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Phonics is the set of relationships between phonology, the sounds in speech, and orthography, the spelling system.

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Phonology is the branch of linguistics that deals with systems of sounds.

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Orthography is the conventional spelling system of a language.

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Etymology is the study of the origin of words and the way in which their meanings have changed. it also influences their pronunciation.

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Graphemes are a written symbol that represents a sound (phoneme). This can be a single letter, or could be a sequence of letters.

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Consonants represent a single sound consistently. All letters of the alphabet are consonants except for a,e,i,o,u.

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Consonant blends are two or three consonants present in the same syllable of a word and not separated by vowels.

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Consonant digraphs are two or more consonants that, together, represent one sound.

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Vowels are a, e, i, o, u. Vowels often represent many sounds.

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Vowel digraphs are when two vowels represent a single sound.

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Dipththongs are when two vowels represent a glide from one sound to another.

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Word families are a group of words that share a common base or root word, often with variations in spelling and meaning due to prefixes and suffixes.