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Light energy and sound energy, which are transferred as waves, are ultimately examples of kinetic energy.
(Also, S's can look back and realize all forms of energy they have studied can be summarized as kinetic (motion) energy or potential (stored) energy. Students recall that PE can be transformed into KE and vice versa. Energy is energy is energy!)

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The amplitude of a wave gets smaller as it gets farther from its source. (Note: not in standards but may feel relevant for explaining AP or everyday phenomena, or may be implicit in understanding of need for long distance digital communication)

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Light waves are absorbed by the retina, or a part of a device, which generates a signal that is that is transmitted to the brain, or analogous part of a device, where it can be decoded.

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When waves are transmitted, they pass from one material into/through another.

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When waves are reflected, they bounce off the surface of an object.

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Waves have crests and troughs relative to a rest position. For matter waves, the crests are instances of high density in particles, the troughs are instances of lower density.

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Some frequencies of light are invisible. (may be necessary to address based on AP choice)

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Information is sent using waves by encoding a pattern either in changes of frequency or changes of amplitude.

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An analog signal is one that can be any value – high, low, medium, etc.

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A digital signal is a pattern of high/low or on/off, with nothing in between.

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Different materials reflect some frequencies of light waves and absorb others, which is why the materials appear the color they do (i.e., a red shirt is red because it reflects red light waves and absorbs other frequencies).

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Light can be reflected in a single direction by a mirror (preserving the image), or in many directions (scattered) by any object, which is how we see objects.

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The amplitude of a wave depends on several factors: its source, the medium it’s traveling in, distance travelled, etc.

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The frequency of a wave is determined by its source. Different objects vibrate at different frequencies.

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Green- big ideas
Yellow-smaller ideas
Purple- ideas that may or may not belong in 8.3

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Light waves have oscillations that are perpendicular to the direction of the disturbance. Sound waves (in air) have oscillations that move in the same direction as that of the disturbance.

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The amount/angle that light waves bend at the boundary between two transparent materials depends upon the frequency of the light wave (and the materials!).

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Light waves travel in a straight path, except at surfaces between different transparent materials (e.g., air and water, air and glass) where the wave bends.

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The properties of waves are related to observable properties of sound and light (brightness, color, pitch, volume).

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The wavelength and frequency of a wave are related to one another by the speed of travel of the wave.

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Using waves to carry digital signals is a more reliable way to encode and transmit information than using waves to carry analog signals.

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-The amplitude of a wave is the height of the wave from rest position.
-Amplitude is measured in units of distance, usually meters.

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-The frequency of wave is how many waves pass a given point per unit of time (usually one second).
-Frequency is measured in Hertz.

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-The wavelength of a wave is the distance from one point on a wave to the same point on the next wave (e.g. crest to crest).
-Wavelength is measured in units of distance, usually meters.

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Light energy is generally transformed into heat energy when light waves are absorbed by matter.

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The frequency of a light wave will affect its behavior at the boundary between two objects/materials.

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The material of an object interacting with a wave, affects the behavior of the wave (the amount of light/sound transmitted, reflected, etc.)

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When waves reach a boundary between two objects or materials, the waves behave in a combination of waves: they are reflected, transmitted, bent, and absorbed.
(Note: we may want to make light bending its own big idea and exclude sound).

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The absorption of a wave by an object transfers energy from the wave to the object.

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An eardrum or analogous part of a technological device (e.g. diaphragm of microphone) absorbs sound waves (energy transfer), which makes the eardrum/part of device vibrate. This generates a signal which can be decoded as sound.

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Light can travel through space, therefore it is not a mechanical wave.

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Wavelength and frequency are related (inversely proportional). Higher wavelength = lower frequency. Lower wavelength= higher frequency.

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Mechanical waves (e.g. sound, water) transfer energy through colliding particles of matter. The energy moves forward, but the particles return to their places.

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-Wave as a model of energy transfer? Wave as a disturbance/pattern of motion?
-How can we tell an energy story?
-Can we avoid wave speed and v = fλ?
-How will S's square a definition of wave (as motion, disturbance) with the idea of travel through a vacuum? without a disturbance to point to? (Approach A: should we say moving charged particles cause light waves? establish that vibrations cause waves?- this may lead us to discuss infrared waves.. Approach B: should we establish wave-like behaviors for mechanical waves then notice that light also behaves as a wave?)
-Address refraction for sound? Only call out light's straight path or for all waves?

Granular:
-introduce seismic waves?

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A wave can be described/measured in terms of wavelength, frequency, and amplitude.

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Waves can travel through different mediums, or materials.

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A wave is a disturbance/repeating pattern of motion that spreads through space. [Waves are caused by vibration]. Waves transfer energy from place to place. As a wave moves through matter, the particles of the matter move back and forth, but return to their rest position once the wave has passed (no net movement of matter).