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The latest Economy News from the BBC: breaking news on the global and UK economy and international investments including audio and video coverage.

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Figure strengthens expectations that Bank of England will keep interest rates unchanged this week

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World Bank Open Data from The World Bank: Data

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SRAS and LRAS | Livestream | Aiming for A-A* Economics 2024

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Trade Patterns Explained | A Level Economics &  IB Economics

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UK Economy | What A-Level Economists Need to Know for 2024 Exams

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Exchange Rate Systems Explained | A Level & IB Economics

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Monetary Policy & Inflation | Livestream | Aiming for A-A* Economics 2024

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🔥 Hot Topics for Economics Paper 2 Macro 2024 | Aiming for A-A* Economics

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🔥 Hot Topics for Economics Paper 1 Micro 2024 | Aiming for A-A* Economics

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bloomberg television business news financial stock bond currencies anchor wall street money nyse nasdaq futures technology innovation ipad iphone samsung elo...

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Bloomberg Originals offers bold takes for curious minds on today's biggest topics. Hosted by experts covering stories you haven't seen and viewpoints you haven't heard, you'll discover cinematic, data-led shows that investigate the intersection of business and culture. Exploring every angle of climate change, technology, finance, sports and beyond, Bloomberg Originals is business as you've never seen it.

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‘The Economics Of’ unpacks innovative businesses, brands and products that have revolutionized modern life.

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The Economist videos give authoritative insight and opinion on international news, politics, business, finance, science, technology and the connections between them. We're also producing full films such as The Disrupters, an original series exploring how major industries-from music and cars to hospitality-are currently being disrupted by the latest wave of digital innovation.

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Economics Tuition Tutor Singapore For JC A Level Econs By Edmund Quek

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Economics Cafe is a leading economics tuition centre in Singapore for A & JC level economics tuition. The Principal Econs Tutor is Mr. Edmund Quek. Call us!

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Apr 15, 2024 | Mobile Devices

Quarterly smartphone market share worldwide by vendor 2009-2024

Samsung held the largest slice of the global smartphone market by shipments during the first quarter of 2024, followed by Apple. Xiaomi has taken a tight grip on the third position, accounting for a market share of 14 in the first quarter of 2024.

Samsung and Apple smartphone sales Smartphone vendors have been suffering from the events of the past couple of years, including the pandemic and the economic downturn. However, they all appear to be recovering, as shown by the recent increase in shipments. For instance, mostly based on the main line of Galaxy Series, Samsung's smartphone shipments totaled nearly 226.5 million units globally in 2023.

Next to Samsung, Apple is a major manufacturer of smartphones worldwide, with the company shipping more than 232 million iPhones worldwide in 2023 - a number that made Apple leading smartphone vendor for the first time ever. Apple's sales tend to be very cyclical, peaking in the fourth quarter each year, much like in the fourth quarter of 2023, when they took the first spot in terms of units shipped globally with around 80.5 units.

Huawei falls outside the leading five vendors While Apple and Samsung are typically the two major companies challenging for the top spot, Huawei had provided a strong challenge in recent years. Particularly, the Chinese company managed to climb the smartphone market ladder between 2011 and 2020, recording shipments of over 32 million smartphones in the fourth quarter of 2020. However, strong performances from rivals like Xiaomi and the effects of the U.S. trade ban have since seen Huawei fall outside the list of top five vendors by smartphone shipments.

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Apr 16, 2024 | Business Enterprise

Most affluent women worldwide 2023, by net worth

The granddaughter of the L'Oréal founder, Francoise Bettencourt Meyers was the wealthiest woman in the world as of April 2024. She and her family's net worth was estimated at 99.5 billion U.S. dollars. Alice Walton was ranked second with over 70 billion U.S. dollars in net worth. By comparison, the richest man in the world had a fortune of over 258 billion dollars as of December 2023.

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Apr 16, 2024 | Population

Total population of China 1980-2029

According to data published by the National Bureau of Statistics of China in January 2024, the Chinese population decreased by 2.08 million people to around 1,41 billion in 2023. This was a stronger decrease than expected by the IMF, which underestimated China's population decrease already in 2022. China arrived at the turning point of its population growth earlier than expected by many observers, and current IMF estimates for the total population until 2029 very likely need to be adjusted downwards.

Population development in China China had for a long time been the country with the largest population worldwide, but according to UN estimates, it has been overtaken by India in 2023. As the population in India is still growing, the country is very likely to remain being home of the largest population on earth in the near future. Due to several mechanisms put into place by the Chinese government as well as changing circumstances in the working and social environment of the Chinese people, population growth has subsided over the past decades, displaying an annual population growth rate of -0.15 percent in 2023. Nevertheless, compared to the world population in total, China held a share of about 18 percent of the overall global population in 2022.

China's aging population In terms of demographic developments, the birth control efforts of the Chinese government had considerable effects on the demographic pyramid in China. Upon closer examination of the age distribution, a clear trend of an aging population becomes visible. In order to curb the negative effects of an aging population, the Chinese government abolished the one-child policy in 2015, which had been in effect since 1979, and introduced a three-child policy in May 2021. However, many Chinese parents nowadays are reluctant to have a second or third child, as is the case in most of the developed countries in the world. The number of births in China varied in the years following the abolishment of the one-child policy, but did not increase considerably. Among the reasons most prominent for parents not having more children are the rising living costs and costs for child care, growing work pressure, a growing trend towards self-realization and individualism, and changing social behaviors.

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Apr 17, 2024 | Online Retail

Visitors to most popular online retailers in Japan 2024

As of March 2024, Amazon Japan's e-commerce website was the leading e-commerce site accessed in Japan, with almost 587 million visits. The subsidiary of the American technology company competes in the Japanese e-commerce market against the major business-to-consumer (B2C) retailers Rakuten and Yahoo Japan.

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Apr 15, 2024 | Soccer

Most German soccer titles 1903-2024, by club

In 2024 Bayer Leverkusen won the Bundesliga for the first time, with the team going unbeaten in all competitions for over 40 matches. Previously, Bayern Munich had won the league every year since 2013.

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Apr 16, 2024 | Vehicle Manufacturing

Latin America: number of motor vehicles produced 2013-2023, by country

In the last years, Mexico has positioned itself as the largest producer of vehicles in Latin America. In 2023, the North American country produced just over four million motor vehicles, followed by Brazil, where around 2.3 million units were produced. In addition, most of the motor vehicles produced in Mexico were light commercial vehicles.

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Find statistics, consumer survey results and industry studies from over 22,500 sources on over 60,000 topics on the internet's leading statistics database

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CIA’s World Factbook is your authoritative source on the world’s countries, territories, oceans, and more. Explore world facts at your fingertips.

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The UK's largest independent producer of official statistics and the recognised national statistical institute of the UK.

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TRADING ECONOMICS | 20 million INDICATORS FROM 196 COUNTRIES

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View more than 20 million economic indicators for 196 countries. Get free indicators, Historical Data, Charts, News and Forecasts for 196 countries.

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Kate Raworth | Exploring Doughnut Economics

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Humanity's 21st century challenge is to meet the needs of all within the means of the planet. In other words, to ensure that no one falls short on life's essentials (from food and housing to healthcare and political voice), while ensuring that collectively we do not overshoot our pressure on Earth's life-supporting systems, on which we fundamentally depend - such as a stable climate, fertile soils, and a protective ozone layer. The Doughnut of social and planetary boundaries is a playfully serious approach to framing that challenge, and it acts as a compass for human progress this century.
The Doughnut of social and planetary boundaries (2017)
The environmental ceiling consists of nine planetary boundaries, as set out by Rockstrom et al, beyond which lie unacceptable environmental degradation and potential tipping points in Earth systems. The twelve dimensions of the social foundation are derived from internationally agreed minimum social standards, as identified by the world's governments in the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015. Between social and planetary boundaries lies an environmentally safe and socially just space in which humanity can thrive.

If you want to look deeper into the Doughnut, and Doughnut Economics, join us at Doughnut Economics Action Lab where we dive into much more detail on what it means for transforming our economies.

See you in the Action Lab!

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The doughnut of planetary boundaries and social boundaries defines a safe and just space for humanity to thrive in.

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AQA A-Level Economics - Year 12 Microeconomics Knowledge Organiser

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These knowledge organisers cover Year 12 microeconomics for AQA A-Level Economics. The first covers topics from the basic economic problem through to demand and supply. The second covers market failure, government intervention and government failure.

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AQA A-Level Economics - Year 13 Microeconomics Knowledge Organiser Pack

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Here is our full knowledge organiser pack for Year 13 AQA A-Level Economics. It covers business economics, labour market economics and government intervention topics.

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AQA A-Level Economics Year 13 Macroeconomics Knowledge Organiser

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Here is the the full, comprehensive pack of knowledge organisers for Year 13 Economics (AQA). It covers financial economics, fiscal policy, development economics, and international economics.

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AQA A-Level Economics - Year 12 Macro Knowledge Organisers

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Here is our second pack of knowledge organisers for AQA A level Economics - this time our focus is the content needed for Year 1 Macro.

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This handout contains all of the essential formulae needed for AQA A-Level Economics, along with their rearrangements.

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What is the true cost of electric cars? It seems that their environmentally-friendly credentials are less than impeccable when it comes to their manufacture. Bloomberg news looks in this video at how the Indonesian nickel industry has seemingly ignored environmental legislation to extract nickel.

Background Notes:

The environmental friendliness of electric vehicles (EVs) is a complex topic that involves various factors, including their production, use, and disposal. Here's a comprehensive look at the environmental impacts of EVs compared to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs):

1. Manufacturing Impact

Battery Production: The production of EVs, especially their batteries, has significant environmental impacts. Manufacturing lithium-ion batteries requires mining and processing metals like lithium, cobalt, and nickel, which can lead to habitat destruction, water use, and pollution . Battery production can contribute to higher greenhouse gas emissions initially compared to ICEVs due to the energy-intensive processes involved .

Resource Consumption: The extraction of rare metals used in batteries is resource-intensive and has social and environmental implications, including potential impacts on local communities and ecosystems .

2. Operational Impact

Emissions During Use: EVs produce zero tailpipe emissions, which means they don't directly emit pollutants like carbon dioxide (CO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter that contribute to air pollution and climate change. This is a significant advantage, especially in urban areas with high vehicle density .

Electricity Source: The environmental benefits of EVs largely depend on the electricity mix used to charge them. If the electricity comes from renewable sources like wind, solar, or hydro, the environmental impact is much lower. However, if the electricity is generated from coal or other fossil fuels, the benefits are reduced, though EVs typically still emit fewer pollutants than ICEVs over their lifecycle .

3. Lifecycle Analysis

Lifecycle Emissions: Studies generally show that EVs have lower overall greenhouse gas emissions compared to ICEVs when considering the full lifecycle, including production, operation, and disposal. The savings are more significant if the EV is driven for a long time and if the grid gets cleaner over time .

Battery Longevity and Recycling: EV batteries typically last for several years, and advances in battery technology are extending their life further. End-of-life recycling of EV batteries is crucial to minimize environmental impact. Proper recycling can recover valuable materials and reduce the need for new resource extraction .

4. Secondary Benefits and Challenges

Reduced Local Air Pollution: EVs contribute to reduced local air pollution, improving air quality in cities and reducing health issues associated with vehicle emissions.

Noise Pollution: EVs are generally quieter than ICEVs, leading to reduced noise pollution in urban areas.

Infrastructure and Grid Impact: The widespread adoption of EVs requires significant investment in charging infrastructure and could place additional demand on electricity grids. However, with smart grid technology and renewable energy integration, these challenges can be managed effectively .

Conclusion

While electric vehicles are not without their environmental challenges, particularly concerning the production and disposal of batteries, they are generally considered more environmentally friendly than conventional internal combustion engine vehicles, especially over the long term. Their benefits are maximized when they are powered by renewable energy sources and when sustainable practices are employed throughout their lifecycle.

Investing in clean energy infrastructure, improving battery technology, and implementing effective recycling systems are crucial steps in ensuring that EVs deliver their full potential as a more sustainable transportation option.

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What is the true cost of electric cars? It seems that their environmentally-friendly credentials are less than impeccable when it comes to their manufacture. Bloomberg news looks in this video at how the Indonesian nickel industry has seemingly ignored environmental legislation to extract nickel.

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The rate at which prices rising remained unchanged at 6.7% in the year to September compared with August.
Slowing food inflation on items such as milk, cheese and eggs were offset by fuel prices rising sharply, hitting drivers at the pumps.

In a bid to slow inflation, the Bank of England has increased interest rates to 5.25%, but held rates at its last meeting.

What does inflation mean?

Inflation is the increase in the price of something over time.

If a bottle of milk costs £1 but £1.05 12 months later, then annual milk inflation is 5%.

Each month's inflation figure shows how much these prices have risen since the same date last year.

You can calculate inflation in various ways, but the main "headline" measure is the Consumer Prices Index (CPI).

Food prices saw their first monthly fall in two years in September, but fuel prices rose sharply.

"Core inflation" excludes the price of energy, food, alcohol and tobacco.

This measure was 6.1% in September, marginally down from 6.2% in August.

The Bank of England considers this number, as well as CPI, when deciding whether to change interest rates.

Soaring food and energy bills helped drive inflation up.

Alcohol prices in restaurants and pubs also rose.

The Bank of England has a target to keep inflation at 2%, but the current rate remains well above that.

This makes borrowing more expensive, and means some people with mortgages see their monthly payments go up. Some saving rates also increase.

When people have less money to spend, they buy fewer things, reducing the demand for goods and slowing price rises.

Businesses also borrow less, making them less likely to create jobs; some may cut staff.

This is higher than the rate of inflation was in the same period (7.1%), which means real wages grew for the first time in nearly two years.

However, unions point out that many workers have received smaller pay increases, and there have been widespread strikes over pay.

The government has previously argued that big pay rises could push inflation higher because companies might increase prices as a result.

When will inflation go down?

Lower inflation doesn't mean prices fall. It just means they rise less quickly.

The Bank of England has predicted inflation will drop to 5% by the end of 2023, rather than the 4% it had been anticipating.

But he admitted that inflation had been "more sticky than previously expected".

Other countries have also been experiencing a cost-of-living squeeze.

Many of the reasons are the same - increased energy costs, shortages of goods and materials, and the fallout from Covid.

The European Central Bank had been increasing interest rates to try to bring eurozone inflation under control.

August had seen the 11th increase since early 2022, with rates at their highest for almost two decades.

It warned further raises would follow "if appropriate".

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What is the UK inflation rate and why is it so high?

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The rate at which prices are rising has fallen but remains well above the 2% inflation target.

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The government is spending more on public services than it raises in tax.

To bridge this gap it borrows money, but this has to be paid back - with interest - and that can influence wider tax and spending plans.

Why does the government borrow money?

The government gets most of its income from taxes. For example, workers pay income tax, everyone pays VAT on certain goods and companies pay tax on their profits.

It could, in theory, cover all of its spending from taxes, and in some years that happens.

But if it can't, it will cover the gap by raising taxes, cutting spending or borrowing.

Higher taxes mean people have less money to spend, so businesses make less profit, which can be bad for jobs and wages. Lower profits also mean companies pay less tax.

So, governments often borrow to boost the economy. They also borrow to pay for big projects - such as new railways and roads - which they hope will help the economy.

How does the government borrow money?

The government borrows money by selling financial products called bonds.

A bond is a promise to pay money in the future. Most require the borrower to make regular interest payments over the bond's lifetime.

UK government bonds - known as "gilts" - are normally considered very safe, with little risk the money will not be repaid.

Gilts are mainly bought by financial institutions in the UK and abroad, such as pension funds, investment funds, banks and insurance companies.

How much is the UK government borrowing?

The amount the government borrows varies from month to month.

For instance, when people submit tax returns in January, they often pay a large chunk of their annual tax bill in one go, so the government sees a jump in the amount of money it takes in.

So it is more helpful to look at the whole year, or the year-to-date.

In the 2022-23 financial year, the government borrowed £127.8bn. That was £5bn higher than in the previous year.

The total amount the government owes is called the national debt. It is currently about £2.6 trillion.

That current level is more than double what was seen from the 1980s through to the financial crisis of 2008.

The combination of the financial crash and the Covid pandemic pushed the UK's debt up from those historic lows to its current level.

But in relation to the size of the economy, today's debt figures are still low compared with much of the last century, as shown above, and also compared with some other leading economies.

How much money does the government pay in interest?

The larger the national debt gets, the more interest the government has to pay.

That extra cost was not as big when the interest rates due were low through the 2010s, but it is more noticeable now that interest rates have been rising.

If the government has to set aside more cash for paying its debts, it may mean it has less to spend on the public services which it borrowed to fund in the first place.

The most significant figures tracking the cost of debt are published monthly by the Office for National Statistics (ONS).

According to this data, two months in 2022 saw record levels of money set aside for debt interest: £20bn in June and £18bn in December.

June 2023 saw the third largest monthly amount - £12.8bn.

The most recent October figure revealed interest on government debt was £7.5bn.

During the 2022-23 financial year, the government spent £108bn on debt interest - more than it spent on education.

Why does it matter if governments borrow more?

Some economists fear the government is borrowing too much, at too great a cost.

Others argue extra borrowing helps the economy grow faster - generating more tax revenue in the long run.

In an ageing population, the proportion of people of working age drops, meaning the government takes less in tax while paying out more in pensions.

The OBR says debt could rise to more than 300% of GDP by 2070.

What is the government's plan for debt?

Responding to the OBR report, Chancellor Jeremy Hunt said the government would take "difficult but responsible" decisions on the public finances.

He previously blamed the "twin global emergencies of a pandemic and Putin's war in Ukraine" for driving up government costs.

The chancellor has set a target of getting underlying debt to fall in five years' time.

What is the difference between the government deficit and debt?

The deficit is the gap between the government's income and the amount it spends.

When a government spends less than its income, it has what is known as a surplus.

Debt is the total amount of money owed by the government that has built up over years.

It rises when there is a deficit, and falls in those years when there is a surplus.

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How much money is the UK government borrowing, and does it matter?

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How does government borrowing work, and how and when is the money paid back?

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One of the rainiest springs on record boosted warm soup sales while denting those for sun cream, new figures suggest.
The wet weather caused the slowest monthly increase in grocery sales in two years as people were "put off from popping to the shops", according to research firm Kantar.

The cost of living also played a role in the decreased spending, with nearly a quarter of households surveyed by the company saying they were still struggling.

However, Kantar also recorded a big jump in financially "comfortable" households because of slowing price rises and predicted a boost in spending from the Euros.

"The cost of living crisis isn't over - far from it," said Kantar's head of retail and consumer insight Fraser McKevitt.

"However, there are positive signs that many of us no longer feel the need to restrict our spending quite so much," he added.

According to Kantar's analysis, its measure of grocery price inflation was 2.1% over the four weeks to 9 June and it said this was the 16th monthly period in a row the figure had fallen.

It said this contributed to a rise in people feeling better about their finances, with over one-third of the 10,500 people it surveyed describing their financial position as comfortable, the highest figure since November 2021.

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Soup sales up and suncream down in wet June

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One of the rainiest springs on record boosted soup sales while denting those for sun cream, figures suggest.

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Governments also invest when they spend money on things such as new schools, the health service, and on new roads and railways.

However, the IPPR said that data from the Organisation for Economic Co-ordination and Development (OECD) shows that when measuring total investment - which covers both businesses and government - the UK has had the lowest level of investment in the G7 for 24 of the past 30 years.

It added that the UK currently was not just bottom of the G7 investment table with investment at 18.3% of national income, but "significantly" behind the next worst performer - the US at 21.2%.

"The UK's dire productivity performance since the great financial crisis of 2008 is, to a large extent, the single biggest driver of our dire living standards," the IPPR said.

"Without resources flowing into new investment, it's hard to see how UK economic performance can improve," Dr Dibb added.

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Low investment blocking UK growth, says think tank

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Both Conservative and Labour plan to reduce government investment over the next parliamentary term

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An imaginary basket of 700 goods and services bought by households has gone up in price by 2% in the year to May, down from 2.3% in the year to April.

In autumn of 2022, the consumer price inflation (CPI) rate peaked at 11.1%. Energy prices had soared in the wake of disruption to Russian oil and gas imports. Liz Truss's tax-cutting mini-budget was piling more demand into prices.

The fall in price inflation does not mean that prices are falling. Some fall, but overall, the cost of that basket is now not rising as fast.

And while inflation is down and back on target, the past two years have left prices much higher than they were. Food, for instance, is 25% more expensive than it was. So for many whose income rise has not matched price increases, the cost of living pressures remain.

This month's figures show food inflation down to 1.7% over the year to May, from 2.9% in the year to April. Easing that price inflation rate were bread and cereals, vegetables, sugar, jam, syrup, chocolate and sweets. Still going up were cooking oils, dairy and eggs.

The cost of buying a pet is easing, after the pandemic saw prices soar. Also bearing down on price inflation are package holidays, books, vacuum cleaners, fridges, freezers and washing machines.

Offsetting that has been the cost of petrol, with a litre of unleaded up 4p on May last year, though in that transport category, the average price of a used car has fallen by more than 11% in a year, with the unwinding of disruption to manufacturing of cars during the pandemic.

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Coming down but still going up: the trouble with inflation

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The government is happy to trumpet falling inflation but that does not mean prices are falling.

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GDP or Gross Domestic Product is one of the most important tools for looking at how well, or badly, an economy is doing.

GDP helps businesses judge when to expand and hire more people, and it lets government work out how much to tax and spend.

What is GDP?

GDP is a measure - or an attempt to measure - all the activity of companies, governments and individuals in a country.

In the UK, new GDP figures are produced every month, but the quarterly figures - covering three months at a time - are the most widely watched.

In a growing economy, each quarterly GDP will be slightly bigger than the quarter before, a sign that people are doing more work and getting (on average) a little bit richer.

Most economists, politicians and businesses like to see GDP rising steadily because rising GDP usually means people spend more, more jobs are created, more tax is paid and workers get better pay rises.

If GDP is falling, then the economy is shrinking - bad news for businesses and workers. If GDP falls for two quarters in a row, that is known as a recession, which can mean pay freezes and lost jobs.

The Covid pandemic caused the most severe recession seen in over 300 years, hurting business and employment, and forcing government to borrow hundreds of billions of pounds to support the economy.

Although higher prices have squeezed consumers' budgets in more recent months, the UK has avoided going into recession.

According to the most recent official statistics, the economy grew by 0.2% between April and June - slightly higher than expected.

How does GDP affect me?

If GDP is growing, the government will use that as evidence to say that it is doing a good job of managing the economy. Likewise, if GDP falls, opposition politicians will say the government is running it badly.

But it's not just a report card on how the government is doing. If GDP is going up steadily, people will pay more in tax simply because they're earning and spending more. This means more money for the government to spend on public services, such as schools, police and hospitals.

Governments also like to keep an eye on how much they are borrowing in relation to the size of the economy.

For example borrowing was equivalent to about 14% of GDP in the first year of the Covid pandemic, the highest proportion since World War Two.

How is it measured?

GDP can be measured in three ways:

Output: The total value of the goods and services produced by all sectors of the economy - agriculture, manufacturing, energy, construction, the service sector and government

Expenditure: The value of goods and services bought by households and by government, investment in machinery and buildings - this also includes the value of exports, minus imports

Income: The value of the income generated, mostly in terms of profits and wages.

In the UK, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) publishes one single measure of GDP, which is calculated using all three measurements. But early estimates mainly use the output measure, using data collected from thousands of companies.

The UK produces one of the quickest estimates of GDP of the major economies, about 40 days after the quarter in question.

At that stage, only about 60% of the data is available, so the figure is revised as more information comes in.

The ONS publishes more information on how this is done on its website.

What are its limitations?

GDP growth doesn't tell the whole story.

There are lots of things the statistics might not take into account:

Hidden economy: Unpaid work isn't captured in official figures, such as caring for an elderly relative

Inequality: GDP growth doesn't tell us how income is split across a population - rising GDP could result from the richest getting richer, rather than everyone becoming better off

Just because GDP is increasing, it doesn't mean that an individual person's standard of living is improving.

If a country's population increases, that will push GDP up, because with more people, more money will be spent. But individuals within that country might not be getting richer. They may be getting poorer on average, even while GDP goes up.

So the ONS publishes a figure for GDP per head (of population), which can often tell a different story to the main GDP number.

Critics have argued that GDP doesn't take into account whether the economic growth it measures is sustainable, or the damage it might do to the natural world. Alternative measures have been developed.

In 2010, the ONS started measuring well-being alongside economic growth. This measures health, relationships, education and skills, as well as personal finances and the environment.

In 2019, New Zealand's Prime Minister, Jacinda Ardern, released the country's first "well-being budget", prioritising health and life-satisfaction rather than economic growth.

Despite its limitations, GDP is still the most widely-used measure for most government decisions and international comparisons.

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A basic guide to how the economy is measured and what that calculation is used for.

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The operation of markets and market failure

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Free Homework & Revision for A Level, GCSE, KS3 & KS2 (senecalearning.com)

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