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Question 4

Positive Confirmation

Requests the recipient to confirm whether they agree with the information provided (e.g., account balance).

Requires a response regardless of agreement.

Negative Confirmation

Requests the recipient to respond only if they disagree with the information provided.

Used when the risk of material misstatement is low and large numbers of accounts are involved.

Blank Confirmation

Requires the recipient to fill in the balance or details, rather than simply agreeing or disagreeing with provided amounts.

Provides stronger evidence but requires more effort.

Invoice Confirmation

Asks the recipient to confirm individual invoice details instead of total balances.

Useful when balances comprise multiple transactions.

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Q4

Requests for Bank Confirmation

confirming with banks, such as cash balances, loans, and other financial transactions.

Requests for Accounts Receivable or Payable Confirmation

Request confirmation with supplier

Confirmation of Investment and Securities

The auditor may confirm the existence and value of investments held by a company with financial institution.

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Q3:

(i) Opinion: Qualified or Disclaimer

Justification: Limitation of scope, unable to verify material undeposited cash receipts.

(ii) Opinion: Unmodified Opinion

Justification: Misstatement not material, no significant impact on financial statements.

(iii) Opinion: Unmodified with Explanatory Paragraph

Justification: Significant going concern uncertainty disclosed adequately in the financial statements.

(iv) Opinion: Disclaimer

Justification: Limitation of scope, denial of access to significant evidence.

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Question 3:

(i) Disclaimer of Opinion

This constitutes a scope limitation, as sufficient audit evidence could not be obtained, and the impact is material and pervasive

(ii) Unqualified Opinion

The misstatement is immaterial, and the financial statements as a whole are fairly presented​

(iii) Unqualified Opinion with Explanatory Paragraph

The issue of going concern should be disclosed with an emphasis of matter paragraph if the financial statements are adequately presented. Otherwise, it could lead to a qualified opinion

(iv) Disclaimer of Opinion

The inability to access critical evidence constitutes a pervasive limitation of scope

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Q1)

(a) Sales Invoice

A sales invoice is a formal request for payment issued by a seller to a buyer after goods or services have been delivered. It serves multiple functions:

-Source Document: It acts as a primary source document for recording sales in the accounting system, establishing accounts receivable

- Tax Documentation: It is essential for tax reporting, as it provides evidence of sales tax collected, which must be reported in tax returns.

(b) Credit Memo

A credit memo is issued by a seller to reduce the amount owed by the buyer, typically due to returns or adjustments. Its functions include:

Adjustment of Accounts Receivable: It decreases the buyer's outstanding balance, reflecting returns or discounts given.

Documentation for Returns: It provides formal documentation for returned goods, ensuring accurate inventory and accounting records.

(c) Monthly Statement

A monthly statement summarizes all transactions between a buyer and seller over a month. Its functions include:

- Account Overview: It provides an overview of all invoices, payments, and outstanding balances, helping both parties track their financial interactions

- Payment Reminders: The statement serves as a reminder for any overdue payments, facilitating timely collections.

(d) Vendor’s Invoice

A vendor's invoice is issued by suppliers to request payment for goods or services provided. Its functions include:

- Record of Purchases: It details the items purchased, prices, terms of payment, and due dates, serving as a critical record for accounts payable.

- Verification Tool: It is used to verify that received goods match what was ordered and billed, ensuring accuracy in inventory management.

(e) Debit Memo

A debit memo is used to inform a vendor about discrepancies or returns related to previously purchased goods. Its functions include:

- Notification of Adjustments: It notifies the vendor of adjustments needed to an account due to returns or billing errors.

- Tracking Inventory Changes: It helps maintain accurate inventory records by documenting returned items or adjustments made to previous transactions.

(f) Account Payable Master File

The accounts payable master file is a comprehensive record of all amounts owed to suppliers. Its functions include:

- Centralized Record Keeping: It consolidates all vendor invoices and payment records, providing a complete overview of liabilities owed by the business.

- Financial Management Tool: This file aids in cash flow management by tracking due dates and outstanding amounts, allowing businesses to plan their payments effectively.

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Question 1

(a) Sales invoice is a document issued by a seller to a customer that records the details of a sale, including the quantity, price, and total amount due.

(b) Credit memo is a document issued by a seller to reduce the amount a customer owes due to returns, discounts, or billing errors.

(c) Monthly statement is a summary sent to customers listing all transactions such as sales, payments, credit memos during a specific period, usually a month.

(d) Vendor's invoice is a document issued by a supplier which is vendor requesting payment for goods or services delivered.

(e) Debit memo is a document issued by a buyer to a supplier to request a reduction in the amount payable, usually due to defective goods, overcharges, or returned items.

(f) Account payable master file is a record maintained by a company that contains details of all outstanding obligations to suppliers.

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sales invoice-issued by the seller to the buyer indicating the amount of goods or services provided and the amount due.

credit memo-provided by seller to the buyer when there is a need to reduce the amount of an invoice

Monthly statement-The monthly statement is a summary of all transactions such as sales, payments, and adjustments with a customer over the course of the month

Vendor‘s invoice-A vendor’s invoice is issued by the supplier to the buyer for goods or services provided.

Debit memo-issued when there is a need to increase the invoice

Account‘s payable master file-This file contains a detailed record of all amounts a company owes to the suppliers such as suppliers name，amount and due.

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Q1:

(a) Sales invoice

- Evidence of a sale transaction and used for recording revenue in the seller's accounting records.

(b) Credit memo

- Used for returns, allowances or adjustments, such as correcting errors in price or quantity.

(c) Monthly statement

- Help customers track their account status and as a reminder of overdue payments, ensuring better cash flow management.

(d) Vendor's invoice

- Used to record accounts payable in the buyer’s books and forms the basis for processing payment to the vendor.

(e) Debit memo

- To reduce the amount payable to the seller such as overbilling, returns, or damaged goods.

(f) Account payable master file

- Tracks payment due dates, outstanding balances, and payment history to avoid duplicate or erroneous payments.