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Environmental Impact and Cultural Impact 

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Environmental Impact and Cultural Impact 

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Environment: more nature will be taken down to build areas for camps and other methods of shelters. Moreover, the  population increases, which means lower supply and higher demand. More stability in the economy will also rise as when more and more refugees become stable the more workers America can gain.

Culture: They will be put in schools which can benefit them in getting a better future but also have some implicit costs such as looking at their culture and becoming more "whitewashed".

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During the civil war: trees and other nature being ruined, the animal population dying, bad air pollution which can slow down the repairing system.

Culture: people going against each other, history not being united, and trauma in especially in younger and elders.

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https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia
https://www.unrefugees.org/news/somalia-refugee-crisis-explained/
https://www.efe.com/efe/english/world/hamza-13-year-old-somali-refugee-with-down-s-syndrome-held-in-thailand/50000262-3938701
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/14/somali-refugee-italy
https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2020/08/13/fact-check-obama-didnt-resettle-70-k-somali-immigrants-minnesota/5547385002/
https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/06/25/kenya-might-expel-refugees-their-home-countries/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZLYFiOZCzA

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Head Of Government:

Prime Minister: Hamza Abdi Barre2

...(Show more)

Population:

(2023 est.) 14,952,000

...(Show more)

Head Of State:

President: Hassan Sheikh Mohamud2

...(Show more)

Form Of Government:

federal republic2 with two legislative houses (House of the People [275]; Upper House [54])

...(Show more)

Relief

The Somali peninsula consists mainly of a tableland of young limestone and sandstone formations. In the extreme north, along the Gulf of Aden, is a narrow coastal plain called the Guban, which broadens northward toward the port of Berbera. This gives way inland to a maritime mountain range with a steep north-facing scarp. Near Ceerigaabo (Erigavo) a mountain called Surud Cad reaches the highest elevation in the country, about 7,900 feet (2,408 metres). To the south are the broad plateaus of the Galgodon (or Ogo) Highlands and the Sool and Hawd regions, which drop gradually southward toward the Indian Ocean.

In southern Somalia the crystalline bedrock outcrops to the south of Baydhabo (Baidoa) in the shape of granite formations called inselbergs. These give way farther south to alluvial plains, which are separated from the coast by a vast belt of ancient dunes stretching more than 600 miles (1,000 km) from south of Kismaayo (Chisimaio) to north of Hobyo (Obbia).

Drainage

The flatness of the Somalian plateaus is interrupted by several deep valleys. Starting in the northeast, these are the Dharoor and Nugaaleed (Nogal) valleys; both are wadis that, in season, have rivers flowing into the Indian Ocean at Xaafuun and Eyl, respectively. In the southwest are the only permanent rivers in Somalia, the Jubba and the Shabeelle ( Shebeli). Originating in the Ethiopian highlands, these two streams cut deeply into the plateaus before meandering through the alluvial plains toward the coast. Whereas the Jubba flows directly from north of Kismaayo into the Indian Ocean, the Shabeelle veers southwest immediately to the north of Mogadishu and flows into a large swamp before reaching the Jubba. The Jubba carries more water than the Shabeelle, which sometimes dries up in its lower course in years of sparse rainfall in the Ethiopian highlands. During dry seasons these rivers are a major source of water for people and animals. Because over most of the country the water table is deep or the groundwater has a high mineral content, the conservation of surface runoff is of primary importance.

Soils

The types of soil vary according to climate and parent rock. The arid regions of northeastern Somalia have mainly thin and infertile desert soils. The limestone plateaus of the interfluvial area have fertile dark gray to brown calcareous residual soils that provide good conditions for rain-fed agriculture. The most fertile soils are found on the alluvial plains of the Jubba and Shabeelle rivers. These deep vertisols are covered in black soils derived from decomposed lava rocks that are commonly called "black cotton soils" (because cotton often is grown in them). These soils have a high water-retention capacity and are mainly used for irrigation agriculture.

Climate

Somalia lies astride the Equator, but unlike typical climates at this latitude, conditions in Somalia range from arid in the northeastern and central regions to semiarid in the northwest and south.

The climatic year comprises four seasons. The gu, or main rainy season, lasts from April to June; the second rainy season, called the dayr, extends from October to December. Each is followed by a dry season-the main one ( jilaal) from December to March and the second one ( xagaa) from June to September. During the second dry season, showers fall in the coastal zone.

Long-term mean annual rainfall is less than 4 inches (100 mm) in the northeast and about 8 to 12 inches (200 to 300 mm) in the central plateaus. The southwest and northwest receive an average of 20 to 24 inches (500 to 600 mm) a year. While the coastal areas experience hot, humid, and unpleasant weather year-round, the interior is dry and hot. Somalia has some of the highest mean annual temperatures in the world. At Berbera, on the northern coast, the afternoon high averages more than 100 °F (38 °C) from June through September. Temperature maxima are even higher inland, but along the coast of the Indian Ocean temperatures are considerably lower because of a cold offshore current. The average afternoon high at Mogadishu, for example, ranges from the low 80s F (mid- to upper 20s C) in July to the low 90s F (low 30s C) in April.

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Somalia | Election, President, News, Capital, & Economy

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Somalia, easternmost country of Africa, on the Horn of Africa. It extends from just south of the Equator northward to the Gulf of Aden and occupies an important geopolitical position between sub-Saharan Africa and the countries of Arabia and southwestern Asia. The capital is Mogadishu. Learn more about Somalia here.

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Incentive
- Escape violence, inability, to escape flooding, and lack of food
- Find safety and humanitarian aid
-  dangerous civil war that broke out

Cost

Explicit:  left behind belongings, friends and family, unsafe way on journey, and lost lives

Implicit:  The children would have lost their motherland culture by growing up in another country filled with people in camps. The organization of the camps may separate families (UNCHR)

Benefits

Explicits: free food, education, shelter, safety from civil war

Implicit: In the end, there’s a better opportunity for the newer generations to get better futures. They’ll feel safer in their day-to-day life and find opportunities to settle down in new countries.

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In the United States, Minnesota is home to the largest Somali community, with 11.9% of the population. This is where most refugees went to start a new life.

lhan Abdullahi Omar is an American politician serving as the US representative for Minnesota's 5th congressional district since 2019.

She is the:

- first Somali American and the first naturalized citizen of African birth in the United States Congress

- first woman of color to represent Minnesota.

- one of the first two Muslim women (along with Rashida Tlaib) to serve in Congress

All of this shows how settlement activity becomes more stable as the refugees become more stable and have a louder voice in society.

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As of 2016, there were 7,903 immigrants from Somalia in Italy. In 2006, there were 6,414 residents.

Rome (1,885), Turin (464) and Florence (443).

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/14/somali-refugee-italy (in this article it shows his story of how his life changed after be escaped to Italy to rebuild his life)

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apper and cracking jokes, Abubakar Mukhtar could pass for any other gregarious young student as he sips his coffee in a low-lit literary cafe in Rome. But there is little that is ordinary about this 26-year-old's short life; and when he laughs, it is often about things many people would find tragic.

Asked about his experience as an immigrant in Italy, he chuckles. "At last I can't hear the mortars that I used to hear; at least there's that," he says. "But there's a total void, a feeling of total disorientation."

Five and a half years ago, on 30 July 2008, Mukhtar arrived at the southernmost point of Italy with just one word of Italian - ciao - and hopes of a better future. Then 20 years old, he had fled fighting and despair in Somalia and was willing to risk everything to make it to Europe. He had left his family in Mogadishu at the end of 2007 to set out on a perilous path trodden by thousands every year: through Somalia, across the desert of Sudan and Libya, and finally across the Mediterranean to the island of Lampedusa.

He spent two days at sea on an inflatable boat with 43 others. The journey as a whole, he says, lasted eight months and cost him $3,500 (£2,133) in people-smugglers' fees. "You go through places that are themselves difficult. But you're pushed by a much more difficult cause," he says. "Better to die trying for a future, looking for an alternative, a hope."

Born at the tail end of 1987, Mukhtar was just three years old when the vicious Somali civil war broke out. He grew up moving from place to place with his family, edging away from the violence. Several of his schoolmates went off to fight, some of them to die. He watched some of his older relatives flee to Britain.

But it was not until 2007, when Mukhtar was old enough to cast out on his own, that he too decided to leave. He could have stayed in Somalia and joined the ranks of the internally displaced. "But this was not a solution," he says. "As a young man, you need a better solution for the future."

For Mukhtar, it was Europe or bust. Italy, however, where on Lampedusa he was sprayed with disinfectant and slept without a mattress, was not part of the plan. "Holland, Scandinavia, or Germany: those were the end goal," he says. "I absolutely didn't want to remain in Italy but it was necessary." Under EU law, asylum seekers must generally stay in the country where they lodged their claim.

With damning understatement, Mukhtar concedes the country he arrived in "was better than Somalia".

"But it was not the end solution I wanted," he says. "I already knew then, more or less, that a future in Italy would not be a real future ... But there is no other way."

Mukhtar spent a week on Lampedusa before his number - 10 - was called, and he was taken to the mainland. Over the next eight months, in a centre for asylum seekers in Castelnuovo di Porto, about 20 miles outside Rome, he started learning Italian. But a rude shock was on its way: once he was granted subsidiary protection - one step down, in effect, from refugee status - Mukhtar had nowhere to go.

"As soon as you get the permit, it's, ' Ciao, arrivederci!'" he says. In recent years, the third tier of Italy's state-funded asylum protection system has had about 3,000 places and grants a year - far fewer than the number of applications it receives. The government has vowed to start boosting the numbers, to 16,000, from this year, but some observers are sceptical about the promise.

Mukhtar, by then 21, started living hand to mouth. He says he had "not a euro" to his name for three years. He ate food provided by charities such as Caritas, and slept in some of the squats in the greater Rome area that have become the decrepit places of shelter for people who have on paper been granted protection but often have no proper bed.

One of them, fittingly, was in the abandoned Somali embassy; another, where he spent two months, was a disused university building known as Salaam ("peace") Palace, whose unsanitary conditions have become symbolic of Italy's dysfunctional asylum system.

For the young Somali, the future was not looking bright. Friends in a similar position were fleeing Italy in the hope of getting to countries such as Sweden or Germany. But he was aware that, because of EU law and an international fingerprint database, many of those who tried to do that would end up being sent back. "Knowing this, I said: 'Better to sacrifice myself here,'" he says, with a dry chuckle.

After six months, Mukhtar became one of the lucky ones: his name came up on the waiting list for shelter provided by the Rome municipality. It offered a way out from the squalid limbo in which many people exist in Italy for far longer. Soon, he had started to work and enrolled at university. Now, he is studying international relations at Roma Tre University and working part-time in the reception centre where he arrived in August 2008.

He has found new accommodation in a shelter on the outskirts of Rome; he has made friends; and he has made impressive progress with his Italian, which he now speaks with rapid fluency.

He appreciates the Italian weather, and the Italians' open and sociable nature. (Amid raging debate about levels of racism in the country, he says, from his experience, the problem isn't so much racism as indifference: a lack compassion or understanding.)

Despite all he has achieved, Mukhtar still hopes his time in Italy will be temporary, a stepping stone to something, and somewhere else: Scandinavia, ideally, where he has family. He says he cannot see himself settling down in Italy because the work is so unstable and precarious.

"Italy is not a country in which I can get married and have a family,even if I work," he says. "I cannot see a future here."

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A Somali refugee in Italy: 'There's a feeling of total disorientation'

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apper and cracking jokes, Abubakar Mukhtar could pass for any other gregarious young student as he sips his coffee in a low-lit literary cafe in Rome. But there is little that is ordinary about this 26-year-old's short life; and when he laughs, it is often about things many people would find tragic.

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Immigration Detention Center in the Thai capital. Hamaza, a 13 year old boy with down's syndrom was sent there with his family. The family, which belongs to the minority Ashraaf community in Somalia, escaped to Thailand in 2015 because of threats and violence they faced. In their hometown of Mogadishu their home was bombed, killing one of her brothers.

After a few months they were allowed to return home afterwards, but on Nov. 3, the police told them that the male adults, Omar and Abdullahi, would be held at the IDC.

The family said: "With four kids I cannot take care of him, but Hamza cannot wash, get dressed or eat by himself. My husband helped him do it all," The mom then declared how, for that reason, they decided to let the 13-year-old stay at the center. This shows how the system for rescuing referees is messed up and needs to change.

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After the 1991 civil war, many Somalis sought asylum in the Somali-inhabited enclaves of Kenya. The entrepreneurial community established themselves in the business sector, particularly in the Nairobi suburb of Eastleigh.

Kenya is a nearby country which hosts most of the refugees. This led on to the Washington Post declaring, in March 2021, that the Kenyan government had issued an ultimatum to the UNHCR. They said it "was to create a plan to close two camps that host more than 430,000 refugees, or we will forcibly expel them to their home countries immediately. However, refugees say forced repatriation is not a humane option."

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There are 192,082 Somali refugees residing in Ethiopia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZLYFiOZCzA
^ video about the camps

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Somali refugees comprise 90 per cent of Yemen's refugee and asylum seeker population

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Somalia is an easternmost country of Africa which is known to be extremely hot and dry.  The Republic of Somalia was formed in 1960 by the federation of a former Italian colony and a British protectorate. Mohamed Siad Barre (Maxamed Siyaad Barre) held dictatorial rule over the country from October 1969 until January 1991, when he was overthrown in a bloody civil war waged by clan-based guerrillas.

Around this time hundreds of thousands of people fled Somalia because of political instability, unequal distribution of support,  and a dangerous civil war that broke out. In 2015 it was estimated 1,998,764 people from Somalia were living abroad and 763,933 refugees registered with the UNHCR in 2020. By fleeing the country, it could lead to many more possibilities and a better life.