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The start of the revolution begins with protests and strikes in Petrograd due to food shortages, war fatigue and dissatisfaction with monarchy.

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University of Central Florida News | UCF Today

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Soon after George Floyd's death and the worldwide protests demanding justice for Black lives and police-department reforms, Minneapolis' city council announced June 7 it planned to disband their local force and invest in a community-based public-safety program.

As protests have continued nationwide, more than a dozen other U.S. cities, including Los Angeles, Dallas, and Washington, D.C., have also made commitments to reduce police resources and funding, and make changes to their systems.

Throughout American history, peaceful protesting - which is protected under the First Amendment and is an act of patriotism - has been utilized to advocate for and lead to change. While the overall impacts of the current national protests are still unfolding, they will likely be influential, just like these movements:

Boston Tea Party

Dec. 16, 1773
Boston, Massachusetts

The Boston Tea Party was the first significant act of rebellion by American colonist against the British. For years, colonists were unfairly taxed by the British government without representation in Parliament, and the Tea Act of 1773, which granted a monopoly and tax exemption to the British East Indian Company, was the final straw that caused American opposition.

Sixty men lead by the Sons of Liberty disguised themselves as Native Americans on Dec. 16, 1773, and threw 342 chests - 92,000 pounds - of tea into Boston Harbor. The protest was met with punishment from the British as Parliament passed punitive measures, such as closing Boston's port until the debt from the Boston Tea Party was paid, and housing British troops in American homes, through the Intolerable Acts that aimed to target Massachusetts and divide the other colonies. Instead, it sparked the First Continental Congress in 1774 and led to the American Revolution, which began in Massachusetts in 1775 and ended in 1783 when the British formally recognized U.S. independence.

Women's Suffrage Parade

March 3, 1913
Washington, D.C.

After 60 years of women fighting for suffrage, the first major demonstration for the cause took place during a parade on the eve of President Woodrow Wilson's inauguration. The parade, organized by the National American Woman Suffrage Association and activist Alice Paul, consisted of more than 5,000 suffragettes, four mounted brigades, nine bands and 20 parade floats. During the march on Pennsylvania Ave, opposing spectators attacked demonstrators and police did not intervene, leading to injuries for more than 100 women.

The strategic timing of the parade helped revive attention around the movement, but it would take seven more years of protests, demonstrations and other tactics before the 19 th amendment, which grants women the right to vote, was ratified on Aug. 18, 1920.

While women are guaranteed the right to vote under the Constitution, they are still fighting for protections under the Equal Rights Amendment, which was originally proposed in 1923 and has yet to be passed, but has made a recent resurgence that may eventually lead it to passing.

The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

Aug. 28, 1963
Washington, D.C.

About 250,000 people gathered near the Lincoln Memorial to voice their outrage against racial inequalities and the violent attacks of civil rights protestors at Birmingham, Alabama. It was at this march that Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his iconic "I Have a Dream" speech, which 3,000 members of the media were present to capture.

The idea for the march was actually born 22 years earlier in 1941 when civil rights leader and labor unionist A. Philip Randolph sought to organize a march that called out Black people's exclusion from jobs created by World War II and President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs. A day before the march was scheduled, Roosevelt met with Randolph and issued an order banning discrimination against workers in government and defense jobs. He also established the Fair Employment Practice Committee to investigate racial discrimination in hiring practices and jobs. Five years later the committee was dissolved, and Randolph revived the idea for the march.

Years later, King and his Southern Christian Leadership Conference were planning a march for freedom, and Randolph and leaders from the NAACP were planning a march for jobs. The two groups joined forces for the 1963 march, after which King and other civil rights leaders discussed the need for a strong civil rights bill with President John F. Kennedy and Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson. This led enaction of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and it, along with the Selma-to-Montgomery, Alabama, marches, also led to the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Stonewall Riots

June 28 to July 3, 1969
New York

In the 60s, raids on local gay bars and harassment to patrons by the New York Police Department were common. But when officers raided the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village on the morning of June 28, 1969, members of the LGBTQ community had enough and resisted. Protests began that same morning and continued for six days, marking a monumental moment that has inspired decades of activism within the LGBTQ+ community.

Prior to Stonewall, there were no legal protections for the LGBTQ community, and since 1952 being gay had been listed as a mental illness in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual.

Leaders for the Stonewall Riots, including gay-liberation activists and drag queens Marsha P. Johnson and Sylvia Rivera, formed organizations, such as the Gay Liberation Front, after the event that pushed for policy changes and social inclusivity for the LGBTQ community. One year after the historic riots, the first Christopher Street Liberation Day march, which is named after Stonewall Inn's location, was organized in New York and other U.S. cities. This march would lead to a rise in annual Pride events worldwide. In 1973, the psychiatric association removed homosexuality from its diagnostic manual.

Since the '90s, the Supreme Court has established several landmark rulings that have put protections in place for and removed discriminatory laws against the LGBTQ community. These include decriminalizing homosexual behavior, legalizing gay marriage and, as recently as June 15, making it illegal to fire employees for their sexual orientation or gender identities.

Occupation of Alcatraz

Nov. 20, 1969, to June 11, 1971
San Francisco Bay, California

In 1934, the U.S. government began using Alcatraz Island to house prisoners before closing the island's prison in 1963. The following year, it was declared a federal surplus property and soon thereafter Native American activists began occupying the island, citing the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, an agreement that states Native Americans could claim unused federal lands.

In November 1969, 89 members from Indians of All Tribes began living on the island and continued their protest for 19 months. Their initial demands were to build Native Indian institutions on the island, partly due to a fire a month prior that destroyed the San Francisco Indian Center, which helped provide jobs, health care, legal aid, and other opportunities. While on Alcatraz, the protestors, which included 400 people at its height, lived without running water, phone service and, for some time, electricity. Some Native Americans spoke out and said these, and worse, conditions were already in place on reservations.

U.S. authorities forcibly ended the occupation in June 1971 when police and federal agents removed the 15 remaining protestors. And while the initial demands were not met, the protest brought attention to the Indian Termination Policy, which began in the mid-1940s. That was series of laws and policies that aimed to abolish Native American tribes and culture in order to forcibly assimilate them into American society, making them tax-paying citizens and removing federal and state exemptions they were granted. During the Occupation of Alcatraz, President Richard Nixon ended the policy in 1970 and the publicity around the event led to a new policy of self-determination for Native Americans.

The March for Our Lives

March 24, 2018
Washington, D.C., with other protests led worldwide.

On Feb. 14, 2018, 17 people at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, were killed by a former student who opened fire with a semi-automatic rifle. The tragedy marked a turning point in years of calls for gun-control legislation and led to the March for Our Lives the next month.

The march in Washington, D.C., was organized by students who survived the shooting and gathered 800,000 people. Affiliated protests across the United States brought the total national turnout to an estimated 1.2 million to 2 million. There were also other protests held around the globe.

Before the Stoneman Douglas shooting, Florida's gun laws were some of the weakest in America. But in March 2018, the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School Public Safety Act was passed by the state legislature and implemented changes such as raising the minimum age for gun purchases from 18 to 21, increasing waiting periods until background checks clear or three days, whichever is longer, among other measures. Florida, along with 16 other states and Washington, D.C., have enacted red-flag laws, which allow for the temporary removal of firearms if someone poses a danger to themselves or others. Bump stocks, which increase firing power of semiautomatic weapons, also have been banned nationally.

Protests

July 14 to July 24, 2019
Puerto Rico

After years of sluggish progress to recover from Hurricane Maria and many more years of alleged corruption within the Puerto Rican government, a scandal involving the island's governor and his staff led to national outrage and calls for resignation.

On July 13, 2019, hundreds of pages of messages between Puerto Rico's Gov. Ricardo Rosselló and his staff containing racist, homophobic and vulgar language to ridicule politicians, journalists and celebrities were publicly leaked. The messages, which were sent through the Telegram messaging app, also stated they would use the media to target political opponents. Days before the leak, the island's education secretary and the head of the health were arrested by the FBI on corruption charges.

Rosselló publicly apologized soon after, and said he would not resign, although members of his cabinet did. On July 14, 2019, protests began outside his home and continued for weeks as police guarded the home and often used tear gas. The protests spread and intensified, even resulting in a shutdown of a major highway and a strike across the island.

On July 24, 2019, Rosselló announced his resignation effective Aug. 2 of that year. On Aug. 7, 2019, Wanda Vázquez Garced became governor of Puerto Rico.

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7 Influential Protests in American History, Serving as Acts of Patriotism

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Since America's beginning people have used protests to make their voices heard and advocate for change. Here are a few historic examples.

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Tsar Nicholas the 2nd abdicates ending centuries of Romanov rule.

This then led to dual authority between a provisional government and the Petrograd Soviet.

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Despite multiple reworks, the current version is said to be almost identical to the original minus Baroque-style arches. And the jewels weren't always permanent. Until 1911, they were all hired and removed after each respective coronation. At that point the St Edward's Crown was set with 444 precious and semi-precious stones, while imitation pearls to the arches were replaced with gold beading.

When we think of the crown - any crown - it's often the distinctive shape of the St Edward's Crown that comes to mind. Richard Fitzwilliams, a royal commentator for the BBC and CNN, says this has been a deliberate part of the Royal Family's strategy. "The reason [the crown] is so potent is that Queen Elizabeth II decided to use it as the symbol for the royal cipher. So you'd find it on the insignia of the Royal Mail or military uniform and so forth," he says. Seventy years after the crown was last used at his mother's coronation in 1953, Charles has decided to change course and pick a different version. "Charles has gone back to the Tudor crown to distinguish himself from the Queen. Each monarch decides for themselves of course. But the changeover is somewhat expensive."

Unlike the overarching history of the St Edward's crown, the specific origin story of its jewels is less clear. And despite the crown's brilliance - 22-carat gold, 345 aquamarines, 37 white topazes, 27 tourmalines, 12 rubies, 7 amethysts, 6 sapphires, 2 jargoons and a single garnet, spinel and carbuncle - its provenance is not well-documented. Given the history of other pieces in the crown jewels, many assume that they were unethically sourced from former colonies. For example: the Koh-i-Noor diamond, a precious stone that was long seen as the mightiest in the courts of India, was seized in 1849 from a 10-year-old in line to the Punjabi throne by British authorities, and it quickly became a prized possession of Queen Victoria. You can now find the Koh-i-Noor in the crown of Queen Elizabeth, the late Queen Mother.

The Daily Mail recently reported that the aquamarines can be traced to King Edward VII, who bought a collection from the Brazilian government, though there's little information elsewhere to confirm this. Sparser still are records for the rubies.

The uncertain past and the vast symbolism of the St Edward's Crown mean a lot of different things to a lot of different people. Some see the coronation as a moment of celebration for a country undergoing much hardship. Others see it as ill-timed or incongruent with the national mood as people question the institution of the Royal Family and its associated relics. Is this crown a shining beacon of British tradition? Or a shimmering albatross of its dark, imperial past? The truth may be that these things are not mutually exclusive.

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The murky true story behind King Charles's crown

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From rebellions and attempted robberies, St Edward's Crown is one of the most iconic artefacts of the Royal Family - but much of it is shrouded in mystery. Here's what you need to know about King Charles III's Coronation crown.

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Vladimir Lenin returns to Russia with a vision ('All power to the Soviets') for all the power to be given to the Soviets and for the war to end.

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"The French Revolution had guillotined its enemies; the proletarian revolution would compel them to work for it"- E. H. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution Volume 2, 1952

When I started teaching the HSC National Study ' Russia and the Soviet Union 1917-1941' (otherwise known by the equally uninteresting name of 'Option G') there was one thing that really bothered me. I understood that Lenin and Trotsky had wrestled power from the Provisional Government to create the world's first communist state, and I understood how they had achieved this by appealing to the masses and using the Kornilov Affair to their advantage. But what I didn't understand was how they physically changed Russia from a burgeoning capitalist Euro-state into something completely new and different.

How was it done? Russia is a big place, how exactly do you suddenly convert all those factories and businesses into socialist organs of the state? Russia had just been through the crippling autocratic reign of the Tsar, two revolutions, and a horrendous war with Germany - Lenin was not exactly flush with the resources or manpower to achieve his communist dream. So how on Earth did he actually make it happen?

I picked up the above book by Carr in a secondhand bookstore. It's brown and smells like decay in that way that all old, unloved books smell, but it's also by E. H. Carr, who factors quite significantly into the History Extension course (which I also teach) so I figured I could kill two birds with one stone by reading it. It's a fairly dry text in every sense of the word but the content also went a long way in explaining how the Russian economy worked, and how it bent to the will to historical forces and people.

Just what I was after!

Carr grapples with the problem of which came first (the big events of Russian history or the economic conditions?) and manages to illuminate this conundrum as much as possible by refusing to pick an order of cause and effect. Instead he alternates back and forth between the two, arguing that the economy both informed the big events and was also shaped by them. He believes that they're inextricably tied together.

As I read Carr's treatise on this subject I quickly became conscious of the fact that there would be very little in this book that I could explicitly use with my Year 12 Modern History class. It's just too complex, and the last thing I want to do is bore or confuse them.

However, I have no qualms at all about boring or confusing YOU, the internet reader and possible fellow teacher. So here's a bit of context about Marxism before I talk about Russia, c. 1917:

Karl Marx and his good ol' buddy Engels believed that society would always organise itself in a way that would make the best use of resources. There's a belief out there that communism is something that exists as an alternative to capitalism, but that isn't strictly what Marx was suggesting when he formulated his theory. Marx believed that communism was the future in the most literal sense. He saw capitalism as a necessary step towards communism; and capitalism was merely the stage of a society's development that took place after feudalism.

Here's a better way of thinking about it. First, a society organises itself into a feudal state so that the land-owning aristocracy can make the best possible use of a country's resources. Then, a middle class emerges - the bourgeoisie - and their amassing of capital wealth (as opposed to land wealth) gives them the means to take power from the aristocracy. This changes the society from a feudal one into a capitalist one. The bourgeoisie then better organise resources by using their extensive capital wealth to motivate the lower class - the proletariat - in going to work for them. Eventually the proletariat will realise that the real power resides with them, and the resources of the society can be spread more equitably by the ousting of the bourgeoisie class. This changes the society from a capitalist one into a socialist one. The next, and final stage, is the removal of the instruments of government - a conversion from a working class-run capitalist society into a communist society. A society that essentially runs itself through the equitable allocation of its resources.

Or; Feudalism (aristocracy, bourgeoisie, proletariat) becomes > Capitalism (bourgeoisie, proletariat) becomes > Communism (proletariat).

Marx had several rules that would help the proletariat in manifesting their power - common sense things like the abolition of child labour, free education for everyone, equal obligation to work, abolition of inheritance... then there were the harder to sell ideas of abolition of private property, state ownership of factories, and state-controlled media/communication channels.

Once the theoretical Marxist society had re-organised itself accordingly, the perfectly functioning economy that would result from all this equitable re-distribution of wealth would render the concept of a 'state' useless. No more government. No more nations. No more borders. So that's what John Lennon was on about!

Back to Russia 1917; the new Russian middle class had teamed up with the proletariat to depose their 19th century tyrant, the oddly mild-mannered but wholly ineffectual Nicholas Romanov II. This in itself wasn't that unusual. A rather 'soft' industrial revolution had moved the British middle class into co-power with their aristocracy in the 1850s, and the French had formed a democratic republic before that with more than a few dropped blades. However, what was different with Russia was that the working class and peasantry had Marxist-educated representatives who were eager to skip the capitalist stage as quickly as possible now that their Tsar had been de-throned.

Lenin spake, "We want the peasantry to go further than the bourgeoisie and seize the land from the land-owners".

What's worth noting is that there were essentially two revolutions happening in Russia at the same time. The peasants had revolted against the land-owning aristocracy, whilst the workers (and socialists) were rallying against a bourgeoisie/capitalist paradigm. The two had become bedfellows in the face of the Tsar's corrupt autocracy, but their views weren't always compatible.

In relation to this, a curious situation had arisen in post-Tsarist Russia. Two governments were in operation. The official one was the Provisional Government - a democratic and largely bourgeoisie organ that had developed from the Duma, the Tsar's previous and thoroughly unpopular attempts at reasonable governance. The other government was the Petrograd Soviet, which was a loose conglomeration of socialist groups and workers' unions. An uneasy alliance had developed between the two out of necessity but neither was in any fit state to run the country on their own. In fact, even whilst working together they weren't doing that great a job of it.

Then Lenin arrived on the scene, fresh from exile and political imprisonment, and Trotsky came back in from the wilderness to put aside his problems with the factionalism that had previously been occurring within the Russian Socialist party. Together they bloodlessly removed the Provisional Government (a fascinating story for another day) and set up a Bolshevik Government in its place.

One of the many problems of the Provisional Government was that they had no ideological motivation to re-organise Russia's resources in order to feed the starving Russian people. The factories in the Russian cities were still too closely tied to the bourgeoisie, so the Provisional Government was not willing to shake things up too much by forcibly moving resources away from the 'haves' to the 'have nots'. Instead, Kerensky's government suggested that the peasants come to a 'voluntary agreement with their landlords' in regards to food and land.

A voluntary agreement?! "Can we please have some food for free?" When has that ever worked?

The Bolsheviks were the only group to give their blessing to the peasants in regards to seizing land for themselves. Lenin put out word that all private property in land was to be abolished and placed at the disposal of the peasants (the only group he considered off-limits were the Cossacks, he said they could keep their land - a shrewd political move that kept their muscle on his side). A further caveat was that every man was only entitled to as much land as he could work, and as much as could feed his family.

Articles 3 of Lenin's new laws; "The right to use the land belongs to him who cultivates it with his own labour".

Alongside this was a call for the workers to take control of the factories, a necessity that would draw resources and money into the control of the state.

But how did he enforce this? Much has been said of Lenin having very little power to actually make this happen... all he could do is suggest it and give the new Bolshevik Government's blessing, and hope that the peasants and workers would do the rest.

Well, one thing that Carr's book sheds light on is the role of the trade unions. They assisted in keeping order during this messy and chaotic transition process. The Soviets were more powerful than the trade unions because they had soldiers, but an alliance was still needed in order to organise the factories and the workers As you could imagine there were a lot of problems during this stage, and here are some examples:

A series of button factories were sabotaged by the former manager who had been kicked out by the workers (he was sent to a labour camp for his troubles).

Some workers, once they had control of their factories, sold off all the equipment and stock for their own financial gain (I guess it had yet to be impressed upon them that capitalism in Russia was soon to be over).

Some workers kicked out their managers and then later had to beg them to come back in order to help run the factories (this is communism in action - Marx postulated that the bourgeoisie and proletariat would eventually merge into one larger proletariat class under the new socialist model of society).

Some communists (both at the time and in hindsight) argued that this chaos was necessary, that destroying the economy was actually part of the communist process. The workers were (unknowingly) 'smashing the economic machine' and therefore allowing for the state to be rebuilt as a socialist utopia.

Of course, as you and I know, there would never be any such utopia for Russia. Lenin's early death, Trotsky's exile from Russia, the rise of Stalin... any number of factors could be blamed, but the point remains that Russia's sheer size, string of historical tragedies, and dearth of social happiness perhaps made it impossible for such a communist paradise to ever be achieved.

Lenin felt that a state-run form of capitalism would easily supersede the form of capitalism that had arisen towards the end of the Tsar's reign. This would provide a transition phase before moving towards collectivisation; the process in which huge communal farms would become the building block for a socialist Russia.

This more 'fair dinkum' version of communism never happened during Lenin's lifetime, but Stalin would eventually have his own crack at collectivisation after disposing of nearly every other revolutionary in the 1920s communist government.

It could therefore be argued that communist Russia never really materialised under Lenin. Many have pointed to the New Economic Policy that emerged in the early 1920s as a step backwards towards capitalism, but Lenin knew he had to generate some wealth in order to nurse Russia back to health after all the damage wreaked by the Tsar, World War I, the 1917 Revolution, and the Russian Civil War. This would also buy him more time to continue the extensive reforms that were rapidly transforming the country's economy.

The shift from a feudal state through a capitalist one into a communist nation in just the space of a few years is incredible and astounding, especially in a country as huge as Russia. So, here is how Carr says that Lenin managed to achieve this:

1. Nationalisation of all of Russia's banks into one state-run bank. The banks responded to this by refusing to open, or to only open their doors for a few hours a day, and to give no credit. The Bolsheviks threatened imprisonment and sent soldiers to the banks, but the banks called their bluff and the boycott continued. Eventually, Lenin confiscated all their gold and bullion. After the Civil War then came and went, the banks were in so much disarray that it was quite easy for a centralised money-lending institution to be installed.

2. Nationalisation of trade syndicates. Lenin took control of the country's big resources - sugar, iron, coal, oil - things like that. The syndicates were evidently less bourgeois than the banks as they rolled over a lot more easily.

3. Establishment of state monopolies in place of capitalist ones. This was easy once Lenin had control of the banks and all their cash.

4. Forced unification of smaller enterprises. A step towards collectivisation that sounded easier to achieve than the great melding of the farms. I'm not sure if this one was all that successful either but perhaps there was a trickle-down effect from Lenin's seizure of the trade syndicates.

5. Abolition of commercial secrecy. A nice thought.

6. Nationalisation of the factories. Fun fact: when Lenin and his Soviets sent out representatives to nationalise industry in rural areas like Turkestan, they found that it had already been done by the workers and peasants. Approximately half of all Russia nationalised on its own without direct intervention. How's that for the power of an idea?

7. Regulation of consumption. This was achieved through rationing. Once the Civil War started this was facilitated by special rural soviets of 25 peasants each, who would requisition grain from farms on behalf of the state. Prior to this, the Bolshevik government attempted to scapegoat 'bagmen' - semi-mythical capitalist pigs who exploited the countryside by buying up food and reselling it at an exorbitant price - and issued a decree that any such criminals would be shot. There is limited evidence that such men ever existed during the famine.

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk had seen a lot of Russia's more lucrative industry ceded to Germany. This prompted a lot of German interest in Russia's commercial branches, and, after large slabs of the Ukraine had been absorbed by Germany, the Kaiser's businessmen began buying up more Russian factories on a large scale. There was a lot of worry in Russia that Germany's influence would make possible an economic invasion far more devastating than the war had been, so this prompted much quicker nationalisation of industry then would normally have been possible. It also didn't help that Russia was now also being blockaded by the Allies for making peace with Germany, so (as a result) by 1918 nearly all industries had been declared property of the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic - with very little resistance.

The next step in Lenin's state-run economy was for equal distribution of wages. In Lenin's words, "he that does not work, neither shall he eat". Under socialist policy this meant equal wages to all. The salary of commissars was limited, so in this system even Lenin earned a wage that was just comparable to a skilled factory worker. It soon became apparent, however, that this idea was very hard to put into practice as a fixed rate of productivity was needed in order to guarantee everybody the same wage. And how do you regulate an industry that was, in the words of some, being 'smashed' for the benefit of tearing down the old order?

So, as you can see, the Bolshevik Government did manage to enact some kind of widespread economic change in the years that immediately followed the 1917 Revolution. Different elements were either exacerbated or lubricated by the brutal chaos of the Civil War that ravaged Russia between 1918 and 1921, and nearly all of it had been radically changed by the time of Lenin's death in 1924.

Where things went from here were entirely up to one seemingly innocuous Georgian pen-pusher, Josef Stalin...

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"The French Revolution had guillotined its enemies; the proletarian revolution would compel them to work for it" - E. H. Carr, The Bolsh...

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There was a failed attempt by the workers and soldiers to demand a change from the Provisional Government.

This resulted in Lenin's group, the Bolsheviks, to be treated more harshly.

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The Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, successfully seized control over the Provisional government.

This marked the beginning of the communist rule in Russia.

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Possibly one of the most famous chairs ever to be captured on celluloid, supervillain Blofeld's chair in the Bond movie You Only Live Twice (1967) is the 6250 chair, launched by the very British company G Plan in 1962.

What's the story?

G Plan borrowed the swivel idea from the very best offices in the 60's, adding the hypnotic appeal of rocking and the sheer convenience of gliding. The black vinyl version of the G Plan 6250 became an iconic chair of the 60's and it appeared in the 1967 Bond movie 'You Only Live Twice' where Blofeld, played by Donald Pleasance sat on it with his white cat.

The same chair also played a cameo in the Beatles film

The original chair from the Bond film set was sold in auction for $16,000 in 2014 but we have some good news for you below if you're looking to re-enact the scene in your very own Blofeld chair in your home or office (read on).

In the meantime, let's take a commercial break with some fabulously retro images of the 6250 chair sent to us from G Plan.

Find your own Blofeld chair!

Since it was discontinued in 1982, vintage original models of the 6250 wingback chairs are highly collectable today and remain popular re-upholstery projects.

Find vintage originals of the 6250 chair in our store.

In fact, G Plan received so many requests to reintroduce the chair that in 2012 they launched G Plan Vintage. As part of this collection and to celebrate their 60 th Birthday, the iconic armchair known as 'The World's Most Comfortable Chair' - the 6250 as seen in You Only Live Twice - was reintroduced as ' The Sixty Two '.

The Sixty Two chair encapsulates the very best of the original design but has been re-engineered using the latest materials and techniques so that it captures that same level of quality and comfort the original was renowned for, but also stands the test of time in the modern home. Each piece is carefully handcrafted by a specifically selected craftsman at the G Plan Factory, based in Melksham, England.

All chairs are made to order in a choice of 34 beautiful authentic fabrics and 20 luxury leathers. The ability to customise the piece with matching or contrasting buttons allows you to create an interesting look tailored perfectly to your individual tastes and space.

The newly manufactured The Sixty Two chair can be sourced through as at Film and Furniture. Please email [email protected] for details.

The 6250 was parodied in Austin Powers with an Ox Chair by Danish designer Wegner, created in 1960. More on that on our feature here >.

Co-incidentally, we received a request from an F&F reader recently to identify the black wing-backed chair in the private plane in Goldfinger and we don't need any excuse what-so-ever to show you these film stills of Sean Connery as James Bond with Pussy Galore et al in the gorgeous gold and black interior designed 'plane:

At first we were so convinced this chair was the same G Plan 6250 as the Blofeld chair, but haven spoken to G-plan they don't think it's an exact match - but it's so very similar don't you think?

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You Only Live Twice, Blofeld's chair - The scene would be nowt with the chair taken out

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The Blofeld chair - We identify the black, wing-backed You Only Live Twice chair from this Bond classic and show you where to find it for yourself.

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The Russian Civil War begins with the Red Army (Bolsheviks) and the White Army (enemies of the Bolsheviks).

The war eventually led to significant loss of lives

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Seldom-seen photographs from a Russian archive capture the reality of the war that was raging across Russia 100 years ago.

The 1917 Bolshevik Revolution sparked a civil war that lasted more than five years and cost the lives of millions of Russians.​

The conflict was fought largely between the Red Army, which supported Vladimir Lenin's communist revolution, and a collection of militias known as the White Army, fighting either to restore the Russian monarchy or at least prevent a communist takeover of the country.

The photos in this gallery, which include some of the only images in existence of actual fighting during the war, are from russiainphoto.ru, a website that aims to create a "unified photo chronicle of Russia" from museums and private collections.

Andrei Shkuro, a senior commander of White Army forces, fled Russia soon after this photo was taken. After years in exile, he took up arms as an ally of Nazi Germany in the hopes of ridding Russia of communism. In 1945, he was captured by British forces and handed over to the Soviets. He was executed in 1947.

New Red Army soldiers would have sworn: "...for the cause of socialism and the brotherhood of peoples, not to spare either my strength or life itself."

Western allies attempted to assist the White forces during the civil war. The interventions were initially launched in the hope of bringing Russia back into World War I on the side of the allies.

The attack came after the sailors publicly opposed the Bolsheviks' political direction. Thousands of sailors managed to escape to Finland during the battle, but more than 1,000 who surrendered were executed by the Bolsheviks. It was the last major uprising the Bolsheviks faced on Russian soil before installing a full communist dictatorship.

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Seldom-seen photographs from a Russian archive capture the reality of the war that was raging across Russia 100 years ago.

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The Treaty of Brest Litovsk ends Russia’s involvement in WW1 but at the loss of significant territories

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Head your display with these fantastic themed display letters. The whole alphabet is available in both upper and lowercase with numbers and symbols to match, but this resource features just the header to save you that much more time. You might also like this fab WW1 Weapons Interactive Visual Aid or our Soldiers of Shropshire Museum word search.

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The execution of Tsar Nicholas the 2nd and his family ends the Romanov dynasty and the old order.

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The gun barrel sequence as it appears in Dr. No (1962)

The gun barrel sequence is a signature device featured in nearly every James Bond film. Shot from the point of view of a presumed assassin, it features James Bond walking, turning, and then shooting directly at camera, causing blood to run down the screen. The visuals are usually accompanied by the " James Bond Theme", written by Monty Norman.

Originally designed by Maurice Binder, the sequence has featured in every James Bond film produced by Eon Productions. While it has retained the same basic elements, it has noticeably evolved throughout the series. It is one of the most immediately recognizable elements of the franchise and is featured heavily in marketing material for the films and their spin-offs.

The British media historian James Chapman suggests that the sequence is a significant part of the James Bond mythos because it "foregrounds the motif of looking, which is central to the spy genre".

In virtually every Eon-produced Bond film, the sequence begins with a white dot blinking across the screen, from left to right. Upon reaching the right edge of the frame, the dot opens up to reveal a gun barrel's interior. From the point of view of an off-screen assassin, the camera follows James Bond as he walks from right to left against a neutral background. Suddenly he becomes aware of being observed and stops at the centre of the screen before he quickly turns to the camera and shoots his gun towards it. A blood-red wash, representing the gunman bleeding, runs down the screen. The gun barrel dissolves to a white dot which moves from side-to-side across the screen and settles in the corner. With a few exceptions, the circle then either shrinks and disappears, fades from white to a circular cutout of the first scene, expanding to reveal the full view of the scene shortly thereafter, or simply fades to black from the final Bond firing pose.

A .38 calibre gun barrel with its six-sided rifling, similar to the gun barrel shown in the movies

The 1903 film The Great Train Robbery, acted out by Justus D. Barnes, may have influenced the James Bond gun barrel sequence.[3]

Maurice Binder created the opening titles of the first Bond film, , in 1962. Binder originally planned to employ a camera sighted down the barrel of a .38 calibre gun, but this caused some problems. Unable to stop down the lens of a standard camera enough to bring the entire gun barrel into focus, Binder created a pinhole camera to solve the problem, and the barrel became crystal clear.

Binder described the genesis of the gun barrel sequence in the last interview he recorded before his death in 1991:

That was something I did in a hurry, because I had to get to a meeting with the producers in twenty minutes. I just happened to have little white, price tag stickers and I thought I'd use them as gun shots across the screen. We'd have James Bond walk through and fire, at which point blood comes down onscreen. That was about a twenty-minute storyboard I did, and they said, "This looks great!"

The media historian James Chapman observed that the sequence recalls the gun fired at the audience at the end of The Great Train Robbery (1903).

Because Binder had designed the gun barrel sequence to feature Bond only in silhouette, with a non-widescreen aspect ratio, he used stunt man Bob Simmons, rather than Sean Connery, to film the scene.

Simmons hops slightly as he pivots to assume the firing position and, following the blood wash, the dot becomes smaller and jumps to the lower right-hand corner of the frame before simply vanishing.

In Dr. No, the white dot stops mid-screen and the credit line " Harry Saltzman & Albert R. Broccoli present" appears across the dot. The text is wiped and the dot continues the sequence. The sequence is accompanied by a soundtrack of electronic noises and then numerous notes that sound like they are being plinked from a wind-up jack in the box; the latter is cut short by the gunshot. The "James Bond Theme" then plays very loudly, albeit with the first portion, featuring the theme's plucked electric guitar riff, truncated. The gun barrel sequence in Dr. No segues directly into the credits, a grid matrix of large-scale, bright and rapidly changing coloured circular dots against a black background. This version, without the electronic noises or the Saltzman-Broccoli credit line, was also used in From Russia with Love with more red-coloured blood and Goldfinger which fades into the pre-credit sequence.

For Thunderball, the aspect ratio of the films was changed to a Panavision anamorphic format and so the gun barrel sequence had to be reshot, this time with Sean Connery in the role. It is also the first gun barrel sequence in which the white dot segues to the film's pre-credit sequence, opening up to reveal the entirety of the scene.

Connery wobbles slightly while firing his gun as he adjusts his balance from an unstable position and he bends over to fire. Although the sequence was shot in colour for Thunderball, it is rendered in black and white for You Only Live Twice.

1969 (George Lazenby)

With a new actor, George Lazenby, in the role of James Bond for On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969), a third sequence had to be filmed. As with Thunderball, the sequence was once again shot in colour.

In this rendering, the white dot stops mid-screen and the credit line "Harry Saltzman and Albert R. Broccoli Present" appears, much as it did in Dr. No (albeit spelling out "and" instead of using the ampersand). The James Bond theme keeps playing though. As the barrel begins to move and when it stops centre-screen, Bond is walking to position for around a second before turning and shooting as the camera tracks with him, resulting in a "treadmill" effect. Lazenby is the only Bond who kneels down to fire; this is also the only version where the descending blood completely erases Bond's image, leaving only the red circle. In this version, the gun barrel is awash with prismatic splashes of light.

1971 (Sean Connery)

When Sean Connery returned to the role of Bond for Diamonds Are Forever (1971), the gun barrel sequence filmed for Thunderball was used. As with You Only Live Twice, the sequence was rendered in black and white, but was given a bluish tint. As in On Her Majesty's Secret Service, the barrel is awash with prismatic splashes of light, which this time ripple through it. Unlike On Her Majesty's Secret Service, the splashes of light are erased by the descending blood. This was the last time the sequence was rendered in black and white until Casino Royale (2006). It is also the last gun barrel sequence in which Bond wears a hat.

With the introduction of Roger Moore, and the use of a 1.85:1 matted aspect ratio, a fourth sequence was shot. It was used for just two films: Live and Let Die and The Man with the Golden Gun. Moore wears a business suit and, unlike Simmons, Connery, and Lazenby, uses both hands instead of one hand to fire his gun, his left hand bracing his gun arm. The gun barrel only moves side-to-side to the left of Bond, without alternating to the right. This is the first gun barrel sequence in which Bond is not wearing a hat. Additional footage of this sequence was shot of Bond shooting with both hands, then walking straight towards the camera with his gun drawn, putting his face into view, as seen in theatrical trailers from Live and Let Die through The Spy Who Loved Me. The dots that start the gun barrel in The Man with the Golden Gun are blue but in subsequent releases the dots are white. It is the last gun barrel sequence until Quantum of Solace where Bond wears a business suit.

The anamorphic format was reinstated for The Spy Who Loved Me, necessitating a fifth version of the sequence. Moore's Bond wears a dinner suit (tuxedo) rather than a business suit and again uses both hands to fire his gun. This rendering would feature in all Moore's subsequent films in the series, for a total of five appearances, the most uses of the same footage to date. In this version of the sequence, unlike previous and later incarnations, the prop gun held by the actor is never actually fired until , as can be determined by the lack of gunsmoke in the freeze-frame. It is also noticeable that the background of this version of the sequence is tinted, rather than the usual white. The tint changes with every Moore film. The Spy Who Loved Me, for example, features an eggshell tinted background whereas the background in has a strong shade of buff. In For Your Eyes Only, once the white dot moves in the middle of the screen, it does not open up to reveal the pre-credits scene, but cuts abruptly. The gun barrel sequence for Moore's final film, A View to a Kill, featured an error in the 2006 Ultimate Edition and subsequent DVD releases of the film. The error was a scanning issue which caused the gun barrel to be cropped off largely along with the opening dots going off of the screen, just like the Brosnan gun barrels. The issue was rectified in one of the latest iTunes releases.

A new gun barrel sequence was shot due to the change in actor from Roger Moore to Timothy Dalton and was used for both of Dalton's films. Dalton walks swiftly with a slight bounce before sharply spinning and firing. Dalton crouches down slightly when he fires. Unlike Moore, Dalton shoots one-handed. John Barry orchestrates the music for the gun barrel in The Living Daylights (1987) but Michael Kamen composes a different orchestration for Licence to Kill (1989). This was the last gun barrel sequence to be designed by Maurice Binder before his death in 1991. The Licence to Kill gun barrel alters the gun barrel of the previous film slightly, showing Dalton's walk and pose as more zoomed in. An alternate gun barrel sequence appears in The Living Daylights trailer.

Following Maurice Binder's death in 1991, Daniel Kleinman became the designer of the Bond opening graphics. Beginning with (1995), the barrel was computer-generated (but still resembles the original images of the barrel itself) emphasising light and shade variations in the rifling spiral as the reflected light shifts with the gun's movement. Like Dalton, Pierce Brosnan shoots one-handed. Unlike the previous Bonds, he remains bolt upright as he fires, with his gun arm extended straight at the camera. The blood in this sequence is noticeably darker and falls faster than in previous incarnations; in keeping with this new pace, the main melody line of the James Bond theme is omitted in two of Brosnan's gun barrel sequences, Tomorrow Never Dies and The World Is Not Enough.[citation needed ] In prior versions of the sequence, the white dot would open up to reveal the gun barrel before it reaches the right edge of the screen; in all four of Brosnan's films, however, the dot continues moving right until it disappears off screen. Then the gun barrel scrolls in leftward from off screen. The World Is Not Enough is the first Bond movie where the white dot opens up to reveal Bond, this gun barrel also shows Bond's final pose as uncentered, possibly due to a scanning error.

The teaser trailer for GoldenEye featured its own gun barrel sequence in which Bond, appearing in shadow, quickly shoots away six times the onscreen text "ON ONE MAN", before shooting his seventh shot on the letter "M" into a "7" to only leave "007". Bond walks into the foreground, revealing Brosnan's face and proclaiming "You were expecting someone else?", introducing him as the first actor to play Bond since 1989.

The theatrical trailer for Tomorrow Never Dies featured its own gun barrel sequence in which Bond, in a dinner suit, fires with both hands à la Roger Moore at the six-grooved gun barrel.

In Die Another Day (2002), Lee Tamahori, the film's director requested a CG bullet be added into the sequence, which is seen zooming from Bond's gun at the screen and disappearing, suggesting that Bond has fired straight into his opponent's weapon. This was the last gun barrel sequence until No Time to Die where Bond wears a dinner suit and the last one until Spectre where the sequence opens the film.

Daniel Craig in Casino Royale

The gun barrel sequence was revised again for Daniel Craig's first portrayal of Agent 007 in Casino Royale. Unlike previous instalments, the gun barrel sequence does not open the film as a standalone segment; it is part of the plot. Having seemingly committed the first kill on his way to becoming a Double-O agent, Bond stops to pick up his gun from the floor but his victim, Fisher, who is a henchman of rogue MI6 section chief Dryden, recovers and seizes his own weapon. As Fisher brings his pistol up to shoot Bond in the back, the frame shifts instantly to the gun barrel perspective; Bond spins around to outshoot his opponent.

This sequence differs considerably from previous versions: it is incorporated into the film's narrative; it begins with Bond standing stationary (although he was walking toward the door before stopping and turning); it is not filmed against a blank white void and it includes the person whom Bond shoots. In keeping with the black-and-white theme of the pre-title sequence of the film, it is also the first to be presented in monochrome since Diamonds Are Forever (1971) and the first in which Bond is wearing neither a business suit nor a dinner suit, but is dressed casually. Like Dalton and Brosnan, Craig shoots one-handed.

Furthermore, the computer-generated rifling is microgroove rather than the traditional eight rifling grooves, and the blood comes down the screen quickly, not in a wave, but in rivulets. As the blood falls, the frames zooms back out, leading to the opening titles. This is also the first gun barrel sequence without some variation of the "James Bond Theme" as, instead, it is accompanied by the opening bars of the film's theme song, " You Know My Name".

The gun barrel was refilmed and edited for 2008's Quantum of Solace. It reverts to a more traditional style, although the sequence was placed at the end of the film to start the closing credits, due to a final cliffhanger scene being cut by Marc Forster. The sequence represents Bond as a blunt and cold-blooded assassin due to the pace of the scene. For example, the white dot travels across the screen much faster than in previous gun barrel sequences, Daniel Craig moves swiftly into position, noticeably faster than its predecessors, and the blood comes down in a large quick wash. Like Dalton and Brosnan, Craig shoots one-handed. The design of the gun barrel is also more simplistic, with a grey colour to it as well as fewer and more widely spaced grooves. The white circle also spins into the centre of the Q in the title graphic for Quantum of Solace, and in the Q, Bond is shown walking away after firing for the first time in the sequence. The closing credits of the film follow.

Yet another redesigned gun barrel is used for the film (2012). Although director Sam Mendes had originally intended to place the gun barrel at the start of the film, he felt that it would be better placed at the end, as in Quantum of Solace. The film's opening shot instead harks back to the gun barrel, with Bond emerging into a corridor, pointing his gun directly at the camera, accompanied by the first two notes of the "James Bond Theme". Mendes recalled, "I tried very hard to put the gun barrel at the beginning and my intention was always to do that. If you see the film, the film starts with Bond walking down a corridor towards camera and lifting a gun. And of course the gun barrel is him walking, stopping and lifting a gun. When I put the two together, it looked ridiculous!"

Like with Quantum of Solace, the blood is dark red and runs down the frame in rivulets. However, Bond moves across the screen substantially slower (at a similar speed to the pre- Casino Royale sequences). Unlike all previous gun barrel openings, Craig swings both his arms as he walks, resulting in a partial glimpse of his gun before he turns to fire. After the blood runs down the frame, the screen fades to black, before being replaced by a title card with a small gun barrel logo celebrating fifty years of Bond films and the text "James Bond Will Return" underneath. Craig shoots one-handed from the chest.

The gun barrel is placed at the immediate opening of , the first time since Die Another Day that a Bond film has opened with the gun barrel. The gun barrel design is reminiscent of the 2D-style gun barrels designed by Maurice Binder pre-1989, although slightly blurrier, it also resembles the Pierce Brosnan era gun barrels. Daniel Craig moves at an average speed (again swinging both of his arms as he walks, but this time resulting in his gun being made much more prominently visible), before spinning, facing the camera and firing, to which the lighting grows darker: it silhouettes Bond's figure and the blood runs down the screen, looking similar but noticeably slower than in Quantum of Solace and Skyfall. Craig shoots one-handed again from the chest.

Daniel Craig in No Time to Die

The gun barrel appears at the opening of No Time to Die, the final Bond film to feature Daniel Craig. In the International release, the gun barrel begins from the center screen after its transition from the Universal Pictures logo where it moves offscreen to the left before reverting to its traditional dot blinking sequence from left to right. This is omitted from the US release as it starts with the traditional dot blinking sequence. The gun barrel uses the glimmer effect for the first time since 1971, with the design being simpler, similar to that of Quantum of Solace. Craig this time swings his left arm instead of both, with a partial glimpse of his gun, while also walking near the same pace as in Quantum of Solace. After spinning around to the camera, he shoots the gun from his right breastbone, arching slightly to his right. The sequence omits the running blood for the very first time fading to white (possibly foreshadowing Bond's death), and instead zooms into the first scene through the middle. This is also the first gun barrel sequence since Die Another Day where Bond is wearing a dinner suit.

A scene during the climax of the film pays homage to the sequence when Bond enters a cylindrical corridor from the side and quickly spins 90° anti-clockwise in response to a henchman shooting at him, firing towards the camera.

From Dr. No to Diamonds Are Forever, the gun barrel sequences by Bob Simmons, Sean Connery, and George Lazenby feature James Bond in a business suit and trilby. For his first two films, Roger Moore's Bond continues this tradition but without the hat. The following films, from The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) through Die Another Day (2002), feature Bond in black tie, wearing a dinner suit (tuxedo). In Casino Royale, Daniel Craig's James Bond is the first shown wearing a more casual ensemble and an open-necked shirt; his attire reverts to a business suit in Quantum of Solace, which is retained for Skyfall and Spectre. The 007 Legends video game tie-in reverts to the dinner suit. No Time To Die has Bond in a dinner suit.

The gun barrel sequence is traditionally accompanied by an arrangement of the " James Bond Theme", a trademark established in Dr. No.

A slightly different version of the theme has been used in each film, often reflecting the styles and locations featured. Some composers have not used the familiar opening bars that punctuate the appearance of the white dots. Others, while retaining them, have felt free to noticeably alter the usual rendition, e.g. Michael Kamen and Éric Serra, who scored Licence to Kill and GoldenEye respectively. Kamen's orchestration was a symphonic fanfare, while Serra's arrangement is played by synthesiser.

Casino Royale has the only gun barrel sequence which omits the "James Bond Theme" completely, instead featuring the opening bars of " You Know My Name" by Chris Cornell. The "James Bond Theme" returns to accompany the gun barrel sequence in Quantum of Solace, where it continues into the credits. The same goes with Skyfall's gun barrel, though the theme starts before the sequence in the last scene of the film when the new M gives 007 the dossier for his next mission.

The gun barrel sequence is widely used in advertisements and merchandise. References to its circular motif regularly appear in the films' trailers. A version of the sequence is used at the start of the 2012 documentary Everything or Nothing: The Untold Story of 007 which showed each Bond composited together, turning and shooting.

The music videos to the James Bond title themes " A View to a Kill", " The Living Daylights", " Licence to Kill", " GoldenEye", " Tomorrow Never Dies", " Die Another Day" and " Another Way to Die" each feature their own variation of the gun barrel sequence.

The 007 sequence in Never Say Never Again

Because the gun barrel sequence is copyrighted by Eon, the non-Eon Bond film Never Say Never Again, released by rival Warner Bros., instead employed a frame filled with 007's, with the camera zooming into the one in the middle of the screen. There is, however, a scene in which James Bond and Maximilian Largo play a video game together. The nuclear missile defense shield used in the game resembles a gun barrel.

The sequence is commonly used in James Bond video games and their marketing. GoldenEye 007 for the Nintendo 64 uses the gun barrel sequence in the opening titles. A commercial for The World Is Not Enough parodied the gun-barrel by replacing Bond with a man who resembled Valentin Zukovsky; he was shot at with a machine-gun before diving off-screen. It was used in a commercial for the video game Agent Under Fire asking, "Do you have what it takes to be Bond?", and showing people trying to repeat the shot, but spoiling the try. and Everything or Nothing each use a version similar to the Pierce Brosnan films. From Russia with Love uses the Bob Simmons gun barrel from the film of the same name. In the video game adaptation of Quantum of Solace, the gun barrel resembles the one used for Casino Royale, as the game adapts elements from both films. The 2010 video game Blood Stone does not feature the gun barrel sequence in-game, but an unused animation of it (strongly resembling the Quantum of Solace film version) is viewable in the PC port's game files. Instead, the game has gun barrel motifs in its "focus aim" system and briefly in early trailers. Both versions of the GoldenEye remakes, GoldenEye 007 (2010) for the Wii and its PS3/Xbox counterpart GoldenEye: Reloaded (2011), have no gun barrel featured at all save for the box art and a brief reference in the opening titles. 2012's 007 Legends opens with the gun barrel as the start screen, with a design somewhat akin to that of . I.O Interactive's new title Project 007 uses an original gun barrel design in its marketing, both the teaser image and trailer.

Like any cultural icon, the gun barrel sequence has inspired numerous parodies and takeoffs since its first appearance in 1962. The sequence has been spoofed in films, sitcoms, cartoons and in advertisements, including: Bons Baisers de Hong Kong, Dave Allen at Large, Teen Titans Go!, The Simpsons, SpongeBob SquarePants, , American Dad!, Monty Python's Flying Circus, , Garfield and Friends, Yogi's Treasure Hunt, and My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic. WWE wrestler Cesaro's entrance was also similar at one point to that of the James Bond gun barrel sequence.

In the 1986 horror/comedy film Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives, the opening credits show Jason Voorhees, the main antagonist in the series, emulating the gun barrel sequence by walking across the screen in a Bond-like fashion and then turning to face the camera whilst swinging his signature machete, drenching the screen with blood in a similar manner to the original Bond sequences.

In 2021, MI6, which has historically distanced itself from the Bond franchise, released the image of its annual Christmas Card, which that year featured Father Christmas posing with a candy cane against a backdrop reminiscent of the Bond movies' gun barrel sequence.

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The gun barrel sequence is a signature device featured in nearly every James Bond film. Shot from the point of view of a presumed assassin, it features James Bond walking, turning, and then shooting directly at camera, causing blood to run down the screen.

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The formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) with three other republics under a new communist government.

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Introduction to USSR Full Form

The USSR, also known as the Union of Soviеt Socialist Rеpublics, is important in history. In this article, we will еxplorе the USSR Full Form, dеlvе into its background, and discuss its historical significance. It was a fеdеral socialist state that еxistеd from 1922 to 1991.

The origins of thе USSR can bе tracеd back to thе tumultuous pеriod of thе еarly 20th century. In 1917, the Russian Revolution led by the Bolshevik Party, undеr thе lеadеrship of Vladimir Lеnin, ovеrthrеw thе Russian Provisional Govеrnmеnt.

Undеrstanding thе Concеpt of USSR

The formation and structure of the USSR were basеd on socialist idеology. Thе Bolshеviks sought to create a society that еliminatеd class distinctions, where workers hеld the means of production, and wеalth was distributеd еquitably.

Undеrstanding thе Formation and Structurе of thе USSR

The USSR was officially formed on Dеcеmbеr 30, 1922, with the signing of the Treaty on the Crеation of thе USSR by thе Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, thе Byеlorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, and the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.

History of the USSR

Kеy Historical Events Leading to the Establishment of thе USSR

The establishment of the Union of Soviеt Socialist Rеpublics was not a singular еvеnt but rather thе culmination of various historical factors. Thе Bolshеvik Rеvolution of 1917, which ovеrthrеw thе Provisional Govеrnmеnt, lеd to thе creation of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.

Rise of Communism and the Bolshevik Revolution

The risе of communism, as advocatеd by Karl Marx and Friеdrich Engеls, provided thе ideological framework for thе Bolshevik Revolution. Thе Bolshеviks, lеd by Lеnin, bеliеvе in the overthrow of the capitalist system and thе establishment of a proletarian-lеd society.

Major Milеstonеs and Pеriods in thе History of thе USSR

The history of the USSR can be divided into several significant periods. Thе early years wеrе characterized by thе consolidation of Bolshеvik powеr, the implementation of socialist policies, and the establishment of thе Soviet government.

Undеr Stalin's lеadеrship, the USSR еxpеriеncеd a period of intense centralization and authoritarian rulе. The policies implemented during this time, such as the Five-Year Plans and thе Grеаt Purge, aim to accelerate industrial growth and maintain control over the population.

Post-Stalin, the USSR went through a pеriod of dеstalinization and political forms. Thе lеadеrship of Nikita Khrushchеv brought about a rеlaxation of somе policiеs, but thе USSR continued to assеrt its dominancе on thе world stagе during thе Cold War.

Rules and Guidelines for USSR Mеmbеrs

Membership in the USSR came with certain rules and guidelines. Each rеpublic had its govеrnmеnt structurе and intеrnal affairs, but ultimatе powеr and dеcision-making lay with thе Communist Party.

Impact of USSR

The impact of the USSR ехtеndеd far beyond its borders. The Soviet Union emerged as a superpower, challenging the influence of the United States and leading to a bipolar world during thе Cold War. The USSR's role in World War II, its space exploration achievements, and its support for communist movеmеnts around thе world shapеd global politics and idеology.

Political and Social Structurе of the USSR

Rolе of thе Communist Party in Govеrnancе

The Communist Party played a central role in the govеrnancе of the USSR. It hеld significant control ovеr dеcision-making procеssеs, policy formulation, and thе allocation of rеsourcеs. Thе party structurе consistеd of a hiеrarchical systеm, with thе Gеnеral Sеcrеtary holding the highest position of power.

Overview of thе Soviet Government and Social Structurе

The Soviеt government had a complеx structure that included various bodiеs and institutions. At thе, top was thе Suprеmе Soviеt, which served as the highest legislative authority. Thе government operated under a systеm of central planning, with thе stаtе еxеrting control over major industries and resources.

Economic Systеm of thе USSR

Implеmеntation of Cеntral Planning and Collеctivization

The economic system of thе USSR was based on central planning. Thе statе controllеd major industriеs and rеsourcеs, dеtеrmining production targеts and rеsourcе allocation. Thе implementation of cеntral planning aimed to achieve rapid industrialization, with a focus on hеavy industry.

Collectivization efforts were undertaken in thе agricultural sector, aiming to consolidatе individual farms into collеctivе farms.

Challenges and Achievements in the Soviet Economy

The Soviet economy achieved significant milestones, such as rapid industrial growth, advancеmеnts in science and technology, and space exploration achievements. Howеvеr, it also facеd numеrous challеngеs. Central planning oftеn led to inefficiencies, shortagеs of consumеr goods, and lack of innovation.

Forеign Policy and Intеrnational Rеlations of thе USSR

USSR's Rolе in World War II and the Cold War

The USSR played a crucial role in World War II as it fought against Nazi Gеrmany on the Eastеrn Front. Thе Soviet Union's immеnsе sacrifices and military victories turned thе tidе оf thе war and contributed to the ultimate defeat of the Axis powers.

Thе post-war еra markеd thе beginning of thе Cold War, an ideological and geopolitical rivalry between the USSR and thе Wеstеrn powеrs, lеd by thе Unitеd Statеs.

Relations with Other Countries and Supеrpowеrs During thе Soviet Era

The USSR maintained rеlationships with various countries and еngagеd in diplomacy on thе intеrnational stagе. It formеd alliancеs with othеr socialist statеs, provided support to liberation movements, and exerted influence in regions such as Eastern Europe, Africa, and Asia.

Dissolution of the USSR

Manipulation and Fraudulеnt Practicеs Rеlatеd to USSR

Thе latеr yеars of thе USSR wеrе marrеd by corruption, manipulation, and fraudulеnt practices. Thе centralized system allowed for abuse of power, economic mismanagement, and embezzlement.

Factors Lеading to thе Dissolution of thе USSR

Sеvеral factors contributed to the dissolution of the USSR. Economic strugglеs, including a stagnating еconomy and inadеquatе distribution of rеsourcеs, public confidеncе. Nationalist movements within various republics demanded greater autonomy, leading to calls for indеpеndеncе.

Impact and Lеgacy of thе Soviеt Union on Its Succеssor Statеs

The dissolution of the USSR Full Form had a profound impact on its succеssor statеs. Each newly independent nation faced unique challenges in political transition, еconomic rеstructuring, and sociеtal transformation.

Conclusion

The USSR Full Form - Union of Soviet Socialist Rеpublics - rеprеsеnts a significant chaptеr in history. The USSR's political, social, and еconomic structure and foreign policy left a lasting impact on the world. While thе Soviеt Union is no longer in еxistеncе, its legacy continues to shape the nations that еmеrgеd from its dissolution.

USSR Full Form: FAQs

Whеn was the USSR established?

Why did the USSR dissolvе?

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USSR Full Form: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

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USSR Full Form: Explore the history and development of the USSR in this informative article. Uncover its historical significance and impact.

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Lenin's death created a leadership crisis and an opportunity for Joseph Stalin to get into power.