# data[].attributes.body
Science and  progressivism heavily impacted writing.

The evolution of writing and why it is necessary.

Reading has always been preferred over writing.

Teaching writing must evolve with all this evolution.

# data[].attributes.body
Students should not be judged for taking time to write.

Writing is a long process and has many stages.

Writers' inspiration is heavily influenced by their environment.

# data[].attributes.body
No one is born a good writer.

-Struggling writers compare themselves to those who are believed to be “genius writers.”

-Writing skills take practice and writers must be persistent.

# data[].attributes.body
-Both Edward and Pax argue that creativity is not promoted by loneliness, but hindered by it.

-Authors are not born writers nor do they find their inspiration from their unique selves, and they believe that it is unrealistic to think otherwise.

-Edward and Paz point to ancient practices of imitation writing where the common belief about writing was that the writer should invent new meaning in something pre-existing.

-discusses that unrealistic expectations of good writers discourage writers from creating original work since they rather focus on meeting expectations.

-these geniuses become geniuses only through a lot of hard work and experience.

# data[].attributes.body
Excellence in reading and writing is more achievable if they are taught simtaonialy.

-Ellen Carillo refutes the idea that reading and writing are two separate skills, “are not connected”:

-As Carillo says “Although writing is more often thought of as a creative act, reading is just as creative.

# data[].attributes.body
Students' reading skills can be strengthened if they question why the author uses specific strategies and writing techniques.

-This reading strategy will expose the students to unlimited writing structures. Students could use them in their writing.

-The education system is not able to teach every possible writing strategy, thus students must learn them on their own.

# data[].attributes.body
-Universities must  expand their literacy offerings to help students make the most of their university experiences.

-At Flinders University in South Australia they  have set out to design a first-year literacy framework to provide students with the literary skills they need to succeed.

-The framework’s main goal is to use many of the literacy requirements that were mastered, and should help equalize the difference in the skill set the coming students have.

# data[].attributes.body
-Most people read the text without having any main questions in mind nor try to think in the perspective of the author

-Asking questions/background fleshes out the literacy the author desires as well as better understand it in a way to incorporate it into your writing

-A method to read like a writer is to mark the text, make comments, and notes/summary to yourself

-Reading like a writer requires to ask questions, consider different word choices, and incorporate the good parts of the author’s writing into your own

# data[].attributes.body
-Reading and writing should be taught equally or else it won’t improve without the other

-We give words meaning by giving our perspective/comprehension

-Literacy is a vital aspect in living in society due to the access of digital information/messages/political that is presented around you and the demand for communication skills. Potentially could lead to blind acceptance

-The methods to bring awareness to college reading is to read like a writer as well as rhetoric reading.

# data[].attributes.body
-People who work with literacy are discouraged of being compared to past geniuses where the effects of it leaves dissatisfaction and even anxiety

-The idea of a literary genius is a myth fabricated by past publishers polishing the writers’ work, influential writers favoring original over imitations, and educational systems upholding their legacy.

-Collaboration and imitation is essential for anyone to produce great works of that to a genius and be successful

# data[].attributes.body
-People correlate genius writers with god given talent which distracts us from the real writing process and even leaves us frustrated to how different it is from expectations

-Schools reinforced this idea with their focus on the product not the process, didn’t try to revise works, and students whom are familiar/good backgrounds upheld this.

-Skills are a set of habits/practices that can be taught and the one that writers need is metacognition where their persistence is needed to help reflect/improve

# data[].attributes.body
-People need to have time to write a rough draft to actually start and need to view it artificially than an art

-There are 4 motivations to write and 1 disadvantage: delay is helpful to develop ideas within your head subconsciously

-Objectives help focus on the writing task and even has a deadline to rush it.

-Rehearsals are the whole writing process which starts with an unwritten dialogue to brainstorm with collaboration to the draft

-Signals are indicators during the rehearsal stages which tell the writer how to control and to produce the first draft. They include genre (limits but clarify, POV, voice(tone in text), news, image, pattern, and creative problem

# data[].attributes.body
-Curriculum in the past wasn’t based on systematic studies/ proper, professional teacher, nor were they assessing writing but rather was looked down upon compared to reading(Control>Creativity)

--Scientific research helped influence education where teaching became a profession,, brought a progressive view of English, curriculum based on identifying occasion, assist, and have their writing depend on their efforts for the audience. (ex letters)

-Computers changed writing for the better where users are both the reader/writer, understand power of network, impact the internet by knowing audience, and solve big issues

-Writing is a learning progress where doing it in sequence isn’t as effective compared to simultaneously developing with print, alphabet, and critical thinking. Overall, curriculum should be created through models, using them in curriculum, and teaching

# data[].attributes.body
- Students need to have knowledge of multiple literacies to better perform in college
- There needs to be better communication between secondary schooling and higher education

# data[].attributes.body
- Students need a better foundation when reading
- Writers must read from the perspective of the author to better their writing skills
- Understanding text from the perspective of the author will enhance our comprehension skills and writing skills (new techniques/structures/patterns)

# data[].attributes.body
- Reading and Writing should be separate subjects because they are completely different subjects but they aid each other
- Being able to read and being able to understand/comprehend what you read are different
- To better our writing skills, our reading skills need to be improved, but when these two subjects are taught together there is not enough attention for each subject

# data[].attributes.body
- People must collaborate with others in order to improve
- Geniuses are not born with natural talent, they become geniuses from hard work and experience
- The high expectations put on geniuses are not realistic

# data[].attributes.body
- No one is born with the natural talent to write well
- Writing skills are built overtime
- People should not compare themselves to the "geniuses" (affects the mindset and they do not realize that even geniuses took time to build the skill)

# data[].attributes.body
- Prep work is essential
- Writing takes a long time
- The process of writing and the time duration should not be frowned upon

# data[].attributes.body
- There needs to be change in our education system
- The writing system needs to evolve as society evolves
- Science also heavily impacts writing

# data[].attributes.body
-Each student has their own virtual backpacks that leaves an unfair gap between them

-Literacy is used daily in many different forms so there is a need to teach multi-literacy to reduce that gap

-This course failed where understaff, little time frame, and hierarchy through merit undervalues the point of the course

# data[].attributes.body
Putting yourself in the writer's shoes to better understand their point of view or choice of words.

Ask yourself questions as you read along to help you understand what you’re reading

Writing and reading are a pair and work well together.

# data[].attributes.body
-Having a multi-literacy course will shorten that gap because everyone has their own virtual backpack and starts at different places
-Results of this course shows how ineffective their course was where there wasn’t enough staff, encourage social hierarchy through merit, and impossible timeframe
-Literacy is used in many different forms in today's society so teaching multi-literacy to reduce that gap is needed

# data[].attributes.body
-To carefully examine the reading and the techniques the author uses.Looking at the writers technique and deciding if you want to adopt a similar technique
-You are reading to learn about reading; taking other writers techniques how to write to certain audiences
-Asking questions and and marking up the text for yourself
-summarizing certain passages or important paragraphs

# data[].attributes.body
Reading is not writing, even though they go hand in hand

We shouldn’t assume that just cause someone is able to read means they they can write on it

We need to be able to analyze a writer’s skills and choice of word to be able to understand what a piece of writing is about

# data[].attributes.body
-Reading and Writing are Connected and the best ways to teach them is together
-If Students are not given the opportunity to advanced their reading skills they may struggle understanding a text or a writing assignment
-Reading abilities are largely underdeveloped -to use our reading skills in order to effectively understand how the writer delivers their information and how that can help us improve our writing skills

# data[].attributes.body
-American culture made us feel like the great geniuses were these perfect people who wrote these great writing and were naturally good at it, but didn’t tell us all the hours they put in and how many times they had to correct their paper and how many drafts they had to go through in order to get close to perfection
-Authors are seen as gifted a very few will reach their level
-Collaboration and imitation is essential for anyone to produce great works of that to a genius and be successful-The level of Geniuses is unreachable unless you are naturally gifted and how you should be able to write so easily and fluently

# data[].attributes.body
The idea that only genius can be writers is a false narrative that hurts writers

It takes time to produce good writing

Popular and  genius writers took their time with their writing away from outside influences

# data[].attributes.body
-Society believes humans are naturally professional writers because maybe the rumor that god chose them. During the mid 20th century people would be strong believers of god so saying that god chose them made them look like if they were the best at what they did
-We believe that good writers must meet these unrealistic expectations and rules and become overwhelmed/frustrated when they aren’t
-People are experts at what they read/ write more but fail to recognize when they aren't’ as good is because they weren’t exposed or don’t have the experience
-Comparing a student and comparing them to professional writers will bring down their abilities since they aren't at that level but are expected to be.

# data[].attributes.body
-Once the writer has a subject they will be a magnet for ideas connected their subject(Increasing information about the Subject)
-Rehearsal for writing connects to self consciously not taking while listening,collaborates for new ideas,list everything before forming a paper and most importantly it is a process
-News will keep you updated on new information and it gets you information on you subject
-You seeing certain images can give you ideas how to write or what to write about -There will be pattern or strategies to write or incorporating other authors writing and may see a pattern you may adopt that

# data[].attributes.body
No one is just born as a good writer, that's a harmful myth

People put their expectations way too high when they’re writing and they get disappointed in themselves

Writing is an acquired skill, t’s a process no one is born a good writer

# data[].attributes.body
You have to wait out your ideas to get the best out of yourself.

A writer needs to really dig deep in the topic he’s writing on

Creating a visual image in your head of your story helps you have a clear view of just what you're going to write

# data[].attributes.body
As the world is evolving, forms of literacy are too and it is our job to figure out new ways to learn how to teach the new things that emerge.

Writing is a big part of our life, outside of school, we use it at works and so much more

We need to embrace new forms of learning with new energy and adapt

# data[].attributes.body
-As time goes by and evolving  forms of literacy and strategies  are too and we are finding new ways to learn how to teach literacy and  new things that come up

-To raise our children in a society where they value hard work and literacy over temporary items to look cool

-Writing was hard work,especially before the invention of the pencil or ballpoint pen and it was a hassle to write something than to read something

- mentions to articulate new models of composing developing right in front of our eyes,design new models of writing curriculum and create new models for teaching

# data[].attributes.body
- A university in Australia designed a framework on how to get their first-year students ready for college writing and the real world by exposing them to 4 different kinds of literacies.

- Purpose is to increase retention and graduation rates, specifically to those with diverse backgrounds

- Institutional, critical, academic, and traditional literacies are part of the framework, each teaches students important skills/practices for college writing and the real world

# data[].attributes.body
- Students can be better readers (by understanding and participating in the writing) if they observe why the author chose to write the text that way. To think of what possible choices the author had to make

- Question the text: ask what is the author’s purpose, their intended audience, why they chose a certain word, if the technique is effective in their writing, etc.

- Students then decide if they would want to use that technique in their own writing and also if that technique works for the student’s assignment

# data[].attributes.body
- Research shows that students learn to read and write better when taught at the same time

- Without constantly reading and improving student’s reading (as much as writing), they’ll lack the analyzing/comprehension skills to see the important things in society/the world around them

- By reading and writing being taught at the same time, students gain experience in finding meaning in not only writing but reading too, which helps students beyond school. “Prepared to be informed, aware, and engaged citizens.”

# data[].attributes.body
- Present day writers are doubting whether they are good writers or are even author because they put unrealistic expectations on themselves, comparing themselves to genius authors.

- Writers fear being unoriginal and plagiarizing and must try to get an original thought/idea.

- Collaborating helps us become better writer, it helps us write and come up with ideas. Other’s work and our surroundings are our inspiration for author’s work and “original” ideas

- There are no genius authors or those born with talent that can write something without collaboration.

# data[].attributes.body
- Improve beginner’s writing by improving how they think about their work (metacognition)

- Good writers are those who keeps persisting to improve by allowing feedback, reflection, etc. on their work

- When writers see that they have improved, they know that being a good writer is not a talent but something you can work towards with hard work.

# data[].attributes.body
- “Writing” without actually writing on paper actually takes time for a lot of writers. They think and wait for their idea to evolve

- The four forces of writing: increasing information (using our own experiences that we can talk about a lot), increasing concern (know more about subject —> writer feels (more) about the subject), waiting audience (the pressure from others expecting the next chapter), and approaching deadline (final/absolute to get something done or there might be consequences)

- Rehearsal: seeing signals to help make the first draft

- Get students used to seeing signals during their rehearsal process

# data[].attributes.body
- Society focuses more on teaching/giving children reading than writing.

- Writing has changed significantly from the 20th century to the 21st century

- The importance of composing. How teens already know how to compose, organize, and know their intended audience.

- How to teach students in this new day and age to compose.

# data[].attributes.body
Reading is the foundation to writing.

Not everybody has a firm understanding of what a reader and writer can do.

Practice and learning is the key to improvement.

# data[].attributes.body
It should take time to find established ideas to write about

Distractions/procrastination can boost ideas to the mind and can later be elaborated on.

There are four kinds of pressure for writing which are increasing information, increasing concern, waiting for an audience, and approaching deadlines.

# data[].attributes.body
Reading is praised over writing through different aspects like the evolution of writing materials which is constantly shifting.

Reading requires less effort to do and it is easier to obtain knowledge through this than to share your own ideas and cause a delay.

It may take time to learn how to adapt to the evolution of writing due to the factors of materials, process, specialty, evaluations.

# data[].attributes.body
Good writers do not know what they are doing at a young age. Not a lot of people know how to write well.

Those that know how to write well have accessibility to resources that are beneficial. While the wealthy have gained more knowledge, the poor lose both the resources and ability to write well.

Some good writers believed that their gifts of writing come from God, but that isn’t the case because He does not assign those that can again the privilege to write. It all depends on the factors within your environment.

# data[].attributes.body
Strategic Summary

Introduction  establish a conversation

Summary is the most typical source to use in an introduction.

Scientists would share and communicate with writing in letters.

Techniques used to write better.

Questions to ask yourself.

# data[].attributes.body
Writing has been changed to something never again revised.

Socioeconomic background, ethnicity, and national background gave some students the advantage over others and deemed to just be better at writing.

People's exposure to twitter and other social platforms makes them write and they are good at it but lack the rhetorical requirements

RUles and boundaries limit a person in writing like not using “I” or wikipedia.

SAnyone can be skillful in writing just as long as they learn

Metacognitive

Traditional essays dont build writers.

# data[].attributes.body
Writing requires a lot of social engagement and influence from outside sources.

For more collaboration while writing we need to analyze and build more ideas.

Writing always needs improvement

Seeking advice and help from others while writing is a way to improve

# data[].attributes.body
- The students who are failing to meet the academic requirements to be prepared for university come from English or non-English speaking backgrounds.

- The multiliteracy framework will help students prepare ahead and meet academic writing requirements for college.

- Along with the use of multiliteracy frameworks, universities should create welcoming environments to increase their students’ ability to academically succeed.

# data[].attributes.body
- When reading closely to others’ writing works, we can be influenced to use similar writing techniques.

- We need to read other works in order to adapt different writing techniques that will help us develop our writing skills.

- Before we start on writing an essay, we should read previous essays to see how the writer constructed their work.

# data[].attributes.body
- The universities should prioritize their students’ reading ability as well in order for the students to academically succeed in reading and writing.

- Students need to learn how to read in order to develop the ability to comprehend or understand their academic readings.

- Reading can give us creativity, therefore we can see different meanings and perspectives of a certain text.

# data[].attributes.body
- The high expectation of what it means to be a good writer discourages writers from creating original work because they focus more on meeting the expectations.

- The key to creating original work is to collaborate with the world and to consider learning from other writers’ work.

- Although writing can be hard, daily writers should not feel like they are not good enough because their word doesn’t meet the unrealistic expectations of great literature.

# data[].attributes.body
- The unrealistic expectations of a good writer makes writers feel that their writing is not good enough.

- Educators should not criticize the student’s ability to form well written papers, instead they should consider students' access to better education and their socioeconomic background.

- When inexperienced writers build bad habits in viewing themselves as good enough, they meet a self fulfilling prophecy. Therefore, inexperienced writers will not continue their writing progress and become discouraged to keep growing.

- Writers should be aware of their strengths and weaknesses from feedback throughout their writing progress.

# data[].attributes.body
- Educators should normalize giving their students more time to process their ideas and thoughts.
- Writing is a long process that starts off with drawing outlines and brainstorming. We need to rehearse our sentences and collaborate with others to see what is missing in our writing.

- The point of view signal can help bring more ideas on what to add in a story by considering others perspectives.

# data[].attributes.body
- In the earlier centuries, pencils and other writing equipment were not available for everyone, therefore not everyone was able to practice writing. But now most people can practice writing daily due to the use of digital technology. For example, we can text or send email to our family members and friends by using a simple app.

- Educators should allow students to write without having to reach grammar or writing requirements at first. Therefore, educators should encourage students to write what they have in mind to create original work.

- Educators should encourage students to collaborate with others to help them gain more ideas and better writing styles.

# data[].attributes.body
Prewriting is an important part of the writing process.

There is a process usually ignored betweenwritting

Knowing the audience will influence your writing to better match the audience receiving it.

Peer work and review is something professionals do.

# data[].attributes.body
People give more attention to reading over writing

Writing constantly changed and it has changed a lot from the 20-21 century

Teachers should encourage students to collaborate.

# data[].attributes.body
Instructors need to help incoming college students with their proficiency in reading and writing

Both reading and writing are equally important and should be learned simultaneously.

Writing and reading have their interpretations. When you write, you put creativity into it and let others visualize it. When you read, you put words from an author’s writing and picture it in your mind. In every outcome, everyone has their interpretation.

# data[].attributes.body
Emphasizes of the different literacies students need to succeed (in a range of education)

High schools are not properly educating students on their literacies which makes incoming college freshmans feel intimidated when writing

Many students are unprepared for university studies

Students lacking literacies can struggle when transitioning to college

# data[].attributes.body
-Students need to be fluent in multiple different types of literacies.

-There needs to be better communication between high schools and colleges on what should be taught.

-Each student has various starting points in their virtual backpack which can cause some students to have an unfair disadvantage when it comes to higher education.

# data[].attributes.body
One can learn about writing strategies based on readings, it can have an impact in someone's writing

When reading try to identify the different styles of writing that are implied

It is beneficial to think about the choices the author made when reading

To read is to see how something was constructed

# data[].attributes.body
-By thinking of the writer’s stylistic choices when reading you can improve your own writing

-Asking yourself questions before/during reading can help you understand why a writer writes the way they do

-Instead of reading for content you should read to understand how a piece of writing was put together

# data[].attributes.body
Students learn to read and write when they are connected

Educators play a vital role on students further education

To read and write is to create/interpret

# data[].attributes.body
-Reading and Writing is learned better if taught at the same time

-Reading is directly correlated to writing so if students aren’t taught how to read properly they can fall behind on their writing.

-Carrillo emphasizes that teachers need to stop focusing on writing and start focusing on developing student's reading skills.

# data[].attributes.body
“The Greats” and "the genius" play an important role on writers and the expectations they believe they should meet.

History has played an important role on the influence of writing

Embracing collaboration over isolation, implies that it's okay to be influenced by the outside world

# data[].attributes.body
-Idolizing “The Greats” gives us a false perception on what the writing process should look like

-You do not need to be a genius to be a good writer

-Writing should be a collaborative process

# data[].attributes.body
Writers tend to grow frustration when the outcome of their writing is not what they expected (writing anxiety)

It’s important to always be open for improvement

No one is born to be a “good writer”, it takes practice

# data[].attributes.body
-The idea that good writers are born is myth

-Schools focus on the end product not the process of writing

-Parrott emphasizes the idea that persistence is key when trying to improve your writing

# data[].attributes.body
-There are 4 pressures that help writers go forward: Increasing information about the subject, increasing concern  about the topic, rehearsal, and becoming aware of the waiting audience

-The main force that prevents writers from writing is resistance.

-Pre- writing is a crucial part of the writing process.

# data[].attributes.body
It is essential for teachers to provide students with adequate time to brainstorm ideas and prewrite

Procrastination and delay can be vital to let pieces of information nature in the mind and evolve into critical thinking

It is important to communicate when it comes to writing, essence doesn’t just have to be from within one person

# data[].attributes.body
-Yancey believes that we need to design an updated writing curriculum

-Writing curriculum should change as writing evolves

-Writing has a bad reputation because people associate it to testing, work, and evaluating. People steered away from this idea when recreational writing was introduced.

# data[].attributes.body
As the world keeps evolving we as a society need to seek resources and find change and ways to change/devlope our educational system

Educators should encourage students to pre-write their drafts without worrying about grammar

Ideals and misconceptions have started to fade as the world has evolved, writers have started to realize that writing isn’t just meant to be done alone and its okay to seek other resources

# data[].attributes.body
The genius of writing made it revolutionary to write. They set high standards for writers that wanted to be like them in and for future generations.

Geniuses never had it easy. They struggle to persist and gain focus on what they intend to write.

Collaboration is key because geniuses praised it and it is essential to brainstorm ideas and assist others that don't know much.

# data[].attributes.body
4 different forms of literacy

Uses strategic summarizing to support claims.

Uses the IMRD to better explain information as well as supporting it.

# data[].attributes.body
Ask questions before and during when trying to read and understand a piece of text

View writing in a way similar to how carpenters view houses. Using RLW can help the student better identify methods and decisions the author makes, students can then choose to use this in their own writings.

Summarizes sources to support claims and ideas.

# data[].attributes.body
Reading and writing is crucial for students to thrive in the real world

The should be methods students use to analyze the text such as RLW

By improving reading skills and writing skills together, they can reinforce each other.

# data[].attributes.body
Past writers who are labels geniuses set standards high, that current day students are unable to achieve

Students do not have to be geniuses to be writers, there is no single person that is considered a literary genius.

In order to write good essays, students need to collaborate with each other and borrow ideas.

# data[].attributes.body
Writing can be improved when students persevere and are open to improvements.

By saying that some people write well because they are born with it can cause other students to be discouraged and not improve.

Some people are born into the environment where the standards were written, so they might have an advantage, schools focus more on the product and not the process

# data[].attributes.body
Delay is useful because it allows students to take a break and then think/develop more on their essays.

There are 1 Negative and 4 Positives in the writing process.

Murray talks about the writing process,

# data[].attributes.body
They believe literacy is expanding everyday and therefore student’s literacy abilities should expand constantly too.
They created a framework that is inclusive to all 4 types of literacies (critical, traditional, academic, institutional) and does not assume the student’s previous experience with literacy.

Status quo is often maintained by the fact that not every student enters university with the same amount of cultural capital that universities value. This imbalance and the lack of address of cultural capital results in the upkeep of university bourgeois culture,

Miller and Schulz acknowledge that cultural capital cannot be obtained in a single semester with this course framework but it works to destigmatize lack of literacies.
Miller and Schulz believe language is fluid and no one is ever literate enough.

# data[].attributes.body
Knowing the context of the author’s background while reading helps understand their word choices and decisions.

There are different ways of studying a writer’s style; analyzing word choice reflects reaction, studying their sentence structure, etc.

The goal of reading like a writer is to improve your own style and also understanding how writer’s decide how their work is presented.

University professors expect students to enter university knowing how to read like a writer but high school does not properly teach students how to.

There are two ways to read: reading to learn about the story and reading to learn how to construct.

# data[].attributes.body
The duo heavily emphasizes on the idea that writing is a collaboration effort, constantly drawing support from how other artists in different media rely on communication and support to create.

Otherwise, they both don’t have a lot of evidence to back their claim. They do rely on quotes from other writers about their writing purposes, so survey based evidence.

Writing cannot be a lone act. Writers find their inspiration through communication and support.

People have an unrealistic expectation of a writer– alone, sitting at a desk, in an isolated lake at a lonely cabin. It creates problems in writer’s being able to conceptualize being able to write without being alone.

“The Lone Genius author doesn’t exist. And it never did.”

Edward and Pax aim to dismantle this idea that every author’s work has to be completely original, and authors are not born writers.

Imitation was a valued practice in ancient times and that they believed you should invent new meaning in something pre-existing.

# data[].attributes.body
One way to improve writing is to change your cognition of writing as a whole. Look for improvement in your work and feel the satisfaction of persistence and that’s how you see the truth that writers come into fruition and not born writers.

Students do not believe they could improve their writing by practice because of the unrealistic idea that you are born a writer and it becomes a self fulfilling prophecy.

Writing has become far away from the creative endeavor to product based.

"Inexperienced authors are punished for being inexperienced."

# data[].attributes.body
There should be an updated curriculum because writing changed a lot over the years.

Science plays a role in writing/affects writing.

Computers and technology improved writing because the person is reading things online as well as writing it down.

# data[].attributes.body
Reading and writing are skills that are meant to be taught together. Research showed that children learn those skills better when taught together. If students do not continue to learn reading with writing then they will struggle with analyzing and evaluating text.

Children learn to recognize typical elements of writing. They will use this elements in their own writing.

College and Universities tend to value writing over reading. Professors will blame a student's struggle in class to being unable to write well. College is creating students who think reading is passive.

# data[].attributes.body
Asking yourself why the author made certain choices. This includes question their choice in words and the impact it had on yourself

Think about what techniques could have made the writing piece better. Were their word choices not formal, or too formal? Did it fit within the context of the piece? If it didn't, why is that? What word could they have used instead? Did a certain transition to another topic not make sense, or could it have been delivered better?

Figuring out which elements could best be used in your own writings. Looking back at technique, tone, wording, and impact can help give you a start on what to look for.

# data[].attributes.body
It’s a bad idea to separate reading from writing/ prioritize writing over reading

Student's phonics skills are reinforced

Students need the opportunity to continue working on their reading and writing skills in college or they won't have the tools to recognize complex concepts within an academic or social setting

Teachers must focus on active reading approaches

# data[].attributes.body
Classic authors have damaged our perception on who a “true author” is

The idea that an author must only write about their own “original” thought must die. Instead we should encourage collaboration. (Lone Genius author)

Writing is a collaborative behavior

# data[].attributes.body
When we only see authors as geniuses only, we only look at the final product, rather than the process that went behind it. We ignore that its “Social and contextual” (71).

Discussions on what being an author means hyper focus on what they shouldn't do. Writers who are inexperienced will feel criminalized and judged simply for being new at the craft

“Metacognition” (73)

We should emphasize that writing is a social activity rather than an object of art.

# data[].attributes.body
Students should be familiar with eight key symbols that writers respond to when writing: genre, p.o.v., voice, news, the line, image, pattern, and the problem.

Students should be able to experience the pre-writing process, as all writers do. They should not be xpeted to write on command, but should be given time and strategies to figure out when the proper time to start comes

Resistance to writing is also called The Law of Delay, which means that when writing can be delayed, it will.

There are four pressures writers feel that make them want to write: increasing information, increasing concern, waiting audience, and approaching deadline.

Rehearsal is what the writer does when they aren’t sure what to write and under the four pressures most writers feel

# data[].attributes.body
Create new strategies for composition that align with todays way of thinking

Create a new writing curriculum for students in kindergarten to graduate school.

Find new ways to teach to students; embrace and adopt abstract and out of the box learning strategies

# data[].attributes.body
Speaks for a multiliteracies framework: Institutional literacies, critical literacies, traditional literacies, and academic literacies

Literacy is complex

Students need to broaden their learning in order to understand the social context many texts often have

# data[].attributes.body
Formulaic test-friendly writing processes hinder people’s development of theory.

Computers allowed people to compose writing in an international co-apprentice peer review with no structured hierarchy. Young people are learning who their audience is and how to use that audience.

Reading and writing are meant to be learnt together. Complex thinking skills are developed as an effect.

Yancey proposes three differentiating methods of teaching composition: articulate new models of composing, design a new writing curriculum for k-12, or create new models of teaching.