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Manufacture Before the Industrial Revolution[before 1760]

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Manufacture Before the Industrial Revolution[before 1760]

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Manufacture before Industrial Revolution can be generalized into cottage productions, they could be any personal light manufacturing operation producing textiles, garments, etc (Investopedia). The cottage industries rely strongly on the handcraft skill which makes the pace of production very slow. However, things changed when the developments of Capitalism and improvements of farming, it made the society rich enough and realize the importance to invest money onto enlarging the scale of production to meet their demands of goods, like industrializing the production of textiles (Britannica). This sets up the scene for the Industrial Revolution.

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Transportation Revolution [Early 18th Century]

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Transportation Revolution [Early 18th Century]

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With the size of production enlarged, traditional transportation was too slow and too expensive to transport goods or raw materials, therefore efficient and cheap transportation was required. Wide and fine roads were introduced and built by Telford and McAdam. Therefore, road transportation evolved into large wagons and stagecoaches running continuously solving the problem of the traditional transportation. Canals were built for transporting heavy loads and shortening the time length of shipping (Socsci.uci). With the railways invented in the late Industrial Revolution and the trains invented in later years, British was acting like an organized and efficient assembly line.

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With the living condition improved, the tradition production could no longer meet the need of British citizen. Therefore, people like James Hargreaves, Richard Arkwright and Samuel Crompton invented the machines like spinning jenny, water frame and mule to speed up spinning thread. People like John Kay and Edmund Cartwright invented flying shuttle and steam power loom to speed up weaving thread. With these inventions, people were allowed to massively manufacture textiles that's able to compete with Chinese textile and they led cottage industries to transform into factory industries because massive machines were introduced.

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As the Industrial Revolution continuous, people realized the previous steam engine invented by Thomas Newcomen was inefficient and unsafe. However, things changed when James Watt, a Scottish engineer, not only made the new steam engine to work more efficiently, but also made it available for the other machines like powering mechanical looms for textile and trains(enotes.com). This single machine was able to do the job for dozens of people. Moreover, it provided mechanical thinking which made people to be deliciated at inventing machines but not just employing more labor forces, it also inspired the modern steam turbine and internal combustion engine.

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The machines were too large to be placed into cottages and the wastes needed to be eliminated with special chimneys. With the establishment of factory, cottage productions paled to the factories, therefore, workers moved from country sides to the cities. Steels, iron and textiles were now produced in factories, rather than cottages, with strong supervision on the factory owners. Since the factory system made the production of qualified goods more efficient, therefore, Britain became “factory of the world” and started to take over the control of the international market by exporting their goods, which made the British cities and economy to grow into an unprecedented size(investopedia).

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Factory owners made workers to work in dirty and dangerous surroundings for a dozen hours with little payments and strong punishments and the workers only got to live in tenements within slums. To ensure the safety of trappers, the British governments passes the factory act, which forbids the children below 8 from working the factories and limiting working hours of juvenile workers above 8 (Encyclopedia). This was the first official intervention in the conditions of factory workers and improving them, however the conditions for the adult workers were still not improved therefore it inspired the critics led by Karl Marx.

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To provide raw materials, lots of coal mines were established. Coal mines were very dangerous, mine owners even employed trappers, children, and hurriers, women, to drag the wagons through the shafts. Then, Trade Union and mine acts were established. Mine acts shortened the working time and forbad children and women from working in mines. Trade Union, meanwhile, organized the workers to force the governments to make improvements, which inspired the establishment of Communism(Britannica).

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In the end of the Industrial Revolution, more radical critics started to appear as Karl Marx started to organize the workers to do violent reforms. Marx believed that the proletariat would have to unite and overthrow capitalism through violence reformations because of the abusing of workers in the Industrial Revolution(Spartacus). This led to the workers in Britain, France and Germany to strike and the establishment International Workingmen's Association which organized more workers to fight against Capitalism.