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This picture perfectly depicts evolution as a tree that starts from a single origin and produces every variant of life. The branches of the stem indicate the different kingdoms and relatives throughout. This marks how each species comes from another. This specific picture does not narrow down to the complete biological classification hierarchy but displays a general simplified breakdown. The main stem branches into kingdoms of Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, etc. From there the branches would continue to break off into increasingly specific order: phylum, class order, etc. Animals that are currently extinct are listed on the tree such as dinosaurs, indicating their ancestral relation to present-day animals. Therefore, this picture accurately illustrates the progression and function of evolution.

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Assignment 2: Penicillium Chrysogenum Fungus

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Assignment 2: Penicillium Chrysogenum Fungus

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Penicillium Chrysogenum is a species of fungi found in the genus Penicillium. It commonly inhibits moist environments, such as forests and wet areas indoors. It can also be found growing on foodstuffs. This fungus is the primary source of penicillin, an antibiotic used to treat and prevent the growth of bacterial infections. Despite its role in healthcare, when found naturally it can have negative effects on human health. Also, the fungus can be manufactured into multiple varying substances. It can be made into chrysogine, a yellow pigment, and another form of antibiotic, xanthocilin. Penicillium Chrysogenum is akin to P. notatum and P. rubens and is commonly regarded as equivalent to these relatives.

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Penicillium chrysogenum | Description, Habitat, & Penicillin | Britannica

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Penicillium chrysogenum, species of fungus in the genus Penicillium (kingdom Fungi) that occurs across a variety of habitats and is especially common in moist areas, including forests and damp indoor environments. Penicillium chrysogenum is very closely related to P. rubens and P. notatum and has,

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Arthropods make up 80% of all known animal species and are the most varied group of animals, ranging from aquatic crustaceans to insects. They are known for their protective and supportive exoskeletons made of chitin, which allows these creatures a wide range of mobility and actions for defense, predation, and locomotion. Their exoskeletons also aid in the crucial preservation of water, a grand survival advantage. Arthropods are usually small in size due to their lack of a true skeleton, but aquatic arthropods tend to grow larger because of the supporting buoyancy of water. Furthermore, this fact highlights the amazing adaptability of arthropods. They have intricate organ systems that allow functions such as digestion, respiration, circulation, and reproduction. Additionally, they have sensory organs such as eyes and antennae utilized for navigation, hunting/scavenging, and communication. Some arthropods possess venom used for protection from predators and the hunting of prey. Arthropods are vital to the biodiversity and ecological processes on Earth, those being pollination, decomposition, and contribution to the food chain.

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This diagram illustrates the different characteristics of monocots and dicots. Based on the information given, we can see that these two types of plants vary in ways that are detectable in our everyday observations of plants. For instance, if you go outside and find a common clover weed, you can classify it as a dicot. The clover has two embryonic leaves, net-like veins in its leaves, and flowers that have 4-5 petals. If you take a closer look at the plant, you will find stems with a circular pattern of vascular bundles and small roots that stem from a larger primary root. An example of a monocot is the daffodil, commonly found planted in yards as decorative flora. With minimal investigation, you can identify the parallel venation on the daffodil leaves and flower petals in multiples of 3. An in-depth look reveals one cotyledon and scattered vascular bundles, as well as roots that branch from the base of the stem.

Web source: https://old-ib.bioninja.com.au/higher-level/topic-9-plant-biology/untitled-3/monocots-versus-dicots.html

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Homeostasis is primarily controlled by the hypothalamus and is the process by which the body maintains a balanced internal environment and allows proper bodily functions. It maintains temperature, fluid levels, oxygen, and blood pressure. Homeostasis uses negative feedback to reverse changes and positive feedback to boost reactions for a certain response. Negative feedback can be noted as an increase in heart rate to meet oxygen needs and sweating to cool the body. Positive feedback consists of contractions during childbirth and blood clotting to close an open wound. A disruption in homeostasis can be lethal, as it is imperative for survival, and can cause disease or illness. In the case of injury, homeostasis will react in accordance to combat the symptoms by causing a fever or blood clotting. However, homeostasis can go too far and become dangerous, causing severe allergic reactions, autoimmune diseases, or immune responses like sepsis.

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Homeostasis is how your body maintains internal balance so its internal systems can run as effectively as possible.

What is homeostasis?

Homeostasis is how your body regulates your internal systems so they function correctly. Your body works best when its internal environment - including things like temperature or oxygen levels - is just right.

The term homeostasis comes from two ancient Greek words meaning "equal" and "holding still." In other words, homeostasis means reaching and maintaining a state of balance. In this context, balance isn't about keeping you from toppling over. It's about having the right balance of everything you need.

Balance is key because too much of even the most essential things can be harmful. For example, everyone knows that water and oxygen are good things, and you need them to survive. But drinking too much water too quickly can cause hyponatremia. And breathing pure oxygen for too long can cause oxygen toxicity. Both of those conditions can be deadly.

How does homeostasis work?

Homeostatic processes are automatic, and a specific part of your brain, the hypothalamus, runs them. There are two main ways that homeostasis happens:

Negative feedback

Positive feedback

Negative feedback homeostasis

Negative in this context doesn't mean bad. It means your body senses a change and tries to counteract or reverse the unwanted change. Most homeostatic processes in your body rely on negative feedback.

Examples of negative feedback homeostasis include:

Blood pressure. Your blood pressure keeps blood flowing up toward your head against the pull of gravity.

Body temperature. If you're too hot, your body makes you sweat to cool you down. If you're cold, your body makes you shiver to generate heat. These are examples of thermal (temperature) homeostasis.

Fluid balance. If you drink too much water, you'll soon feel the urge to pee to get rid of the extra fluid.

Oxygen levels. Your heart and breathing rates increase and decrease depending on how active you are. That's an example of respiratory and circulatory homeostasis.

Positive feedback homeostasis

Positive feedback homeostasis means the processes add to themselves and get stronger. That will keep on happening until the initial cause is gone.

Examples of positive feedback homeostasis include:

Labor and delivery. When labor starts, your cervix starts to stretch, which triggers nerve signals that go to your brain. Your brain releases the hormone oxytocin, which causes uterus contractions. The more your cervix stretches, the more oxytocin your brain releases and the stronger the contractions get. That stops once delivery is complete and your cervix returns to its normal size.

Hemostasis (blood clotting). When you have a wound that bleeds, clotting factors in your blood activate to seal the wound. They also call for reinforcements, summoning even more clotting factors. They'll keep on calling for more clotting factors until the bleeding stops.

Immune responses and inflammation. When you have an infection or injury, your immune system causes inflammation at that site. Inflammation is your body's way of shining a spotlight on a specific place so immune cells know exactly where to go. And immune cells at the scene will keep inflammation going as long as they need more help.

Why is homeostasis important?

You can't survive without homeostasis and the processes that drive it. And every disease or medical condition involves a disruption of homeostasis.

When you get hurt or sick, your body adjusts its homeostatic processes so you can recover. That's why you get a fever with infections or your blood clots when you have a bleeding wound.

Chronic conditions happen when something goes wrong and your homeostatic processes can't adjust enough to make up for it. For example, high blood pressure (hypertension) happens when your body can't keep the pressure within a healthy range. Osteoporosis happens when your bones lose calcium faster than your body can replace it.

Some diseases happen because homeostatic processes malfunction and make things worse. Examples include:

Allergic reactions. Allergies happen when your immune system reacts to something that it thinks is a threat. Mild allergies may just be unpleasant. But if the reaction is too strong, that homeostatic process can be dangerous. For example, a bee sting causes brief pain and mild swelling for most people. But a sting can cause deadly anaphylaxis for someone with an allergy.

Autoimmune diseases. These happen when your immune system malfunctions and mistakenly attacks part of your own body. The reaction itself would likely be normal and healthy if the target were an infection or injury instead of your own healthy tissues.

Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) or sepsis. Immune system reactions naturally strengthen with time and will stop once the initial cause is gone. But those processes can rapidly become dangerous if your immune system reacts too strongly early on. That's why CRS and sepsis can become deadly so quickly.

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Homeostasis is a state of balance, and your body regulates its own systems to reach and maintain it. It's key to how all your body systems work.

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I learned from this article that energy consumption may be able to defend against asthma. According to the study, asthma risk decreased with the increase of total energy intake, but only up to a certain amount (56.44 kcal/kg/day). However, past this amount, there is no benefit regarding this disease. This could mean that inadequate caloric intake may be associated with a higher asthma risk, possibly because of compromised immune function or undernutrition. Additionally, I learned that balanced nutrition and certain diets could influence children at risk of asthma. Factors such as BMI, maternal health, and key vitamins and minerals should be the focus of these diets, rather than the intake of specific nutrients and foods. Controlling a wide range of variables, once believed to be unimportant regarding asthma, can provide a great amount of information about this disease. This research could lead to the discovery or improvement of asthma treatment and the reduction of risk.

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The tropical rainforest consists of three layers: the canopy (top layer), the understory (middle layer), and the floor (bottom layer). The canopy is made of humongous trees and woody vines that create a ceiling for the rainforest. It blocks sunlight from entering and creates intense competition for light amongst vegetation. The understory is composed of vines, ferns, smaller trees, and palms. The floor is wet and dark, typically making it hard for seeds to germinate without light, but providing the soil with an abundance of nutrients from decomposing leaves. Rainforests remain warm all year with average daily temperatures of 20°C to 25°C. Rainfall in these biomes ranges from 79 to 394 inches per year. Additionally, the majority of common house plants originate from rainforests!

Source: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/biome/biorainforest.php#:~:text=The%20tropical%20rainforest%20is%20a,about%20250%20ft)%20or%20more.

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amazon jungle picture in 2025 | Waterfall wallpaper, Jungle photography, Beautiful nature wallpaper

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Feb 22, 2025 - This Pin was discovered by Ai Artist - MOHSIN. Discover (and save!) your own Pins on Pinterest

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Ecosystems are delicate things and can collapse, but their survival largely relies on biodiversity. Biodiversity depends on the collaboration of ecosystem diversity, species diversity, and genetic diversity to determine its density and resilience. The more these things intertwine, the stronger biodiversity becomes as each one supports the other. An individual species can play an integral role in biodiversity if the ecosystem heavily relies on its presence. These are called keystone species. Human interaction is a common factor that affects biodiversity. It's important to remember that, as humans, we too are impacted by biodiversity. And that biodiversity is vital to the well-being of the world and all its inhabitants, it keeps our environment functioning and livable.

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Why is biodiversity so important? - Kim Preshoff