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The Effect of Theoretically-based Imagery Scripts on Field Hockey Performance

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Psychological needs, self-efficacy, motivation, and resistance training outcomes in a 16-week BB program for adults

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Emotion is stored as a Network of Propositions.

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SDT posits that human well-being and intrinsic motivation are supported when three innate psychological needs are satisfied.

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Self-Determination Theory explains that people are most motivated and mentally healthy when three basic needs are met: autonomy (feeling in control), competence (feeling capable), and relatedness (feeling connected to others). When these needs are supported, people are more likely to be motivated from within (intrinsic motivation), leading to better learning, performance, and well-being. The theory highlights that supportive environments help people grow and stay engaged.

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The need to feel in control of one's own behavior and goals; acting with a sense of volition and self-endorsement.

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The need to feel effective and capable of achieving desired outcomes.

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The need to feel connected and belonging with others.

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Response propositions matter: Scripts that include imagined physiological and action responses produce significantly better outcomes than those that don't.

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The psychological improvements—especially motivation and self-efficacy—helped explain physical performance gains, showing a mind–body connection in resistance training.

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Describe what is happening in the imagined scenario (e.g., "A snake is on the path.")

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Describe the bodily reactions or actions (e.g., "My muscles tense; I start to run.")

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Reflect the personal meaning or evaluation (e.g., "This snake could kill me.")

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Peter Lang’s Bio-informational Theory of Emotion explains how emotions are triggered and processed through mental representations, particularly during imagery or memory recall. According to this theory, when you imagine an emotional situation (like a fearful or joyful event), your brain doesn't just visualize it—it activates an emotional memory network stored in your mind.

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In a weight room setting, (SDT) and (BIT) connect through how mental imagery and motivation influence training behavior, effort, and progress.

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EmpowerLift: Motivation and Imagery-Based Weight Room Intervention

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High school/college athletes or recreational lifters (ages 16–30)

Duration: 8 weeks

Setting: Supervised weight room training, 3x/week

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Autonomy - Let athletes choose exercises from a set based on goals. Offer options for load, tempo, or rest periods.

Competence - Weekly progress tracking, strength benchmarks, and skill cues. Provide specific feedback (e.g., “Your squat depth improved — strong control!”).

Relatedness - Group warm-ups, partner spotters, post-set encouragement, and peer-led feedback circles weekly. Coach check-ins reinforce team identity.

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(2x/week, pre- and post-workout)

Delivery: Audio-guided (3–5 minutes) via app or headphones.

Structure:

Stimulus propositions: “Feel the barbell across your back, the cool grip in your palms…”

Response propositions: “Your quads fire as you descend; your breath is steady; your core locks in…”

Meaning propositions: “This moment proves your strength and discipline. You control the weight, not the other way around.”

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1. Foster motivation through SDT’s psychological needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness.

2. Enhance performance via functional imagery scripts targeting stimulus, response, and meaning propositions (BIT).

3. Improve self-efficacy, and training outcomes in resistance training.

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SDT and BIT connect through their shared focus on mental processes that influence behavior and performance, particularly in sports, exercise, and motor learning.

Ex. Motivated individuals (per SDT) are more likely to generate vivid, meaningful imagery (per BIT). Likewise, BIT-based imagery that evokes positive emotional states can boost SDT-type motivation.

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SDT and BIT are theories that both contribute to our understanding of human behavior and performance. However, both theories take different approaches on how internal psychological processes drive behavior and performance:

SDT is focused on why people act, based on needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. BIT is focused on how mental images are structured and how they activate physiological responses.

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Increased intrinsic motivation (from SDT).

Improved performance imagery vividness and emotional regulation (from BIT).

Higher strength gains, adherence, and training enjoyment.

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Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction Scale (BPNSFS)

Sport Imagery Ability Questionnaire (SIAQ)

Training logs + 1RM testing (bench, squat, deadlift)

Attendance and drop-out rates

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A Bio-Informational Theory of Emotional Imagery | Evidence of Greatness Episode 9