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Way Kambas National Park (WKNP) located in the Lampung Province, in the southern Sumatra. Though this park widely famous by their Sumatran elephant, but more than that, the park has 406 bird species and 50 different species of mammals.

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Way Kambas National Park (WKNP) is situated in Lampung Province, southern Sumatra. Famously known for its Sumatran elephant, the park is also home to 406 bird species and 50 species of mammals. Many of these species, such as Sumatran tiger and rhino, are critically endangered. Considering its uniqueness in biodiversity, WKNP has been designated as part of ASEAN Heritage Park.

CHALLENGES

To maintain its ASEAN Heritage Park title, WKNP management unit should make their best effort to save biodiversity within the park. The landscape of the park covers 125.621,30 ha of swamps and lowland rainforests, but these habitats of Sumatra's charismatic species have been degraded by extensive logging in 1960s-1970s, adversely impacting wildlife population. Habitat loss can also drive wild elephant to wander near villages and lead to conflicts with human. While these conflicts may not directly affect elephant population, it can affect people's support to conservation.

OUR SUPPORT

WCS-IP has supported the government in Way Kambas National Park since 2000 through its team Wildlife Response Unit (WRU), responding to human - elephant conflicts. The initiative includes human-elephant conflict mitigation, patrolling in 163 elephant tracks in villages around WKNP, facilitating self-reliant mitigation training and initiating village forum to independently mitigate human-elephant conflicts. WCS supports WKNP in setting up two teams of SMART patrol units, and conducting a study on elephant population using DNA obtained from faecal matters of the species.

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Area and Location:

Located on the area of East Lampung and Central Lampung Regency

Description:

Way Kambas National Park has high genetic biodiversity and species biodiversity. It is critically important habitat for many endangered animals such as Sumatran elephant, Sumatran tiger and Sumatran rhino.

Habitat Types:

Way Kambas National Park has high genetic biodiversity and species biodiversity. Some types of vegetation in Way Kambas National Park are: Coastal forest, Mangrove forest,  Lowland forest,  Riparian forest, and  Dipterocarp / lowland forest.

Unique Flora:

Way Kambas National Park has rich biodiversity in plant, which are the following:
Cyperus sp., Ipomoea pescaprae, Fimbristylis sp., almond tree (Terminalia catappa). Lowland forest with Alstonia scholaris, Macaranga sp.,  and Arenga pinnata. Dipterocarp forest has Trema orientalis, Mallotus paniculatus, Ficus fistula and Adyna polycephala. While secondary dipterocarp forest is dominated by Agathis sp., Dipterocarpus sp., Dillenia excelsa and Schima walicii.

Unique Fauna:

Way Kambas is home to the big five mammals (Sumatran Elephant, Sumatran Rhino, Sumatran Tiger, Honey Bear, and Tapir)

Ecotourism Destination and Activities:

Way Kambas National Park is a place for research and recreation. Places that can be used for education, ecotourism and reseach are: Way kanan, Kuala kambas, Elephant Conservation Center and Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary.

Biological Richness:• 50 species of mammals which 36 species of them are protected
• 6 species of primates
• 406 species of aves
• 15 species of mammals and 20 species of birds are endemic species of Way Kambas National Park. Credits to ASEAN Clearing house mechanism

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Way Kambas National Park | ASEAN Clearing House Mechanism

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Located on the area of East Lampung and Central Lampung Regency

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Way Kambas National Park is a national park covering 1,300 km²(500 sq mi) in Lampung province of southern Sumatra, Indonesia. It consists of swamp forest and lowland rain forest, mostly of secondary growth as result of extensive loggingin the 1960s and 1970s.[3] Despite decreasing populations, the park still has a few critically endangered Sumatran tigers, Sumatran elephantsand Sumatran rhinoceroses. It also hosts over 400 bird species.[4]

In 2016, Way Kambas was formally declared an ASEAN Heritage Park.[5]

Threats to the park are posed by poaching and habitat loss due to illegal logging. Conservation efforts include patrolling and the establishment of the Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary and the Elephant Conservation Centre.

In 2019 and 2021, the International Rhino Foundation was working to capture three Sumatran rhinoceros in the park.[6][7]

Flora and fauna

Plant species include Avicennia marina, Sonneratia species, Nypa fruticans, Melaleuca leucadendra, Syzygium polyanthum, Pandanusspecies, Schima wallichii, Shoreaspecies, Dipterocarpus gracilis, and Gonystylus bancanus.[8] The sandy shores of the park are dominated by Casuarina equisetifolia.[3]

The park has 50 species of mammal, many of them critically endangered. There are only 12-14 Sumatran rhinoceros in the area,[9] down from around 40 in the 1990s.[10] The number of Sumatran elephants in the park was estimated to be 247 in 2015.[11] The population of Sumatran tigers has declined from 36-40 in 2000 to fewer than 30.[12] Other mammals in the park are the Malayan tapir, Sumatran dhole (Cuon alpinus sumatrensis) and siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus syndactylus).[8]

About half of the bird species inhabit the coastal swamps, including mangroves, riverine forest, freshwater and peat swamp forest, and the marshes of the area. The park is one of the last strongholds of the white-winged wood duck, with a population between 24-38 birds left, the largest in Sumatra.[3] Among the other 405 species of bird recorded in the park, are the Storm's stork, woolly-necked stork, lesser adjutant, crested fireback, great argus and Oriental darter.[8]

Among reptiles, the endangered false gharial crocodile is found in the coastal swamps.[3]

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The Way Kambas National Park has rich biodiversity, which includes: Coastal forests (Cyperus sp., Ipomoea pescaprae, Fimbristylis sp., almond tree (Terminalia catappa), casuarina tree (Casuarina equisetifolia), Callophylum inophylum, and coconut tree (Cocos nucifera

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Threats and conservation

Way Kambas was established as game reserve by the Dutch administration in 1937, and in 1989 was declared a National Park.[3]

Significant encroachment has occurred along the southern boundary of the park by villagers claiming traditional land rights. Roads and trails into the park are starting points for illegal logging that penetrates into the interior of the park.[10] This resulted in the forest coverage declining to 60% of the park. In 2009-10 an area of 6,000 hectares which had been occupied by squatters for decades was cleared of them.[13]

Wells left behind by relocated communities in 1984 have proven to be deadly traps for the animals, including baby elephants, rhinos and tigers. In a conservation effort between 2008 and 2010 around 2,000 such wells have been closed.[14]

Poaching has been a significant threat,[15] often involving soldiers and in a 2002 case even military officers.[15] In recent years poaching has been reported to be more under control, with no cases of rhinoceros poaching,[15] and no cases of tiger poaching reported between 2004 and 2011.[12]

In early 2011 the Ministry of Forestry announced the allocation of funds to establish a rare flora and fauna rehabilitation centre in the park.

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Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary

A managed breeding centre named Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary (SRS) of 250 acres (100 ha) was built up in 2023.[10] The goal of the sanctuary is to maintain a small number of rhinos for research, "insurance", awareness-building, and the long-term goal of developing a breeding program, to help ensure the survival of the species in the wild.[16] The founding population was five Sumatran rhinos, most have been moved from zoos to the large enclosures with natural habitat at the SRS. Since 1997, Rhino Protection Units have been established. These are trained anti-poaching teams of 4-6 people that patrol a minimum of 15 days per month the key areas of the park to deactivate traps and identify illegal intruders.[10] Andatu, a calf who born on June 23, 2013, is the fourth calf live in the zoo all over the world or semi-in-situ captive breeding likes in Way Kambas Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary. The mother is Ratu and the father is Andalas who came from Cincinnati, US, in 2007. In earlier October 2003, Andatu height is almost the same of the mother height.[17]The Sanctuary is not open to public. There are currently 9 rhinos living in the sanctuary, Sedah Mirah (female), Rosa (female), Bina (female), Ratu (female), Delilah (female), Andalas (male), Harapan (male), Andatu (male), and unnamed (male calf). The most recent birth was of a male calf in 25 November 2023.[18]

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Elephant–human conflict

Elephants in the Way Kambas Conservation Centre

A significant source of conflict between the park and surrounding communities is posed by crop raiding wild elephants. In a study conducted in the 1990s, it was recorded that wild elephants damaged over 45 hectares of corn, rice, cassava, beans and other crops, and around 900 coconut, banana and other trees in 18 villages around the park. Over a period of 12 years, elephants killed or injured 24 people near the park. Villagers attempt to reduce elephant damage by guarding fields, digging trenches between, and modifying their cropping patterns.[19] In 2010 it was reported that villagers used bonfires around their homes to scare away the elephants while forest rangers have been using tame elephants to help drive away wild herds.[20]

Elephant Conservation Centre

The Elephant Conservation Centre (ECC) was established in the 1980s. The elephants in the centre have been domesticated and are used for heavy work, ecotourism, patrol and breeding.[21] Paintings created by elephants at the centre are sold by Novica, a commercial online arts agent associated with the National Geographic Society, with about half of the proceeds assisting endangered elephants throughout Asia.[22][23]

The ECC will be provided with an elephant hospital which will become the first of its kind in Indonesia and the largest in Asia. The elephant hospital will be built on a 5-hectare area with a Rp10 billion ($1.11 million) investment and expected to start operations in 2014.[24]

During 2016 and 2017, the Centre saw six new calves born.[25] Chusnunia Chalim, regent of East Lampung, has hoped to promote awareness of the whole park through the Centre.[26]

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Credit to Wikipedia for the information.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Way_Kambas_National_Park

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Way Kambas National Park is a national park covering 1,300 km ² (500 sq mi) in Lampung province of southern Sumatra, Indonesia. It consists of swamp forest and lowland rain forest, mostly of secondary growth as result of extensive logging in the 1960s and 1970s. Despite decreasing populations, the park still has a few critically endangered Sumatran tigers, Sumatran elephants and Sumatran rhinoceroses. It also hosts over 400 bird species.

In 2016, Way Kambas was formally declared an ASEAN Heritage Park.

Threats to the park are posed by poaching and habitat loss due to illegal logging. Conservation efforts include patrolling and the establishment of the Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary and the Elephant Conservation Centre.

In 2019 and 2021, the International Rhino Foundation was working to capture three Sumatran rhinoceros in the park.

The park has 50 species of mammal, many of them critically endangered. There are only 12-14 Sumatran rhinoceros in the area, down from around 40 in the 1990s. The number of Sumatran elephants in the park was estimated to be 247 in 2015. The population of Sumatran tigers has declined from 36-40 in 2000 to fewer than 30. Other mammals in the park are the Malayan tapir, Sumatran dhole ( Cuon alpinus sumatrensis) and siamang ( Symphalangus syndactylus syndactylus).

About half of the bird species inhabit the coastal swamps, including mangroves, riverine forest, freshwater and peat swamp forest, and the marshes of the area. The park is one of the last strongholds of the white-winged wood duck, with a population between 24-38 birds left, the largest in Sumatra. Among the other 405 species of bird recorded in the park, are the Storm's stork, woolly-necked stork, lesser adjutant, crested fireback, great argus and Oriental darter.

Among reptiles, the endangered false gharial crocodile is found in the coastal swamps.

Way Kambas was established as game reserve by the Dutch administration in 1937, and in 1989 was declared a National Park.

Significant encroachment has occurred along the southern boundary of the park by villagers claiming traditional land rights. Roads and trails into the park are starting points for illegal logging that penetrates into the interior of the park. This resulted in the forest coverage declining to 60% of the park. In 2009-10 an area of 6,000 hectares which had been occupied by squatters for decades was cleared of them.

Wells left behind by relocated communities in 1984 have proven to be deadly traps for the animals, including baby elephants, rhinos and tigers. In a conservation effort between 2008 and 2010 around 2,000 such wells have been closed.

Poaching has been a significant threat, often involving soldiers and in a 2002 case even military officers. In recent years poaching has been reported to be more under control, with no cases of rhinoceros poaching, and no cases of tiger poaching reported between 2004 and 2011.

In early 2011 the Ministry of Forestry announced the allocation of funds to establish a rare flora and fauna rehabilitation centre in the park.

Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary

A managed breeding centre named Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary (SRS) of 250 acres (100 ha) was built up in 2023. The goal of the sanctuary is to maintain a small number of rhinos for research, "insurance", awareness-building, and the long-term goal of developing a breeding program, to help ensure the survival of the species in the wild. The founding population was five Sumatran rhinos, most have been moved from zoos to the large enclosures with natural habitat at the SRS. Since 1997, Rhino Protection Units have been established. These are trained anti-poaching teams of 4-6 people that patrol a minimum of 15 days per month the key areas of the park to deactivate traps and identify illegal intruders. Andatu, a calf who born on June 23, 2013, is the fourth calf live in the zoo all over the world or semi-in-situ captive breeding likes in Way Kambas Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary. The mother is Ratu and the father is Andalas who came from Cincinnati, US, in 2007. In earlier October 2003, Andatu height is almost the same of the mother height. The Sanctuary is not open to public. There are currently 9 rhinos living in the sanctuary, Sedah Mirah (female), Rosa (female), Bina (female), Ratu (female), Delilah (female), Andalas (male), Harapan (male), Andatu (male), and unnamed (male calf). The most recent birth was of a male calf in 25 November 2023.

Elephant-human conflict

Elephants in the Way Kambas Conservation Centre

A significant source of conflict between the park and surrounding communities is posed by crop raiding wild elephants. In a study conducted in the 1990s, it was recorded that wild elephants damaged over 45 hectares of corn, rice, cassava, beans and other crops, and around 900 coconut, banana and other trees in 18 villages around the park. Over a period of 12 years, elephants killed or injured 24 people near the park. Villagers attempt to reduce elephant damage by guarding fields, digging trenches between, and modifying their cropping patterns. In 2010 it was reported that villagers used bonfires around their homes to scare away the elephants while forest rangers have been using tame elephants to help drive away wild herds.

Elephant Conservation Centre

The Elephant Conservation Centre (ECC) was established in the 1980s. The elephants in the centre have been domesticated and are used for heavy work, ecotourism, patrol and breeding. Paintings created by elephants at the centre are sold by Novica, a commercial online arts agent associated with the National Geographic Society, with about half of the proceeds assisting endangered elephants throughout Asia.

The ECC will be provided with an elephant hospital which will become the first of its kind in Indonesia and the largest in Asia. The elephant hospital will be built on a 5-hectare area with a Rp10 billion ($1.11 million) investment and expected to start operations in 2014.

During 2016 and 2017, the Centre saw six new calves born. Chusnunia Chalim, regent of East Lampung, has hoped to promote awareness of the whole park through the Centre.

1. ^ World Database on Protected Areas: Record of Way Kambas National Park

2. ^ Forestry statistics of Indonesia 2007, retrieved 20 May 2010

3. ^ Zieren, M., B. Wiryawan, H.A. Susanto: Significant Coastal Habitats, Wildlife and Water Resources in Lampung, Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island, USA, 1999

4. ^ Ministry of Forestry: Way Kambas National Park, retrieved 30 January 2011

5. ^ Eco-Business (2022-10-03). "Less than 50 Sumatran rhinos left in the wild, new survey concludes". Eco-Business.

6. ^ International Rhino Foundation, retrieved 30 January 2011

7. ^ Oyos Saroso H.N: Sumatran tigers nearly extinct in Way Kambas, in The Jakarta Post, 18 January 2011

8. ^ Oyos Saroso H.N.: Environment Watch: Govt to pump money into embattled national park in The Jakarta Post, 28 January 2011

9. ^ Save Indonesian Endangered Species Fund, retrieved 31 January 2011

10. ^ Oyos Saroso H.N.: Suhadi risks life for Sumatran rhinos, in The Jakarta Post, 18 July 2007

11. ^ International Rhino Foundation: Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary, retrieved 31 January 2011

12. ^ Philip J. Nyhus, Ronald Tilsona and Sumianto: Crop-raiding elephants and conservation implications at Way Kambas National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia, in Oryx, Volume 34, Issue 4 (2000)]

13. ^ Oyos Saroso H.N.: Elephant movement leaves crops in danger, in The Jakarta Post, 31 July 2010

14. ^ Save Indonesian Endangered Species Fund: Way Kambas Elephant Conservation Centre Archived 2011-07-28 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 31 January 2011

15. ^ Mayell, Hillary (June 26, 2002). "Painting Elephants Get Online Gallery". National Geographic News. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on June 28, 2002.

16. ^ "Elephant Art Photo Gallery". National Geographic Society. 2002. Archived from the original on July 1, 2002.

17. ^ Lampung national park welcomes birth of sixth baby elephant. Jakarta Post, 8 June 2017. Accessed 18 March 2018.

18. ^ East Lampung promotes national park with camping tour, festival. Jakarta Post, 29 August 2017. Accessed 18 March 2018.

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Way Kambas National Park is a national park covering 1,300 km 2 (500 sq mi) in Lampung province of southern Sumatra, Indonesia. It consists of swamp forest and lowland rain forest, mostly of secondary growth as result of extensive logging in the 1960s and 1970s.

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The Way Kambas National Park is 125,631 hectares and is located on the east coast of the Province of Lampung in Sumatra. The National Park is home to about 180 wild Sumatran elephants, which is more than 10% of the remaining wild Sumatran elephant population. The park also contains one of the very last small populations of Sumatran rhinoceros and several other highly endangered animal species including the Sumatran tiger and Malayan tapir.  credits:elephant.org.au

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The park is home to the Sumatran rhino, the only two-horned rhino of the Asian species. In the 90s, it was home to around 40 rhinos – one of three surviving populations in Indonesia. The Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary is a breeding centre to help ensure the survival of the species.Plant species found in the park include api-api (Avicennia marina), Sonneratia, palm (Nypa fruticans), gelam (Melaleuca leucadendron), salam (Syzygium polyanthum), mire (Glochidion borneensis), almond (Terminalia cattapa), and sea pine (Casuarina equisetifolia). Credits to

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Way Kambas National Park is significant for conservation because it contains most of Sumatra's wildlife despite its small size, including critically endangered wildlife.

Way Kambas National Park is one of the project sites of the ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity's Small Grants Programme, a joint initiative with the Federal Government of Germany through the KfW. This project aims to promote biodiversity conservation and the improvement of livelihoods of communities within and around the ASEAN Heritage Parks.

With photo contributions from Pamela Q. Reblora and Filiberto A. Pollisco, Jr.

The story featured may in some cases have been created by an independent third party and may not always represent the views of the institutions, listed below, who have supplied the content.

Stories from ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity

Southeast Asia: The World's Habitat

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Way Kambas National Park - Google Arts & Culture

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Way Kambas National Park covers 1,256 sq km in Lampung province, South Sumatra, and was established to protect wild Sumatran elephants.

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Animal Extinction - Lovely Elephant at Way Kambas National Park Indonesia

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Way Kambas National Park Welcomes Newborn Elephant Calf

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ASEAN Heritage Parks – Way Kambas National Park in Indonesia

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Dances with Elephants at Way Kambas National Park, Indonesia

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ASEAN Heritage Parks – Way Kambas National Park in Indonesia

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Officially established in 1985, the Elephant Training Center, located 9 km from the park’s Plang Ijo entrance, is an establishment aimed to protect the existence of the elephant and at the same time create mutual benefit for both the elephants and men. The training center is also a reminiscent of the time when kings or sultans ruled Sumatra, when elephants were trained and deployed in warfare and also for ceremonial purposes. Here, visitors can observe elephants perform various tasks such as transporting lumber or plowing fields. They can also perform peculiar activities such as playing football or other entertaining performances credits https://www.indonesia.travel/sg/en/destinations/sumatra/way-kambas-national-park.html

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Way Kambas National Park (WKNP) located in the Lampung Province, in the southern Sumatra. Though this park widely famous by their Sumatran elephant, but more than that, the park has 406 bird species and 50 different species of mammals which many of them are critically endangered, like Sumatran tiger and rhino.

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Famously known for its Sumatran elephant, the park is also home to 406 bird species and 50 species of mammals. Many of these species, such as Sumatran tiger and rhino, are critically endangered. Considering its uniqueness in biodiversity, WKNP has been designated as part of ASEAN Heritage Park.

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In Bandarlampung, Lampung, the serene ambiance of Way Kambas National Park welcomes visitors with the chirping of cicadas and the rustle of trees, setting the stage for an adventure into nature’s lap. This conservation site, nestled off the coast of East Kalimantan, is renowned as the habitat of the Sumatran elephant (Elephas Maximus Sumatranus).https://indoconnectsingapore.com/way-kambas-national-park-reopens-to-tourists-showcasing-sumatran-elephant-conservation-efforts/

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Officially established in 1985, the Elephant Training Center, located 9 km from the park’s Plang Ijo entrance, is an establishment aimed to protect the existence of the elephant and at the same time create mutual benefit for both the elephants and men. The training center is also a reminiscent of the time when kings or sultans ruled Sumatra, when elephants were trained and deployed in warfare and also for ceremonial purposes. Here, visitors can observe elephants perform various tasks such as transporting lumber or plowing fields. They can also perform peculiar activities such as playing football or other entertaining performances.

# data[].attributes.body
Way Kambas was established as game reserve by the Dutch administration in 1937, and in 1989 was declared a National Park.[3]

Significant encroachment has occurred along the southern boundary of the park by villagers claiming traditional land rights. Roads and trails into the park are starting points for illegal logging that penetrates into the interior of the park.[10] This resulted in the forest coverage declining to 60% of the park. In 2009-10 an area of 6,000 hectares which had been occupied by squatters for decades was cleared of them.[13]

Wells left behind by relocated communities in 1984 have proven to be deadly traps for the animals, including baby elephants, rhinos and tigers. In a conservation effort between 2008 and 2010 around 2,000 such wells have been closed.[14]

Poaching has been a significant threat,[15] often involving soldiers and in a 2002 case even military officers.[15] In recent years poaching has been reported to be more under control, with no cases of rhinoceros poaching,[15] and no cases of tiger poaching reported between 2004 and 2011.[12]

In early 2011 the Ministry of Forestry announced the allocation of funds to establish a rare flora and fauna rehabilitation centre in the park.[13]

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A managed breeding centre named Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary (SRS) of 250 acres (100 ha) was built up in 2023.[10] The goal of the sanctuary is to maintain a small number of rhinos for research, "insurance", awareness-building, and the long-term goal of developing a breeding program, to help ensure the survival of the species in the wild.[16] The founding population was five Sumatran rhinos, most have been moved from zoos to the large enclosures with natural habitat at the SRS. Since 1997, Rhino Protection Units have been established. These are trained anti-poaching teams of 4-6 people that patrol a minimum of 15 days per month the key areas of the park to deactivate traps and identify illegal intruders.[10] Andatu, a calf who born on June 23, 2013, is the fourth calf live in the zoo all over the world or semi-in-situ captive breeding likes in Way Kambas Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary. The mother is Ratu and the father is Andalas who came from Cincinnati, US, in 2007. In earlier October 2003, Andatu height is almost the same of the mother height.[17]The Sanctuary is not open to public. There are currently 9 rhinos living in the sanctuary, Sedah Mirah (female), Rosa (female), Bina (female), Ratu (female), Delilah (female), Andalas (male), Harapan (male), Andatu (male), and unnamed (male calf). The most recent birth was of a male calf in 25 November 2023.[18]