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On 3 pm on April 15, 1920, two victims shot dead in robbery. Security guard: Alessandro Berardelli and Payroll clerk: Frederick Parmenter were delivering payroll money for two shoe factories intended to be dropped of to Shelly Neal, the local American Express in Braintree. The amount stolen totaled to $15,000.

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Perpetrators: While there was a total of 4 suspects only 2 were apprehended. Sacco and Vanzetti were arrested after suspect: Mike Boda (a known radical and top suspect) and 3 other Italians(including Sacco/Vanzetti) were reported to the police as they picked up Boda's car from the shop. The report was due to a cop's instruction to the shop who had earlier instructed to notify him if Boda showed up due to his sudden disappearance after questioning. The fourth suspect Coacci, was scheduled to be deported on the day of the crime; but pushed back his date claiming his wife was ill. When police and immigration further investigated they found his wife in good health and Coacci who pushed to be immediately deported. When the police realized his absence lined up with the crime they re-investigated his home and found Boda.

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The trial lasted 7 weeks. The theory presented was Sacco shot the victims while Vanzetti sat in the car. The main issue to proving this theory is the lack of physical evidence. The eye-witness often contradicted on another as some witness testified to seeing both defendants, while others didn't. Both defendants also claimed to be at other locations during the time of the crime. Vanzetti claimed he was working as a fish peddler and was confirmed by his customers. Sacco was in Boston to get a passport to Italy, and was confirmed by the official of the Italian consultant stating it was impossible for for him to get to the location of the crime in time. A bullet removed from one of the victims matched the bullets of Sacco's gun. None of the stolen money was ever recovered.

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The trial occurred during the 1920s which was at a high point for the first Red scare where people had extreme hysteria over the perceived threat posed by Communists in the U.S. The Sedition Act of 1918 targeted people who criticized the government, monitoring radicals and labor union leaders with the threat of deportation. Fear turned to violence with the 1919 anarchist bombings, a series of bombs targeting law enforcement and government officials. Bombs went off in a wide number of cities including Boston, Cleveland, Philadelphia, D.C., and New York City. In 1919 and 1920 with Palmer raids also known as “Red Summer”. These raids deported leftist radicals and anarchists.

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Justice was not served as despite the likelihood of their guilt, they did not have proper evidence to convict let alone execute them. Both had alibis, the eye-witnesses contradict one another, and the only evidence was the matching bullet. However one could also claim his guilt only by owning the same bullets.

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Both Sacco and Vanzetti were immigrants from Italy. Due to an influx of Italian immigrants they were one of the largest group of immigrants and faced discrimination due to the fear of their rising population in the US. They were arrested more often despite crime rates between immigrant groups being similar. Italians were stereotyped as the "genuine Italian bandit, black eyed and swarthy, and wicked... with rings in his ears..."

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Sacco and Vanzetti were also known anarchists, believing social justice would come only thorugh the destruction of governments. This was highly feared due to the Red Scare occuring during the 20s and the violence that occurred during the time from radicals. They also possessed a radical event flyer at the time of their arrest.

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The case gained worldwide popularity. Sacco and Vanzetti used the popularity to drum support from left wing with claims that the prosecution was politically motivated. The American embassy in Paris was bombed in response to the case; and a second intended for the embassy in lisbon was intercepted.

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The trial judge had sole authority to decide the defendants' repeated and compelling motions for a new trial. He denied them all. Appellate rules in effect at the time denied the Supreme Judicial Court the authority to review the strength of the evidence presented at trial.

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From result of the issues later addressed during the trial a law was enacted that anyone accused of first degree murder, the Supreme Judicial Court must review law and evidence.

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Opinions and facts are not separate in the court of law. Many of the court's proceedings and decisions were biased as a result of the hatred of Italian immigrants and anarchists during the time.

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After the execution of Sacco and Vanzetti worldwide protests against repression of Italian Americans, immigrants, labor militancy, and radical political beliefs gained movement.