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1600: The East India Company was founded. Later on, the joint-stock corporation would be essential to preserving a trade monopoly that boosted output, demand, and profit. The business aided Britain's economic and trade growth and allowed it to compete with its neighbours in Europe.

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1709: Abraham Darby leases the furnace and uses it for the first time with success. That year, Darby managed to sell eighteen tonnes of iron items. He would go on to become a pivotal figure in the business when he figured out how to make pig iron using coke instead of charcoal.

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1712: The first steam engine is created by Thomas Newcomen .

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1720: The invention of the steam engine in the 18th century marked the start of the Industrial Revolution in Belgium. The first steam engine was employed in the coal mines of Liege, Belgium, and was based on a design by British inventor Thomas Newcomen.

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1727: The engine made it possible for coal output to rise, which in turn encouraged the use of steam engines. As steam engines developed over the ensuing years, Mons and Charleroi mines started using the machine. When it comes to Belgium's coal output, the utilisation of the steam engine opened up new possibilities.

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1789: France removed internal customs taxes and guild limitations to encourage trade and commerce. In addition, Napoleon Bonaparte created the Banque de France, standardised the legal system with the Civil Code, and instituted a stable currency in the franc. Still, there were very few industrial nuclei left.

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1792: Belgium was taken over by France, led by the renowned military leader Napoleon. The Belgian economy changed and even flourished during the French occupation. The Belgian aristocracy and bourgeoisie gained income through the selling and leasing of seized monastery properties, which was subsequently utilised as startup capital for new ventures.

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1793: Samuel Slater, a recent immigrant from England, opened a textile mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, which is typically cited as the start of American manufacturing. Despite regulations that forbade textile workers from leaving their jobs, Slater carried Richard Arkwright's ideas across the Atlantic after working at one of the mills the creator of the water frame, Arkwright, had established. As the “Father of the American Industrial Revolution,” he went on to construct a number of additional cotton mills in New England.

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1793: The United States proceeded with its industrialization, propelled by both domestic innovators such as Eli Whitney and inventions “borrowed” from Britain. The cotton gin, an innovation by Whitney that was short for "engine," transformed the country's cotton economy and solidified slavery's hold on the cotton-producing South.

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1830:, there were three recognised areas for the production of cotton spun yarn: in Alsace, near Rouen in the north of the nation, and in the vicinity of Lille and Roubaix.

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1827: The infamous lack of finance and fierce opposition caused the railway network's construction to be delayed. The first train transported coal to be shipped from the mining region near St. Etienne to the Loire.

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1836: On the other hand, the entrepreneur Eugène Schneider turned the Royal Foundry of Le Creusot in Burgundy, which he had taken over, into what is arguably the most well-known steelworks in France. With the manufacturing of rails, guns, and locomotives, Schneider built an empire.

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1842: The vast mining region of Nord-Pas de Calais was established following the discovery of coal close to Oignies, which lies next to the northern mining sector. The De Wendels used British technology to increase iron processing in Lorraine.

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End of the 19th century: the United States would likewise undergo a shift from a predominantly rural to an increasingly urbanised society, with all the issues that went along with it, as a result of the so-called Second Industrial Revolution.

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Industrialization was well-established by the middle of the 19th century in both the northeastern United States and western Europe. The United States was the most industrialised country in the world by the early 20th century.

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“Timeline of the Industrial Revolution.” Historic UK, 13 Dec. 2023, www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/Timeline-Industrial-Revolution/.

“The First Industrial Revolution.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., www.britannica.com/event/Industrial-Revolution/The-first-Industrial-Revolution. Accessed 26 Feb. 2024.

The Industrial Revolution of Belgium, 10 Mar. 2015, searchinginhistory.blogspot.com/2015/03/the-industrial-revolution-of-belgium.html.

“On the Industrial History of France.” ERIH, www.erih.net/how-it-started/industrial-history-of-european-countries/france. Accessed 26 Feb. 2024.

“Industrial Revolution: Definition, Inventions & Dates - History.” History.Com, A&E Television Networks, www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution/industrial-revolution. Accessed 26 Feb. 2024.