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Community profiles for healthcare providers for Sudanese Australians states that Sudanese refugees may be unfamiliar with a formal health system, Australian medical practices, or being treated by a doctor of the opposite gender. Many Sudanese refugees practice herbal and traditional health remedies. These practices are often limited by a lack of availability of herbs and a lack of specialists to prepare them. (Queensland Health,p.3). The Handbook on Muslim patients have food beliefs, e.g. They can only eat certain foods in hospitals relating to their culture. (p.15). Transplants and organ donations: Some Muslims view these procedures as acceptable, and others believe it’s unacceptable. (Queensland Health, p.17).

Reference List:

Queensland Health Multicultural Services. (2011). Community Profiles for Health Care Providers - Sudanese Profile. https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0031/157378/sudanese2011.pdf

Queensland Health Multicultural Services. (2010). Health Care Providers’ Handbook on Muslim Patients second edition. https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0024/157605/islamgde2ed-s2.pdf

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Cases of infectious diseases and other illness have been reported among displaced populations who have sought shelter in hard-to-reach locations, where health services are limited.

"The scale of the health crisis is enormous. We are working hard to step up our response, delivering critical medical and other emergency health supplies," said Dr. Nima Saeed Abid, WHO Representative in Sudan, speaking during a virtual press conference.

Crisis could worsen

WHO is one of many UN agencies that have been responding to meet the immense needs since war erupted in mid-April between the Sudanese army and the rival Rapid Support Forces (RSF) paramilitary organisation.

Last month, the agency issued an emergency appeal for $145 million to support its operations, which is only around 10 per cent funded.

With the health crisis affecting the entire region, and little hopes for peace, the fear is that things could worsen.

Health facilities attacked

The health situation in Sudan itself "has reached gravely serious levels", WHO said.

More than two-thirds of hospitals remain out of service amid increasing reports of attacks on health facilities. WHO has so far verified 51 attacks on health facilities, resulting in 10 deaths and 24 injuries - and cutting off access to urgently needed care.

"Although the attacks on health facilities and the widespread insecurity are compounding the challenges, we're determined to reach those most in need and urge for increased donor support to ensure that we deliver adequately," said Dr. Nima.

Supporting neighbouring countries

Nearly 760,000 people uprooted by the fighting have escaped to five neighbouring countries - Central African Republic (CAR), Chad, Egypt, Ethiopia and South Sudan - where WHO and partners are supporting national authorities to provide emergency health assistance to them.

Most refugees have headed to Chad, which is receiving an average of 2,500 arrivals daily. WHO and partners have identified and treated more than 1,400 trauma cases there, including over 60 major surgeries.

Some 70 per cent of trauma cases are due to gunshot wounds, while malaria, malnutrition and cholera infections are also being reported among the displaced.

'Huge pressure' in Chad

Chad alone is now hosting more than a quarter of a million people, with an equal number projected to arrive by the end of the year, said Dr. Jean-Bosco Ndihokubwayo, WHO Representative in the country.

"This will significantly increase the health needs and exert huge pressure on the available health facilities," he added.

WHO said cases of malaria among children under five, as well as suspected cases of yellow fever, have also been identified among the roughly 17,000 people who sought refuge in the CAR.

At breaking point in South Sudan

A suspected cholera outbreak has also been reported in locations in northern Ethiopia receiving large numbers of the displaced.

Meanwhile, the influx of more than 176,000 people into South Sudan has overstretched facilities in the northern Renk region where an upsurge of acute watery diarrhoea among under-fives is driving up mortality. A significant rise in cases of severe acute malnutrition and measles among these children has also been reported.

Swift aid response

WHO is working with partners to swiftly deliver emergency assistance in the face of the crisis.

Over 36 tonnes of supplies have been shipped to Chad and an emergency medical team has been deployed to the country. Emergency medical and non-medical supplies have also been delivered in the CAR, Egypt, Ethiopia and South Sudan.

In addition, disease surveillance is being stepped up to guide prevention and enable early detection of potential outbreaks, and national authorities are receiving technical support to strengthen the emergency health response.

WHO and partners are also supporting priority interventions that benefit the provision of basic health services, such as improving water and sanitation, carrying out vaccine drives, and strengthening infection prevention and control.

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Sudan health crisis reaches 'gravely serious levels': WHO

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The conflict in Sudan has sparked a health crisis for the 3.4 million people forced to flee to safety, whether within the country or across its borders, the World Health Organization (WHO) said on Thursday. |

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Social inclusion and non-discrimination are critical for the health of Sudanese refugees in Australia. The WHO social determinants can influence a sense of belonging and reduce healthcare access barriers. When refugees feel included and free from discrimination, they are most likely to seek medical care, reduce stress and anxiety, and experience better mental and physical health. (WHO,2023). However, exclusion and discrimination can influence trauma, limit access to essential services, and can worsen health outcomes. Promoting social inclusion and non-discrimination is critical for improving the health and well-being of Sudanese refugees in Australia. (Braveman & Gottlieb,2020)

Reference List:

World Health Organization. (2021). Social determinants of health. World Health Organisation. https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health

Braveman, P., & Gottlieb, L. (2020). The Social Determinants of Health: It’s Time to Consider the Causes of the Causes. Public Health Reports, 129(2), 19–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/00333549141291s206

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The social determinants of health (SDH) are the non-medical factors that influence health outcomes. They are the conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live, and age, and the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life. These forces and systems include economic policies and systems, development agendas, social norms, social policies and political systems.

The SDH have an important influence on health inequities - the unfair and avoidable differences in health status seen within and between countries. In countries at all levels of income, health and illness follow a social gradient: the lower the socioeconomic position, the worse the health.

The following list provides examples of the social determinants of health, which can influence health equity in positive and negative ways:

Income and social protection

Education

Unemployment and job insecurity

Working life conditions

Food insecurity

Housing, basic amenities and the environment

Early childhood development

Social inclusion and non-discrimination

Structural conflict

Access to affordable health services of decent quality.

Research shows that the social determinants can be more important than health care or lifestyle choices in influencing health. For example, numerous studies suggest that SDH account for between 30-55% of health outcomes. In addition, estimates show that the contribution of sectors outside health to population health outcomes exceeds the contribution from the health sector.

Addressing SDH appropriately is fundamental for improving health and reducing longstanding inequities in health, which requires action by all sectors and civil society.

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WHO's work on social determinants of health

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The most common health issues among Sudanese Refugees are immunisations, Vitamin D deficiency, and infectious diseases. According to the Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide, immunisations are the most common health concern. This is because when refugees enter Australia, they are under-immunised. Although refugees may have received immunisations overseas, they are more likely not to have their proof of immunisations. A full catch-up immunisation is recommended if they don't have written immunisation documentation. 50-98% of adults and 90-98% of children refugees have incomplete immunisations. A treatment option can be free immunisations to address how important they are to prevent infectious diseases. (Australian refugee Health, n.d).

Reference List:

Immunisation» Australian Refugee Health. (n.d.). https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/immunisation/

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For me, the critical idea in Domain 1.2 is that nurses should "recognise the impact of refugee-like experiences, such as traumatic events and post-traumatic stress disorders."(Framework,2019). I have developed my understanding of these experiences into account when doing "assessments, diagnosis, treatment and ongoing care." (Framework,2019). Having learned these, I now realise how to apply this care to modify their approach and provide trauma-informed care. This understanding will be critical in the workplace because I can understand refugees better. This is because I have not expanded my knowledge, but I will now have an understanding. Previously, I felt nervous; this might be due to not knowing their background and what they went through.

Reference List:

Migrant and Refugee Women’s Health Partnership. (2019). Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice: Working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds COMPETENCY STANDARDS FRAMEWORK FOR CLINICIANS. https://culturaldiversityhealth.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Culturally-responsive-clinical-practice-Working-with-people-from-migrant-and-refugee-backgrounds-Jan2019.pdf

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Sudanese people are hospitable and welcome everyone to join them for food. Sudanese cuisine is diverse and differs across the regions. Sudanese cuisine is a unique mix between Eastern and Middle Eastern African cuisines. The cuisines contain bread, desserts, gravies, fresh and cooked salads, lime, peanuts, rice dishes, sweet and savoury pastries and stews. According to the Muslim Halal laws, the most common meats in Sudan are beef, camel, fish, chicken, and lamb. Food in Sudan is mainly eaten with the hands. Some foods include Gourrassa (flatbread), Kajaik (fish stew), and Kawaari (soup). (Chiefs Pencil,2022).

Reference List:

Hamid, M. (2022, October 9). The Top 10 Most Popular Foods in Sudan. Chef’s Pencil. https://www.chefspencil.com/most-popular-foods-in-sudan/

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Sudanese people are very generous and hospitable and welcome everyone to join them for food. The Sudanese cuisine and dietary habits are diverse, differing across the regions.

Sudan's unique geographical location makes it a bridge between the North African Arab and Sub-Saharan African nations. Therefore, Sudanese cuisine is a unique mix of East African and Middle Eastern cuisines. Sudanese cuisine is also exposed to other external influences such as South Asia, West Africa, and has been influenced by both British and Turkish colonialism.

Ingredients such as apricots, cardamom, garlic, pepper, and other spices and dishes such as meatballs and pastries were brought to Sudan by Arab traders and settlers from the Mediterranean during the Ottoman Empire. The various aromas, colors, flavors, tastes, and textures that pervade Sudanese kitchens result from this mix of cuisines and contribute to the glory of Sudanese cooking.

Sudanese cuisine contains bread, desserts, gravies, fresh and cooked salads, lime, peanut, rice dishes, sweet and savoury pastries, and stews. The most common type of meats eaten in Sudan are beef, camel, fish, chicken, and lamb according to the Muslim halal laws.

Most foods are eaten with the hands. Sudanese food culture is very rich with many delicious dishes. The top 10 most popular Sudanese food dishes are:

1. Foul Medames

Foul medames is one of the most common breakfast dishes in all areas of Sudan, served in restaurants and homes throughout the country.

So delicious and yummy is this breakfast that it is often eaten at all times during the day - morning, afternoon, and evening - and throughout the seasons. It is usually eaten by hand. Very common in Arab countries as well such as Egypt, Jordan, Palestine, Lebanon, and Syria, foul medames arrived in Sudan through Egypt.

Foul medames consists of a stew of fava beans mixed with spices, garlic, lemon juice, a small amount of chili pepper, vegetable oil (olive, sesame, foul Sudani), tomatoes, arugula, feta, and a hot sauce called shata, and is topped with onions, spring onion, and slices of boiled egg. It is often served with tomato salad and accompanied by flatbreads.

It is rich in fiber and protein and when served without feta and egg, is perfect for vegans.

2. Asseeda with Mullah

The origin of asseeda is Northwest Africa (the Maghreb). It is similar in texture to the fufu of Central and West African countries.

It is also very popular in the Middle East and East African countries such as Libya, Algeria, Tunisia, Ethiopia, and Eritrea. This popular and traditional dish is a doughy dumpling made with three simple ingredients. Wheat flour is stirred into boiling water, and it is topped with salt and melted butter or honey. It is usually eaten by hand.

Asseeda is often served at weekends, religious holidays such as Eid Ramadan, Eid Al Mawlid Alnabawi, and other traditional ceremonies such as marriages and births. Traditionally served for breakfast throughout the country, it is paired with vegetables and meat stew such as mullah. It is often eaten with various types of mullahat such as mafrokat bamia, mullah khudra, mullah dama'a, mullah roube, mullah mirris, mullah kawal, mullah raas, and mullah tagaliah.

3. Kissra

Kissra is very popular in Sudan and the neighboring countries of Chad and South Sudan. Made with either durra (sorghum) flour, wheat flour or dukhun flour, it is cooked on a large flat metal tray placed directly over the heat. It is also known as kissra rhaheeefa, which is similar to injera in Ethiopia and Eritrea. It is made daily at home in all regions of the country.

Kissra is often eaten with a meat stew called mullah, which is flavored with plenty of coriander, potato, black pepper, oil, onion and garlic, peanut butter, and tomato. It can be accompanied by various types of mullahat such as mafrokat bamia, mullah khudra, mullah dama'a, mullah raas, and mullah tagaliah.

4. Gourrassa

Gourrassa is an alternative to Kissra. It is a Sudanese flatbread made with wheat flour, baking powder, salt, and yeast and baked in a circular shape. It is exquisitely soft and fluffy and is very popular in all regions of Sudan.

It is often eaten with a Sudanese beef stew known as dama'a, which is flavored with plenty of tomatoes, oil, onion, garlic, cardamom, and cinnamon. It is also eaten with various types of mullahat such as mafrokat bamia, mullah khudra, mullah, mullah raas, and mullah tagaliah. It is usually eaten by hand.

5. Kamounia

Kamounia is very popular in Sudan and North African countries such as Tunisia and Egypt. It is prepared with beef or lamb, liver, cumin, lime juice, parsley, oil, rich peanut butter dressing, and garlic. It is often served with tomato salad, bread, or gourrassa or rice, either on top or on the side.

6. Shaiyah (Sudanese-style Grilled Beef or Lamb)

Shaiyah is one of the most popular dishes in Sudan. It is pan fried beef, lamb, or goat, which needs to include bony and fatty pieces for the extra flavor. It's made for special occasions, but it is so popular you can find it made daily in some homes.

It is served with a homemade Sudanese hot sauce known as shata, onion, and lemon. It is also served with Sudanese tomato salad and bread.

7. Kajaik

Kajaik is a very famous Sudanese fish stew that is also very popular in South Sudan, where it originates. Made with dried fish and freshwater that is cooked into a soup. Kajaik is often served with vegetables, porridge, and margarine and is eaten by hand. It is originally from South Sudan.

8. Kawaari

Kawari is one of the best and the most popular soups throughout Sudan. It is also popular in many African and Arab countries and other parts of the world.

Its main ingredients are sheep or cattle hooves that are cooked until tender and mixed with black pepper, cardamoms, green chili, cinnamon, cloves, coriander, garlic, oil, onion, powder, salt, and vinegar. It is often served with Sudanese tomato salad and bread.

9. Kofta

Kofta is delicious and very popular in all regions of the country. It combines Middle Eastern with East African flavors and it made with minced beef, rolled into balls, black pepper, grated garlic, coriander powder, cumin powder, dried mint, grated onion, freshly-chopped tomatoes, plenty of chopped fennel leaves, oil, salt, and tomato paste.

Kofta is served in a rich and spicy tomato-based sauce with bread and eaten by hand. It is also served with Sudanese tomato salad.

10. Moukhbaza

Photo credit: rydonskitchen

Moukhbaza is a very famous dish that originates from the Eastern region of Sudan. It is a unique dish that combines sweet and spicy flavors, a combination popular in Sudanese cuisine.

This dish is made with mashed ripe bananas, lemon juice, and hot peppers. Unlike most other dishes, this dish is eaten with a spoons, not by hand. Moukhbaza is often accompanied by another Sudanese favorite, kissra, or bread.

Usually, breakfast, lunch, and dinner is concluded with Sudanese tea or coffee. Sudanese food is unique, delicious, and easy to make. Anyone who tries these tasty dishes once will want to add them to their regular favorites. Sudanese cuisine offers a variety of dishes that suit everyone, with meals perfect for vegans and meals for those who enjoy tasty, delicious meat.

Related: Most Popular Middle Eastern Foods

Related: Most Popular Ethiopian Foods

Related: Most Popular Arab Foods

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The Top 10 Most Popular Foods in Sudan - Chef's Pencil

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Sudanese people are very generous and hospitable and welcome everyone to join them for food. The Sudanese cuisine and dietary habits are diverse, differing across the regions. Sudan's unique geographical location makes it a bridge between the North African Arab and Sub-Saharan African nations.

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Sudanese dress traditions are important for the South Sudanese people because they show others the status and social class of that individual. It describes what clan or even tribe they are from and even their gender. The men wear a long, wide-sleeved, fitting white robe called a jalabiya. The reason why it is a light colour is that it reduces heat. They also wear a headdress and shoes. The women take good care of their traditional outfits. The girls first wear their formal clothes at the age of 12. Women wear bright-coloured clothes with patterns on them. They also wear a headdress and shoes. (Spotlight on Culture,2022).

Reference List:

Spotlight on Culture. (2022, August 25). Culturaldiversityresources. https://www.culturaldiversityresources.org/single-post/spotlight-on-culture-38

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In Sudan, the traditional music they listen to is Western music styles; these include hip-hop and reggae. A popular music style known as Sudanese fusion combines Arabic and African rhythms. The Sudanese also have a tradition of dancing in ethnic groups. (South Sudan,2024). The instruments Sudanese play are the Rababa (guitar), Umkiki (one-stringed violin), and Nuggara (drums). (Music Africa,2023). The Sudanese have a dance that is called the Hadandawa dance. The Beja tribe performs this, and they are famous for being sword and knife makers. (Universal Tongue,2013)

Reference List:

Dance. (2013). Universal Tongue. Universal Tongue. https://www.universaltongue.com/dance-style-hh#:~:text=HADANDAWA%20DANCE%20is%20a%20dance

South Sudan | Facts, Map, People, & History. (n.d.). Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Sudan#ref300727

Traditional music instruments in Sudan. (2023, January 6). Music in Africa. https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/traditional-music-instruments-sudan

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This is a sudanese traditional dance found in the central and eastern regions in wich the dancer imitates the vultures or sometimes the sacred bird the national emblem of sudan 🇸🇩  #sudan #sudanese_tiktok #sudanese_afro  

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@jubatvsouthsudan
This is a sudanese traditional dance found in the central and eastern regions in wich the dancer imitates the vultures or sometimes the sacred bird the national emblem of sudan 🇸🇩 #sudan #sudanese_tiktok #sudanese_afro
♬ original sound - Juba TV