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Definition

It began in Great Britain in the 1700s and continued into the 1800s. This period changed how things like coal and iron were made and used, and these changes spread to other countries.

During this time, farming and factories used machines more, and new ways of transportation like steamships, cars, and airplanes were invented.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution

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A Roberts loom in a weaving shed in Great Britain in 1835

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The spinning jenny is a multi-spindle spinning frame, and was one of the key developments in the industrialisation of textile manufacturing during the early Industrial Revolution. It was invented in 1764–1765 by James Hargreaves in Stan hill, Oswaldtwistle, Lancashire in England.

The spinning jenny helped to start the factory system of cotton manufacturing and it initiated the Industrial Revolution, model at the Museum of Early Industrialisation in Wuppertal (Germany).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#Silk

Spinning jenny - Wikipedia

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{{GFDL}} A Spinning Jenny, spinning machine which initiated the Industrial Revolution. Modell einer Jenny im historischen Zentrum Wuppertal eigenes Bild von Markus Schweiß, ursprünglich Deutsche Wikipedia

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. Date/Time Thumbnail Dimensions User Comment current 18:10, 21 June 2005 705 × 582 (73 KB) Fenice~commonswiki {{GFDL}} A Spinning Jenny, spinning machine which initiated the Industrial Revolution.

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George Stephenson's First Steam Locomotive : A milestone in railway transportation, George Stephenson's first steam train was unveiled on July 25th, 1814.

https://www.historytoday.com/sites/default/files/stephenson.jpg

George Stephenson, often called "the father of the railways," played a key role in the development of the first railway system, though others like Robert Trevithick were also involved. Stephenson, born in 1781 to a poor family in Northumberland, worked in coal mines from a young age and taught himself to read, write, and learn arithmetic. By 1812, he became the chief mechanic at Killingworth Colliery and built his first successful locomotive, Blucher, in 1814. Stephenson improved railway tracks and locomotives, leading to the creation of the first public passenger steam train in 1825, which carried 450 people 25 miles. By 1830, his locomotive, the Rocket, reached speeds of 36 miles per hour, marking the start of the railway age and establishing Stephenson as a major figure in its development.

https://www.historytoday.com/archive/george-stephensons-first-steam-locomotive

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A model of a beam engine featuring Watt's parallel linkage for double action built by Samuel Pemberton between 1880-1890. It appears not to use Watt's separate condensor.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_engine

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A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid. The steam engine uses the force produced by steam pressure to push a piston back and forth inside a cylinder. This pushing force can be transformed by a connecting rod and crank into rotational force for work. The term “steam engine” is most commonly applied to reciprocating engines as just described, although some authorities have also referred to the steam turbine and devices such as Hero’s aeolipile as “steam engines”. The essential feature of steam engines is that they are external combustion engines,[1] where the working fluid is separated from the combustion products. The ideal thermodynamic cycle used to analyze this process is called the Rankine cycle. In general usage, the term steam engine can refer to either complete steam plants (including boilers etc.), such as railway steam locomotives and portable engines, or may refer to the piston or turbine machinery alone, as in the beam engine and stationary steam engine.

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The Iron Bridge in Shropshire, England, the world's first bridge constructed of iron, opened in 1781.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#Iron_industry

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The Industrial Revolution, sometimes divided into the First Industrial Revolution and Second Industrial Revolution, was a period of global transition of the human economy towards more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes that succeeded the Agricultural Revolution. Beginning in Great Britain, the Industrial Revolution spread to continental Europe and the United States, from around 1760 to about 1820–1840.[1] This transition included going from hand production methods to machines; new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes; the increasing use of water power and steam power; the development of machine tools; and the rise of the mechanised factory system. Output greatly increased, and the result was an unprecedented rise in population and the rate of population growth. The textile industry was the first to use modern production methods,[2]: 40 and textiles became the dominant industry in terms of employment, value of output, and capital invested.

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The Industrial Revolution had many benefits. It created more employment opportunities, raised wages, and improved people’s living standards. Factories and machines boosted national wealth and improved systems like transportation, communication, and banking. Women gained more importance by working in factories. The IR led to more production, better diets, cheaper clothes, and improved housing, especially for the middle and upper classes. Education for the rich expanded, and higher tax revenues helped governments develop cities. Important progress was made in farming, urban growth, business, science, and technology.

https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/96644/1/MPRA_paper_96644.pdf

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During the Industrial Revolution, many industries advanced, and there were several important technological innovations. For example, Cort's process for producing iron, Crompton's machine for spinning cotton, and Watt's steam engine were all created. These inventions boosted productivity significantly. A worker using a machine with 100 spindles could spin cotton much faster than 100 workers using traditional spinning wheels. This period transformed Britain into the "world's workshop."

https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/96644/1/MPRA_paper_96644.pdf

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Development of Textile Industry(contributed to Britain’s economic)

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Development of Textile Industry(contributed to Britain’s economic)

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The development of textiles was central to the Industrial Revolution and contributed greatly to Britain’s economic growth. Cotton production in England expanded between 1770 and 1870, with Manchester producing 40% of the world’s cotton goods by 1900. Inventions like John Kay’s flying shuttle (1747), James Hargreaves’ spinning jenny (1770), Richard Arkwright’s water frame (1769), and Samuel Crompton’s spinning mule (1779) revolutionized textile manufacturing. By the early 1800s, power looms rapidly increased, and textile production became a dominant industry in cities like Manchester and Leeds, with cotton sourced from America.

https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/96644/1/MPRA_paper_96644.pdf