes pockets of empty space called damage cavities to form ahead of the crack tip. These cavities grow and coalesce to propagate the crack, a process which leads to rough, uneven fracture surfaces.

Video courtesy of Christian Marliere, Montpellier Univ.

At the millimeter and micrometer scales, the difference between glass's smooth fracture surface and metal's rough one is clear. In recent years, though, researchers have looked more closely at broken glass and noticed that its fracture surface is rougher than they had previously thought. Using an atomic force microscope (AFM), researchers examined fractured glass at the nanometer scale and found rough, metal-like surfaces.

That prompted some to wonder whether the ways in which glass and metal break are really so different after all. "It seemed that the topographic features of metals and glass were not so different," says Christian Marlière of Montpellier University in France. "Why not think that the fracture processes are also equivalent?"

To test this theory, Marlière's group collaborated with colleagues at France's Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) in Saclay. The researchers placed a 4 x 4 x 40-millimeter block of glass vertically inside a chamber and slowly squeezed on the small top and bottom faces with a compression machine. A one-millimeter-diameter hole went horizontally through the middle of the block. The squeezing pressure caused it to bow apart in the middle, and cracks slowly propagated vertically up and down from the hole. The team used an atomic force microscope (AFM) to watch one resulting crack as it developed. The AFM, which measures the topography of a surface, revealed tiny valleys ahead of the crack tip, and the team showed that these were nanoscale damage cavities. "So the way glasses and metals rupture is very similar," says Marlière, but at a thousand times smaller scale for glasses.

Elisabeth Bouchaud, head of the CEA group, says the research may have implications for glass manufacturers. Right now, she says, manufacturers have a good understanding of glass's empirical fracture properties-how much stress a certain type of glass can withstand before cracking, for example. "What we hope," she says, "is that we can give them a better understanding of the effect of glass composition on damage properties." That might help manufacturers develop different types of glass particularly suited for different jobs.

James Rice of Harvard University says that fracturing glass has never before been carefully examined at the nanometer scale. "This study is certainly significant," he says, "because it presents evidence that the actual way extremely brittle materials fracture is different from what has commonly been imagined."

-Lea Winerman

Lea Winerman is a freelance science writer.

Subject Areas

Related Articles

Materials Science

Condensed Matter Physics

Graphene

More Articles

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Glass may fracture in a way similar to metals, but at a thousand times smaller scale.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Glass may fracture in a way similar to metals, but at a thousand times smaller scale.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 075504 (2003)

If you dropped a wineglass, you'd expect it to shatter, not skitter across the floor like a silver goblet would. But research published in the 21 February print issue of PRL suggests that glass does in fact break like a metal-at least at the nanometer scale. The research may help explain some of the fracture properties of glass, and may someday lead to stronger versions of the material.

Researchers generally categorize fracture modes into two classes. Ductile fracture occurs in metals, which can bend before they shatter. Brittle materials like glass can't bend, and so they break more easily. Researchers have traditionally thought that cracks in brittle materials grow because applied stress causes atomic bonds to stretch and pull apart at the tip of the crack. This process would produce sharp crack tips and smooth fracture surfaces. In contrast, ductile fractures occur because stress causes pockets of empty space called damage cavities to form ahead of the crack tip. These cavities grow and coalesce to propagate the crack, a process which leads to rough, uneven fracture surfaces.

Video courtesy of Christian Marliere, Montpellier Univ.

At the millimeter and micrometer scales, the difference between glass's smooth fracture surface and metal's rough one is clear. In recent years, though, researchers have looked more closely at broken glass and noticed that its fracture surface is rougher than they had previously thought. Using an atomic force microscope (AFM), researchers examined fractured glass at the nanometer scale and found rough, metal-like surfaces.

That prompted some to wonder whether the ways in which glass and metal break are really so different after all. "It seemed that the topographic features of metals and glass were not so different," says Christian Marlière of Montpellier University in France. "Why not think that the fracture processes are also equivalent?"

To test this theory, Marlière's group collaborated with colleagues at France's Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) in Saclay. The researchers placed a 4 x 4 x 40-millimeter block of glass vertically inside a chamber and slowly squeezed on the small top and bottom faces with a compression machine. A one-millimeter-diameter hole went horizontally through the middle of the block. The squeezing pressure caused it to bow apart in the middle, and cracks slowly propagated vertically up and down from the hole. The team used an atomic force microscope (AFM) to watch one resulting crack as it developed. The AFM, which measures the topography of a surface, revealed tiny valleys ahead of the crack tip, and the team showed that these were nanoscale damage cavities. "So the way glasses and metals rupture is very similar," says Marlière, but at a thousand times smaller scale for glasses.

Elisabeth Bouchaud, head of the CEA group, says the research may have implications for glass manufacturers. Right now, she says, manufacturers have a good understanding of glass's empirical fracture properties-how much stress a certain type of glass can withstand before cracking, for example. "What we hope," she says, "is that we can give them a better understanding of the effect of glass composition on damage properties." That might help manufacturers develop different types of glass particularly suited for different jobs.

James Rice of Harvard University says that fracturing glass has never before been carefully examined at the nanometer scale. "This study is certainly significant," he says, "because it presents evidence that the actual way extremely brittle materials fracture is different from what has commonly been imagined."

-Lea Winerman

Lea Winerman is a freelance science writer.

Subject Areas

Related Articles

Materials Science

Condensed Matter Physics

Graphene

More Articles

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Glass may fracture in a way similar to metals, but at a thousand times smaller scale.

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Vinegar + Baking Soda + Balloons = FIZZY FUN! | Kids Science Experiments | Science for Kids

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Paper Tear Tutorial: How To Create The Perfect Tear In After Effects

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The Chemical Reaction of Fire | Beyond the Elements | PBS LearningMedia

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Learn about the chemistry of fire, and see how bacon can cut steel, with this video from NOVA: Beyond the Elements. Use this resource to develop models of the chemical reaction of fire.

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The Chemical Reaction of Fire | Beyond the Elements | PBS LearningMedia

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Learn about the chemistry of fire, and see how bacon can cut steel, with this video from NOVA: Beyond the Elements. Use this resource to develop models of the chemical reaction of fire.

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Time Lapse: Ice Cubes melting in Glass #shorts

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The process of changing from a child into an adult is called adolescence. During this period of change young people mature physically, begin to take responsibility for…

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ASMR 🤩 Ripping Paper 🤩 Intense | Fast  | No Stripes 🗃️

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ASMR 🤩 Ripping Paper 🤩 Intense | Fast  | No Stripes 🗃️

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Melting and freezing chocolate | Heat | Physics

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What Happens (Chemically) When Wood Burns?

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What Happens (Chemically) When Wood Burns?

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Fire has been around for a million years. It’s okay if you still don’t know how to build one.

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Fire has been around for a million years. It’s okay if you still don’t know how to build one.