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Cotton brought an agricultural boom to the South.

usually produce the cotton

Northern states benefited from the cotton trade.

trade cotton with ships to England

England needed cotton during the industrial revolution.

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The families with numerous slaves, called plant nobles influenced political and social life.

lived on large farms and enjoyed wealth and power.

Rich owners preferred private education to public education for their children's education.

--> caused the gap between the rich and the poor, and increased private education.

Some women were slaves to manage their families, but few of them supported slavery.

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South wanted to expand their land for cotton farming.

They depended on that (land/slave) too much, and it led to huge debt

high land costs and competition with slavery led to fewer immigrants.

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The majority of white southerners were poor.

They wanted to become a wealthy plantation owner.

White supported slavery because of the superiority race.

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Free blacks

blacks who descended from free blacks.

children of white plantation of owners and blacks

blacks who bought their freedom

People ignored them, lots of discrimination

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The cotton boom led increase in free blacks

There were illegal trade of African slaves

Slavery became active because of the high demand

But Slaves didn't have human rights.

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Mexico refused to recognize Texas’s independence. The Texans were forced to maintain a costly military establishment, they could not tell when a strike would start again. Texas starts a negotiation with France, Holland, and Belgium for defense.

But England and France are interested in Texas.

US doesn't interfere with any foreign country- Monroe Doctrine

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Texas became a leading issue in the presidential campaign of 1844.

Annexation vs disunion

The pro-expansion Democrats under James K. Polk triumphed over the Whigs under Henry Clay.

Tyler interpreted the Democratic victory, as a “mandate” to acquire Texas.

Many antislavery Whigs feared that Texas in the Union would be “slave power.” Tyler arranged for annexation by a joint resolution. In 1845, Texas formally became the twenty-eighth star on the American flag.

--> Mexico angry

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The campaign of 1844 was in part an expression of the mighty emotional upsurge known as Manifest Destiny.

east to west, pacific to atlantic

Citizens in the 1840s and 1850s, feeling a sense of mission, believed that Almighty God had “manifestly” destined the American people for a hemispheric career.

empire and liberty

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Polks interested in California. "manifest destiny"

"Playing the Texas game"

--> Use same strategy for gaining California.

settlers-independence-annexation

But relationship between Mexico was bad

couldn't pay debt

Disupute where the Texas begin and end.

Nueces River - southwestern boundary of Texas. However, after Texas declared independence when it was annexed, the Texans claimed the Rio Grande as their southern boundary.

Mexico still think Texas is a part.

Polk set the soldiers in dispute area.

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On Jan 13, 1846, Polks ordered 4,000 men, under General Zachary Taylor, to march from the Nueces River to the Rio Grande, provocatively near Mexican

forces. None occurred, he informed his cabinet on May 9, 1846, that he proposed to ask Congress to declare war on the basis of (1) unpaid claims and (2) Slidell’s rejection.

--> bloody war

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Polk wanted to end the shooting. He sent along with Scott’s invading army the chief clerk of the State Department, Nicholas P. Trist. Trist and Scott arranged for an armistice with Santa Anna, at $10,000. The dictator pocketed the bribe and then used the time to bolster his defenses.

wrote 65 page letter explaining why Trist was not coming home. The president was furious. But Trist signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo on February 2, 1848, and forwarded it to Washington. They confirmed the American title to Texas and yielded the enormous area stretching westward to Oregon and the ocean and embracing coveted California. The United States agreed to pay $15 million for the land and to assume the claims of its citizens against Mexico in the amount of $3,250,000

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American dream: If you work hard, you can be rich no mater what you are from.

Most slaves were illiterate because of banning education for slaves.

Some resist

slave revolt

steal production from their labor

take food away from big house

work slowly

Others ran away but failed and were tortured.

--> Nat Turner's rebellion

Turner's Rebellion

Nat Turner, a black preacher, led an uprising that slaughtered about sixty Virginians, mostly women and children.

Amistad

enslaved Africans rebelled aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad in 1839. They seized command of the vessel off the coast of Cuba and attempted to sail back to Africa, but were driven ashore on Long Island. After two years of imprisonment and several trials, former president John Quincy Adams finally secured their freedom and the Africans returned to the British colony of Sierra Leone, in West Africa.

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In 1881, William Lloyd Garrison published the anti-slavery paper "The Liberator" in Boston.

Other abolitionists gathered and founded the American Anti-Slavery Society.

--> radical revolution; willing to use force

Black abolitionists distinguished themselves as living monuments to the cause of African American freedom.

included David Walker, who incendiary Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the

World (1829) advocated a bloody end to white supremacy.

Black Abolitionist Frederick Douglass published Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass

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1. contradiction "all men created equal."

2. economic concern

northern vs southern

3. religious reason

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1. economic

poverty

2. White supremacy

think that they are better than blacks.

If they don't work, they can earn money because their slaves work for them.

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It is a good thing

Aristotle supported

Bible supported

You were christianized/civilizing them (barbarism)

resemble as family

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The Great British-The slave trade was prohibited in 1824, but slavery itself was not abolished until 1829, eight years

after Mexico gained independence from Spain. (1833)

Slaves were unneccessary because of feudalism

US- The slave trade was ended in 1808, but slavery was not abolished entirely until after the Civil War, with the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment. Slavery was abolished earlier in the North, in the decades after the Revolution, often through gradual emancipation. (1865)

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No slavery in any of the new territories

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Popular: like accepted by a lot of people (population)

Sovereignty: Authority, supreme

--> people decide for themselves and that's gonna be a decision.

how come?

democratic tradition/ self-determination

pro and anti slavery compromise

problem:

1) don't know how many people living

2) people are not begin with (not american)

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Antislavery in the Northern organized Free Soil Party.

to stop spread slavery in new territory

"Free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men"

They support Wilmot Proviso

advocating federal aid for internal improvements

urging free government homesteads for settlers

thought slavery doesn't make blacks slaves, it destroys the chances of free white workers to rise up from wage-earning dependence to the esteemed status of self-employment.

only with free soil in the West could a traditional American continue flourish.

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Sectional balance and the underground railroad

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Sectional balance and the underground railroad

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The South of 1850 was wealthy.

cotton fields were expanding, and cotton prices were profitably high.

seated in the White House Zachary Taylor

Southern worried about political balance.

15 free and 15 slave states

The admission of California would destroy balancing.

New Mexico and Utah for admission as nonslave states.

Texas claimed a huge area east of the Rio Grande and north to the forty-second parallel, embracing in part about half the territory of New Mexico.

Slaves runaway to north by underground railroad.

consisted of “stations” (antislavery homes), “passengers” (runaway slaves) were spirited by “conductors” (usually white and black abolitionists) from the slave states to the free-soil sanctuary of Canada.

ex. Harriet Tubman

rescued 300+ slaves and earned title"Moses"

Southerner demand strict fugitive-slave law

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Compromise of 1850

California admitted as a free state

Territory disputed by Texas and New Mexico to be surrendered to New Mexico

Abolition of the slave trade (but not slavery) in the District of Columbia

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get better in the northern with the compromise of 1850

southern- could popular sovereignty, got slave act

California a free state

New Mexico and Utah- slavery on the basis of popular sovereignty.

--> Southern needed slave states for balancing.

controversial: New Fugitive Slave Law of 1850—“the Bloodhound Bill”—opposite in the North

northerners had to capture and return runaways

fleeing slaves could not testify in their behalf, and they were denied a jury trial

--> If slave got captured, he cannot defend himself

then just kidnapped legally

Some thought it would make white people dangerous

northerners who helped the slaves to escape was liable to heavy fines and jail sentences.

--> passed “personal liberty laws,” denied local jails to federal officials

and otherwise hampered enforcement.

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Perry persuaded the Japanese to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa on March 31, 1854.

--> provided for proper treatment of shipwrecked sailors, American coaling rights in Japan, and the establishment of consular relations

Japan was shocked by black huge America's ship

US waited for 1yrs because they're going to go war.

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Gadsden negotiated a treaty in 1853, which ceded to the United States the Gadsden Purchase for $10 million for needs of money.

Northerners opposed about huge money

A southern track would be easier to build because the mountains were less high and because the route, unlike the proposed northern lines, would not pass through unorganized territory.

transcontinental railroad

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Territory from Mexican American war divided by Kansas and Nebraska

Kansas-salve Nebraska-popular sovereignty

to make Chicago connected with east railroad (transcontinental)

southern (slave) missouri compromise above as slave.

if there is railroad above that line, then southerner could pass and get money.

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Uncle Tom's Cabin-Harriet Beecher Stowe

problem: The governments in London and Paris considered intervening in behalf of the South, but they feared by the realization that many of their own people, aroused by the“Tommania,” might not support them.

The Impending Crisis of the South- Hinton R. Helper

--> Hating both slavery and blacks, he attempted to prove the non-slaveholding whites were the ones who suffered slavery.

problem: South’s planter elite fears that the nonslave-holding the majority might abandon them

south: hate book, propaganda

north: wow i cannot believe, we need to end

European: couldn't believe moderday what??

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Newcomers into Kansas

Most of the northerners were pioneers for richer lands

antislavery organizations-the New England Emigrant Aid Company: sent about two thousand people to the troubled area to forestall the South—and also to make a profit.

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John Brown-abolitionist stalked up the Kansas battlefield.

he moved to Kansas from Ohio with part of his large family. “Old Brown” of Osawatomie led a band of his followers to Pottawatomie Creek in May 1856. There they hacked to pieces five surprised men, presumed to be proslaveryites.

Civil war in Kansas 1861–1865. Altogether, the Kansas

conflict destroyed millions of dollars’ worth of property, paralyzed agriculture in certain areas, and cost scores of lives.

Kansas had free-soilers, on a popular- sovereignty basis. The proslavery forces devised a document known as the Lecompton Constitution. The people were not allowed to vote for or against the constitution; slave or no slave

Many free-soilers boycotted the polls.the proslaveryites

approved the constitution with slavery late in 1857.

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Senator Charles Sumner criticized the anti-slavery forces in a speech called "Crime against Kansas."

Preston S. Brooks, outraged by Sumner's insult

Sumner was assaulted with a cane. Brooks' behavior was criticized by his fellow anti-slavery opponents, but some supported his behavior.

Due to Sumner's injury, the absence had a major impact. The division between the north and south intensified.

The conflict between Sumner and Brooks heightened tensions. It also signaled the Civil War.

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Dred Scott was a slave. He lived Illinois, Wiscon. When his owner died he thought he was a freeman. But owner's family called him. He sued and asked freedom.

Supreme Court decision:

--> support right of property

doesn't support slavery or not

1) slaves are property

--> slave owners could take slaves anywhere in order to solve various problems related to slavery.

2) court has no right to decide salvery.

led to the decision that they had no power to ban slavery in certain areas.

had a significant impact on the conflict between the South and the North.

decided just in favor

said Missouri compromise is unconstitutionl

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The Financial Crash of 1857 (not in midterm)

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The Financial Crash of 1857 (not in midterm)

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A variety of factors, including the influx of California gold, grain overproduction and speculative investment in land and rail, have left the economy jittery.

It has strengthened the Southern belief in economic superiority, contributing to heightened tensions between regions. The financial crisis has increased demand for free land to help northerners. But it has also come under heavy fire from businessmen. (Homestay Bill)

Due to the economic turmoil, tariffs gradually increased. Tariffs were lowered in 1857, but the recession made it difficult to restore the economy.

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Abolitionist John Brown prepares to attack Harpers Ferry in October 1859, Brown's goal was to create a free black state. Received money and weapons from northern abolitionists. But he failed to collect the rebel slaves. and he was sent to Robert E. McCarthy. Lee led the capture and execution of U.S. Marine Pingal. He became a well-known abolitionist. And this made the South even more worried. Brown's work strengthens regional tensions This creates deeper divisions that lead to civil war.

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In 1860, at the Republican National Convention in Chicago, Abraham Lincoln overtook William H. Suward to become the party's presidential candidate after several votes. The Republican Code promised various groups, including free soil farmers, manufacturers, and farmers, to take measures such as protective tariffs, internal improvement, and free farming(campaign ticket). People were delighted and actively supported this.

Lincoln was not a blatant abolitionist and did not directly address concerns in the South during the election.

He won the Lincoln election and became president.

Lincoln-repulican, rival were Bell, Doglass, Breckinridge.

Doglass was democrat, Breckinridge was also Democrat

Democrat was divided by north and south

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President-elect

After Lincoln was elected, the South and the North began to become increasingly divided. South Carolina withdrew from the Union four days after the election. Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas (leader of nullification. Deep south states; most amount of slave) also withdrew. These states formed the Confederacy of the United States in February 1861, with Jefferson Davis (senator Mississippi) as president (Lincoln would be president on March not president yet). Vice president: Alexander H. Stephens

senator tried to compromise: Crittenden amendment

During this period, outgoing President James Buchanan reacted passively to secession. Buchanan's passive response was criticized by people. Buchanan's passive response also affected the deterioration of the division.

The US was a federal government with states. Each has banks and an army. But southern split

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no homesteade, us siamtrt

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Antietam

emancipation- to change the war face, prevent Euroopean to helping csa

fight to preserve union

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Gettysbyrg

robert lee antietam --> gettysburg

bloodiest war overall us

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Senator John Jordan Crittenden of Kentucky proposed Crittenden amendments to the Constitution, which was designed to appease South.

Slavery in the territories was to be prohibited north of 368 30’ (Missourie compromise), but south of that line it was to be given federal protection in all territories existing or future lands. (such as Cuba).

Future states, north or south of 368 30’, could join Union with or without slavery, as they should choose.

--> pro-slavery guarantee full rights

government wouldn't interfere the slavery anywhere the line east to west (entire southern line)

But Lincoln rejected

becuase

1) he doesn't want expansion of slavery

2) way to appease for south (slave owning)

last to preserve the union

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After the civil war, era of Reconstruction began.

Everything was broken.

Economically: closed bank, no factories, inflation

5 railroad lines were converged.

devasted agriculture, collapse of slave labor system

lost property including slaves, land

Southerners resistant Union

justify their secede

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Freedmen-newly freed slaves both male female, adult and children.

Emancipation took unevenly

Slaves were freed but return as slave again.

Some were attacked by their owner while they ran away.

Other planters resist that Slaves are lawful

responses to emancipation

Slave who loyal to his owner, resist to Union

Emancipated slaves joined Union and stole owner's possession.

Slaves used new name instead of name, given by owner

asked Whites to use Mr, Mrs.

sought luxury clothing like silks.

Slaves left to find lost family or freedom.

Emancipation strengthened the black family, and many

newly freed men and women formalized “slave marriages”

--> desire to make their children legal heirs.

Other blacks left to work in towns/city.

As slaves, blacks had worshiped alongside whites, but now they formed their own churches.

--> formed black community, helped blacks protect their

newly won freedom.

Education

slaves were prohibited for reading and writing. But they establish societies for self-improvement, which undertook to raise funds to purchase land, build schoolhouses, and hire teachers.

got aid of Northern white women sent by the American Missionary Association, who volunteered their services as teachers.

also asked the federal government for help.

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Antislavery faced problem that the slaves were unskilled, no knowledge, no money, no way to live as freed men.

To solve this..

Congress created the Freedmen’s Bureau on March 3, 1865. Head was Union general Oliver O. Howard.

to provide food, clothing, medical care, and education both to freedmen and to white refugees.

taught reading because blacks want to reduce gap between whites and read bible

There was problem

its goal was to settle blacks on the area from confederates, 40 acre, and some mule but little got into blacks' hand

local administrators often collaborated with planters in expelling blacks from towns and persuade them into signing labor contracts to work for their former(previous) masters.

White Southerners think that Bureau would break social order and white dominance away.

White superior president Andrew Johnson tried to end it and was ended in 1872

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Abraham Lincoln proclaimed 10 percent Reconstruction plan.

If 10 % of voters from each rebellious state swear Loyalty, then they could join Union again.

why only 10%? to make easier, to reunite country

articles of confederation said "perpetual state"; union is forever (Lincoln's claim)

--> Republicans feared the restoration of the planter aristocracy to power and the possible re enslavement of blacks

Therefore Congress passed the Wade-Davis Bill in 1864

50 percent of a state’s voters take the oath of allegiance and demanded stronger safeguards for emancipation than Lincoln’s as the price of read mission to the Union.

Lincoln rejected "pocket-vetoed"

Republicans refused seat delegates from Louisiana after that state had reorganized its government with 10 percent reconstruction plan.

Two major parties

majority moderate group agree with Lincoln that the seceded states should be restored to the Union

minority radical group believed that the South should atone more painfully for its sins

--> wanted to end social structure and protect freed blacks

Jackson agreed with Lincoln and declared own Reconstruction proclamation

took away voting rights from some Confederates, especially those with property worth over $20,000, but they could still ask for personal pardons.

called for special state conventions, which were required to repeal the ordinances of secession, repudiate all Confederate debts, and ratify the 13th Amendment.

--> then states would join Union

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Johnson passed Black codes

to regulate the affairs of the emancipated blacks

Mississippi passed first in Nov 1865

to ensure a stable and subservient labor force

White want to control about black slaves

Harsh penalties were given for Black workers who broke their labor contracts; work for the same employer for a year, often for very low pay

violators can get wages back, and forced to back by Negro-catcher

In Mississippi, the captured freedmen could be fined and then hired out to pay their fines

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Southerner leaders gathered in Dec 1865 by Black code

Republicans in Congress had enjoyed a relatively free hand.

passed much legislation that favored the North (the Morrill Tariff, the Pacific Railroad Act, and the Homestead Act)

political advantage to North

now slave five-fifths of a person

before three-fifth

--> because all slaves are counted lots of voters. (12 more) so north was angry

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A clash between president and Congress

exploded into the open in February 1866, when the president vetoed a bill (later repassed) extending the life of the controversial Freedmen’s Bureau.

Republicans passed the Civil Rights Bill, which

conferred on blacks the privilege of American citizen

ship and struck at the Black Codes in March 1866

President Johnson (1) conferred civil rights, including citizenship but excluding the franchise, on the freedmen; (2) reduced proportionately the representation of a state in Congress and in the Electoral College if it denied blacks the ballot; (3) disqualified from federal and state office former Confederates who as federal officeholders had once sworn “to support the Constitution of the United States”; and (4) guaranteed the federal debt, while repudiating all Confederate debts

The radical was disappointed that the 14th Amendment did not grant the right to vote, but all Republicans were agreed that no state should be welcomed back into the Union fold without first ratifying the 14th Amendment.

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- The Realities of Radical Reconstruction in the South

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- The Realities of Radical Reconstruction in the South

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Lincoln and Johnson proposed to give the ballot gradually to selected blacks who qualified for it through education, property ownership, or military service.

The 14th Amendment, Republican program for Reconstruction, had fallen short of guaranteeing the right to vote. (It envisioned for blacks the same status as that of women—citizenship without voting rights.)

In 1867, Southern Whites were denied votes

most of the Northern states, before ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870, withheld the ballot from their tiny black minorities.