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The EPLs was put into place to help provide relief to the poor. There were parish overseers who managed the poor and gave relief to the infant, elderly, sick, and those who worked but were not making enough money. They helped provide food, clothing, hospitals, shelters, orphanages, etc.

This law was introduced during the 1600s or as what they knew it as, the Victorian Era. During this time there was a wide gap between social classes, but most of England was living in poverty. So they decided to put this law into act to help those who lived in poverty and to also reduce the risk of spreading diseases and wiping out the population.

The EPLs made an impact on the world even though it is no longer in effect. You can see this law in other social welfare policies and how it helped bring on food stamps, unemployment benefits, Medicaid, etc. for those in need.

https://www.britannica.com/event/Victorian-era

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Dorothea Dix and the Pierce Veto was about a women excelled during the mental health reform and advocated for those who were fighting mental health illnesses and pushed that they receive the help they are needing. She pushed for a bill to be passed that provided funding for asylums to be built to help those individuals. The bill passed both houses of Congress but was later shot down by President Franklin Pierce who vetoed the bill.

https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/issues/franklin-pierces-1854-veto/

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The legislation advocated by Dorothea Dix — and passed by the House and Senate — was not unprecedented. At a time when there was no federal income tax, public land represented the large…

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The Workers Compensation act was put into effect to provide benefits for employees who got hurt while on the job. This meant that they covered medical bills and lost wages.

This act was passed in 1908 as the first workers compensation program by the federal government. It was then a hit that all the states, U.S. Territories, and the District of Columbia decided to incorporate it as well were it was fully enacted in 1927.

The Workers' Compensation act is still in effect today and almost all business are required to carry this act and put it into effect for all employees in case something happens on the job so they are not held liable.

https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/statcomps/supplement/2017/workerscomp.html

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The IRL was put into effect to limit the number of immigrants from coming into the United States. This act only allowed so many visas to each nationality making it to where only so many could enter.

During the 1920s this act was to help reduce immigrants coming from southern and eastern Europe, whereas in the 1970s it was used to reduce the amount of people of color.

This act is no longer in effect today, but it influenced and encouraged many policies and other acts. It played a part in developing the current U.S. Immigration Law which includes border patrol, maintaining a visa, etc.

https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/immigration-act#:~:text=The%20Immigration%20Act%20of%201924%20limited%20the%20number%20of%20immigrants,of%20the%201890%20national%20census.

Textbook

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The UI act was put into effect to provide temporary financial assistance to the individuals who had lost their job and it not being their fault. You must be looking for a job and still be able to work to qualify for this act.

The UI act was born from the Social Security Act of 1935 and was put into effect because of the damage the Great Depression had caused. This act started out only applying to those who worked in a firm with at least 8 other people, then it changed to 4 employers, until it the coverage kept expanding and now it will cover anyone who meets the requirements.

This act was left to expire and no longer be of use within recent years, but there are still programs out there that are for people who file for unemployment. These programs were then left to be determined and applied by each state, so the laws and requirements will vary.

Textbook

https://blog.dol.gov/2023/08/11/commemorating-the-88th-anniversary-of-the-social-security-act-and-the-unemployment-insurance-program

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The Social Security Act was put into effect to provide a safety net for the elderly, unemployed, and the Americans who are at a disadvantaged. This provided old-age insurance, unemployment insurance, and an aid to dependent children.

This act went into effect in 1935 to provide a pension for the elderly but was soon broaden to also help those who were unemployed as well as at a disadvantaged, disabled, and had multiple dependents. This took place during the Great Depression and was signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

The Social Security Act is still in effect today providing income security to the elderly, unemployed, and the disabled.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Social-Security-Act-United-States-1935

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The Works Progress Administration was put into effect as a New Deal Program to provide jobs and an income to millions of people who were struggling and needed help. This act funded a wide variety of public works projects.

This act was put into effect in 1935 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to help the people who were struggling due to the Great Depression. During the 8 years of this act being in use it put over 8 million people to work allowing them to get an income for their families.

The WPA is no longer in effect today because it was meant to only be used during the Great Depression to help those that had already lost so much and it was terminated in 1943.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Works-Progress-Administration

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also called (1939-43):

Work Projects Administration

This article was most recently revised and updated by

Works Progress Administration (WPA), work program for the unemployed that was created in 1935 under U.S. Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. Although critics called the WPA an extension of the dole or a device for creating a huge patronage army loyal to the Democratic Party, the stated purpose of the program was to provide useful work for millions of victims of the Great Depression and thus to preserve their skills and self-respect. The economy would in turn be stimulated by the increased purchasing power of the newly employed, whose wages under the program ranged from $15 to $90 per month.

During its eight-year existence, the WPA put some 8.5 million people to work (over 11 million were unemployed in 1934) at a cost to the federal government of approximately $11 billion. The agency's construction projects produced more than 650,000 miles (1,046,000 km) of roads; 125,000 public buildings; 75,000 bridges; 8,000 parks; and 800 airports. The Federal Arts Project, Federal Writers' Project, and Federal Theater Project-all under WPA aegis-employed thousands of artists, writers, and actors in such cultural programs as the creation of art work for public buildings, the documentation of local life, and the organization of community theatres; thousands of artists, architects, construction workers, and educators found work in American museums, which flourished during the Great Depression. The WPA also sponsored the National Youth Administration, which sought part-time jobs for young people.

In 1939 the Works Progress Administration altered its name to Work Projects Administration. In that year increasing charges of mismanagement and of abuse of the program by workers led to a reduction in appropriations, and a strike by construction workers against wage cuts was unsuccessful. In 1943, with the virtual elimination of unemployment by a wartime economy, the WPA was terminated.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Adam Augustyn.

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Works Progress Administration (WPA) | Definition & History

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Works Progress Administration, work program for the unemployed that was created in 1935 under U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. The stated purpose of the program was to provide useful work for millions of victims of the Great Depression and thus to preserve their skills and self-respect.

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The FLSA established minimum wage, recordkeeping, overtime pay, and child employment standards laws that would affect all employers in the United States. This act set a federal minimum wage that everyone must follow, but allowed states to have their own minimum wage law. Made sure employers got paid for after the 40 hours that they put in for the work week, while also keeping a record of when the employers worked and for how long. They also put child labor laws into effect to protect minors and to allow educational opportunities.

The FLSA was put into effect in 1938 to provide better work conditions for those who are working those long workweeks and barely making money. They made the minimum wage the same for all employers to make sure everyone had equal rights. They also used this act to protect children from working so they could be kept out of harms way and so that they could focus more on their education.

The FLSA is still in effect to this day in the United States, United States Territories, and the District of Columbia. This act still works to protect the rights of all employers and pushes for child labor laws to ensure they are getting the education they need.

https://www.adp.com/spark/articles/2022/10/a-simple-overview-of-the-fair-labor-standards-act.aspx#:~:text=The%20purpose%20of%20the%20FLSA%20was%20to%20facilitate%20better%20working,the%20public%20and%20private%20sectors.

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Japanese Internment (Executive Order 9066)

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Japanese Internment (Executive Order 9066)

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The Executive Order 9066 was an order given by President Franklin D. Roosevelt that all people of the Japanese American population in the state of California be removed and placed in internment camps. This order was placed recently after the attack on Pearl Harbor, this led people to believe that all Japanese people were dangerous and could not be trusted. All of their assets were frozen and they eventually were evacuated from their homes and sent out to various internment camps. The plan was to rid the entire state of California of Japanese people. The number of Japanese internment camps started to increase and they lasted for a few years until President Gerald Ford got into office and decided to fully rescind the Executive Order 9066. Soon after Congress passed an act that stated the Japanese people faced a serious injustice, they were also to get a fund of over a billion dollars to help pay the Japanese population for what they had to endure as well as pay for some of their belongings that were lost.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Executive-Order-9066

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Japanese Internment (Executive Order 9066)

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Servicemen's Readjustment Act (G.I. Bill)

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Servicemen's Readjustment Act (G.I. Bill)

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The G.I. Bill was put into effect to help provide housing, unemployed insurance, and the necessary funds for a college education to the veterans coming home from war.

This act was passed back in 1944 while they were still fighting World War II, they knew that all of the veterans coming back would be coming home to nothing. They seen this as a chance to help get each individual back on their feet whether it was going to college, trying to find a house, finding a job, or just settling back in and establishing a routine. They wanted to help the veterans so they could limit and decrease the postwar depression from occurring when they arrived back home. Although this act helped many of veterans get back on their feet, many vets of color could not use it. With them being of color they still faced racism from several business and struggled with getting the resources that they needed.

The G.I. Bill is no longer in effect and expired in 1956, it influenced many of other bills along the way to continue helping veterans. The Forever, Post 9/11, and Montgomery G.I. Bill are still in effect today to help veterans financially and to gain a college education.

https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/servicemens-readjustment-act

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The Head Start Program was put into effect to provide early childhood education, nutrition, health, and parent involvement services to low-income families. This helps prepare children for school as well as helps with their development.

The Head Start Program was signed and put into effect in 1965 to help those who were in poverty and to meet the needs of the children who were at a disadvantage.

The Head Start Program is still in effect today and is up and running in all 50 states, U.S. Territories, as well as the District of Columbia.

https://headstart.gov/about-us/article/head-start-history#:~:text=In%20the%20summers%20of%201965,Health%2C%20Education%2C%20and%20Welfare.

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In January 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson declared war on poverty. It launched a comprehensive child development program that would help communities meet the needs of disadvantaged preschool children.

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The CMHA was put into effect to shift from using big mental health institutions into using smaller community-based centers. There is funding that is provided with staffing and constructing these centers. The point of this act was to take individuals who have mental health illnesses out of state-run psychiatric hospitals and put them in a safer and smaller community-based center to better them. This act was signed and put into law in 1963 by President John F. Kennedy. This act is no longer in effect today because there was not enough funding to make it last long term. Although there are other acts that took its place to provide more community-based centers for those with mental illnesses.

https://cottonwooddetucson.com/community-mental-health-ac/

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The Civil Rights Act was the act that was put into effect to prevent discrimination against people of color in public places, in school, facilities, and employment settings.

Back in 1963 President John F. Kennedy made a statement addressing that all people should receive equal treatment, he proposed an act that would address voting rights, public accommodations, school segregation, and discrimination in federally assisted programs. Soon after Kennedy addressed this act he was assassinated leading to Lyndon Johnson taking over his presidential spot. The first thing President Johnson did while in office was signing the Civil Rights Act into law and it was put into effect almost immediately by Congress.

The Civil Rights Act is still in effect today protecting the rights of people of color while also trying to address and fight for those rights that are not seen publicly.

https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/civil-rights-act

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john f kennedy addressing civil rights act

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The Americans with Disabilities Act was put into effect to protect the rights of people who have a disability. This prohibits them from experiencing discrimination in various areas such as work, school, transportation, out in public, and as well as private places.

The ADA was signed and put into effect in 1990 and it is known as the first civil rights law for people who have a disability. The ADA became a law because of the tremendous amount of discrimination and inequality these individuals had to face in different areas.

The ADA is still in effect today and it is protecting people with disabilities rights and making sure they can still live a normal life and are treated like any normal person.

https://adata.org/learn-about-ada

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Food Stamp Program/Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program

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Food Stamp Program/Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program

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The Food Stamp Program also known as SNAP is the act that provides assistance for buying food for the low-income families. This program makes it possible for low-income families to afford the healthy and nutritious foods for their families especially the children.

The Food Stamp Program was first started to help out the farmers as well as the poor and homeless. Then it began as a pilot program during the Great Depression but was put into effect in 1964 by President Lyndon Johnson to help all of the individuals and families who were in poverty and were struggling to make ends meet.

The Food Stamp program which is now known as and called SNAP is still in effect today and has grown as one of the biggest programs to help low-income individuals and families to afford food and even receive monthly benefits.

https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/history#:~:text=1939%20%E2%80%93%20The%20First%20Food%20Stamp%20Program,-The%20idea%20for&text=The%20program%20operated%20by%20permitting,used%20to%20buy%20any%20food.

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Food Stamp Program/Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program

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Medicare is an act that was put into effect to provide federal health insurance for people who are over the age of 65, while also for individuals who are under the age of 65 but have certain disabilities or have End Stage Renal Disease.

The idea of starting health insurance was brought about when Harry Truman was in office, but was shut down at the time. After looking at the consensus and seeing how the population was increasing rapidly and most older adults had low incomes and no health insurance they thought it was time to put the idea back on the table. The bill was then passed and put into effect in 1965. The bill was signed here in Missouri at the Truman Presidential Library with former president Harry Truman present to recognize him for the idea that he had and for getting it started.

Medicare is still in effect today and helping out millions of older citizens who need health insurance but don't have the extra income to make it happen.

https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/medicare-and-medicaid-act

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Medicaid is an act that was put into effect to provide federal health insurance for individuals and families who have limited/low incomes and can't afford other health insurance.

The idea of starting health insurance was brought about when Harry Truman was in office, but was shut down at the time. After looking at the consensus and seeing how the population was increasing rapidly and most individuals as well as most families had low incomes and no health insurance they thought it was time to put the idea back on the table. The bill was then passed and put into effect in 1965. The bill was signed here in Missouri at the Truman Presidential Library with former president Harry Truman present to recognize him for the idea that he had and for getting it started.

Medicaid is still in effect today and is helping out individuals and families who have a limited income and have to spend their money on things they see as more of a priority rather than spending it on health insurance.

https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/medicare-and-medicaid-act

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The OAA was an act that was put into effect to assist older Americans with whatever problems and needs they were having. This act assisted them with in-home care, health and wellness, home-delivered meals, transportation, caregiver support, adult daycare, and the prevention of elderly abuse.

This act was signed and put into effect back in 1965 by President Johnson to help older adults to be able to have a normal life all while still living in their own homes and doing the things they normally do.

The OAA is still in effect today helping and providing assistance to all older adults. The OAA is currently being reauthorized to make sure that there is enough funds and support for the programs that are being provided by this act.

https://www.usaging.org/olderamericansact

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The Older Americans Act (OAA) was passed in 1965 as part of President Johnson's "Great Society" initiative with the goal of supporting older Americans to live at home and in the community with dignity and independence for as long as possible.

For five decades, the OAA has been the foundation upon which the federal, state and local organizational infrastructure has developed, planned and delivered home and community-based services and supports to older adults and their caregivers. This infrastructure is defined in the OAA as a national Aging Network that currently includes 56 state and territorial units on aging, more than 600 Area Agencies on Aging (AAAs), more than 270 Title VI Native American Aging Programs, and more than 20,000 community service providers.

The OAA currently supports a wide array of programs and services, including information and referral, congregate and home-delivered meals, health and wellness programs, in-home care, transportation, elder abuse prevention, caregiver support and adult day care.

AAAs were added to the Act in 1973 to be the on-the-ground organizations charged with helping vulnerable older adults live with independence and dignity in their homes and communities. The OAA mandates that AAAs use the flexibility provided in the law to ensure that local needs and preferences are taken into consideration and that the resulting local service delivery system is tailored to the community.

Today, AAAs coordinate a complex local service delivery system that serves millions of older adults and caregivers in every community in the country, providing access to critical home and community-based services. To connect to your local AAA, call +1 800.677.1116 or look it up online.

Learn more about AAAs' OAA and other roles in communities nationwide.

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The Older Americans Act (OAA) was passed in 1965 as part of President Johnson's "Great Society" initiative with the goal of supporting older Americans to live at home and in the community with dignity and independence for as long as possible.

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The NEPA is an act that was put into effect to protect and promote the enhancement of the environment. The NEPA covers various actions like making decisions on permit applications, constructing highways and other publicly-owned land, and adopting federal land management actions.

The NEPA was put into effect back in 1969 but wasn't signed into law until 1970 by President Nixon. This was the first major environmental law to ever be put into effect in the United States.

The NEPA is still in effect today but the Council on Environmental Quality has revoked several parts of this act and it will go into effect on April 11, 2025.

https://www.epa.gov/nepa/what-national-environmental-policy-act

https://ceq.doe.gov/

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The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) was signed into law on January 1, 1970. NEPA requires federal agencies to assess the environmental effects of their proposed actions prior to making decisions. The range of actions covered by NEPA is broad and includes:

making decisions on permit applications,

adopting federal land management actions, and

constructing highways and other publicly-owned facilities.

Using the NEPA process, agencies evaluate the environmental and related social and economic effects of their proposed actions. Agencies also provide opportunities for public review and comment on those evaluations.

On this page:

Title I of NEPA contains a Declaration of National Environmental Policy. This policy requires the federal government to use all practicable means to create and maintain conditions under which man and nature can exist in productive harmony.

Section 102 in Title I of the Act requires federal agencies to incorporate environmental considerations in their planning and decision-making through a systematic interdisciplinary approach. Specifically, all federal agencies are to prepare detailed statements assessing the environmental impact of and alternatives to major federal actions significantly affecting the environment. These statements are commonly referred to as Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) and Environmental Assessments (EA).

Title II of NEPA established the President's Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) to oversee NEPA implementation. The duties of CEQ include:

Ensuring that federal agencies meet their obligations under NEPA

Overseeing federal agency implementation of the environmental impact assessment process

Issuing regulations and other guidance to federal agencies regarding NEPA compliance.

Learn more about the National Environmental Policy Act.

In 1978, CEQ issued regulations ( 40 CFR Parts 1500-1508) to implement NEPA. These regulations are binding on all federal agencies. The regulations address the procedural provisions of NEPA and the administration of the NEPA process, including the preparation of environmental impact statements. In addition to the CEQ NEPA regulations, CEQ has issued a variety of guidance documents on the implementation of NEPA.

Many federal agencies have also developed their own NEPA procedures that supplement the CEQ NEPA regulations. These NEPA procedures vary from agency to agency since they are tailored for the specific mission and activities of the agency. Find NEPA procedures for specific federal agencies.

Lead Agency

The role of a federal agency in the NEPA process depends on the agency's expertise and relationship to the proposed action. The agency carrying out the federal action is responsible for complying with the requirements of NEPA. In some cases, there may be more than one federal agency involved in the proposed action. In this situation, a lead agency is designated to supervise the preparation of the environmental analysis. Federal agencies, together with state, tribal or local agencies, may act as joint lead agencies.

Cooperating Agency

A federal, state, tribal or local agency having special expertise with respect to an environmental issue or jurisdiction by law may be a cooperating agency. A cooperating agency has the responsibility to:

assist the lead agency by participating in the NEPA process at the earliest possible time

participate in the scoping process

develop information and prepare environmental analysis that the agency has special expertise in

make staff support available

Referrals to CEQ

In addition, a federal agency may refer to CEQ interagency disagreements concerning proposed federal actions that might cause unsatisfactory environmental effects. CEQ's role, when it accepts a referral, is generally to develop findings and recommendations, consistent with the policy goals of Section 101 of NEPA. The referral process consists of certain steps and is carried out within a specified period. Learn more about (4 pp, 40 K, CEQ's referral process (PDF) About PDF).

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What is the National Environmental Policy Act? | US EPA

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Describes what the National Environemental Policy Act (NEPA) and discusses when it applies, how it is carried out, and how EPA and other Federal Agencies comply with NEPA.

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The Supplemental Security Income program was put into effect to provide monthly benefits to the elderly, have a disability, as well as the blind who are receiving little to no income or resources. This provides cash payments monthly to those individuals and children can also receive these payments as well.

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WIC is a program that provides income-based nutrition assistance to pregnant women, new mothers, babies, and children up to their 5th birthday. The services they provide are healthcare referrals, health screenings, healthy food vouchers, breastfeeding support, and nutrition education and counseling.

WIC started out as a pilot program back in 1972 to improve the health of children, babies, and pregnant mothers. The program was a success and started operating in 45 other states. WIC then was established as a permanent program in 1975 and has been successful ever since.

The WIC program is still in effect today and is thriving. This program is known to for helping pregnant women buy milk and formula while they are on a fixed income, but they also provide so much more assistance to those that are in need.

https://www.nwica.org/overview-and-history

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Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act

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Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act

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CAPTA was put into effect to provide grants and funding to states to support the investigation, assessment, prosecution, treatment, and prevention of child abuse and neglect.

CAPTA was signed and put into effect in 1974 and has been amended several times since it has been signed into law. CAPTA was then completely rewritten in 1988 under the Child Abuse Prevention, Adoption, and Family Services Act.

CAPTA is still in effect today even though it has been amended and reauthorized several times. It is still protecting the rights of children and keeping them out of harms way.

https://namr.org/news/a-history-of-capta-legislation

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The Housing and Community Development Act is a law that was put into effect to address housing needs and promote community development. It provided funding for development programs and fair housing protections for low-income families.

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Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act

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Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act

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The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act was put into effect to improve the juvenile justice system that was in the United States. They aimed to prevent delinquency from happening as well as supporting each state in meeting national standards for youth justice.

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Education for All Handicapped Children Act

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Education for All Handicapped Children Act

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The Education for All Handicapped Children Act was put into effect to ensure that all children who are handicapped or have some kind of disability receive a free public education in a positive and welcoming environment.

Before the 1970s children with disabilities faced discrimination which left them to not attend public schools and were sent to learning institutions with little to no instructions on how to do things. This act was brought up during the civil rights struggles, while the case Brown v. Board of Education brought light to the situation as well. Finally after years of discrimination and fighting court cases, Congress passed the act and signed it into effect.

The Education for All Handicapped Children Act which has been renamed and now known as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is still in effect today protecting children with disabilities rights to a safe and free education.

https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/individuals-disabilities-education-act-1975

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Education for All Handicapped Children Act

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The Earned Income Tax Credit Act was put into effect to reduce the burden of having to pay taxes on working families as well as low-income families. This act gives those families in need credit for their taxed and allows them to receive more on their tax refund.

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The Indian Child Welfare Act was put into effect to protect Indian children from being taken and removed from their families in custody, foster care, and adoption cases. This act also protects the stability of the Indian Tribes.

The ICWA was signed and put into effect back in 1978 as a response to the number of Indian children who were being taken out of their homes and put into state child welfare and private adoption agencies. They realized that they were being removed from their homes at an increasingly higher rate than white children.

The ICWA is still in effect today even though court cases back in 2023 tried to overturn this act, but Congress upheld the act to keep it in place to protect Native American children and families.

https://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/reflecting-46-years-indian-child-welfare-act-its-legacy-challenges-and-ongoing-impact?gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQjws-S-BhD2ARIsALssG0b3c4magh_Yev-lwOBAL1sSaC0NtG0UvNECH-F7hw7vDxYZ2qinxpMaAhW7EALw_wcB

https://www.nicwa.org/what-is-icwa/#:~:text=The%20Indian%20Child%20Welfare%20Act,children%2C%20families%2C%20and%20tribes.

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Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act

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Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act

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The AACWA was put into effect to establish adoption and foster care assistance programs, strengthen child welfare services, and to make good efforts to remove children from the household when it is absolutely needed, as well as reuniting families when it is earned.

The AACWA was signed and put into effect in 1980, it was the program that they thought would fix the foster care system. Legislation then offered each state a set amount of money to help with the revamping of the foster care system. When each state started to pitch in they got part of their child welfare services paid for which was a win for both the states, legislation, and the children.

The AACWA is still in effect today helping those with adoption assistance, strengthening the foster care system, social services, and most of all taking care of the children who are going through these programs and trying to find them a good home.

https://ocfcpacourts.us/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/ZC-Chapter-21-Overview-Of-Federal-And-State-Child-Welfare-Legislation-LM-Nfinal-6-4-19-002438.pdf

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The McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act was put into effect to ensure that all homeless children have the right to a free public education. They have the right to enroll, stay in school, and receive the help and services they need to keep up in school.

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The Anti-Drug Abuse act was put into effect to put a stop to all of the drug trafficking and abuse that was happening. It also put a mandatory minimum sentence on those who were charged with drug charges and sent to prison.

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Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency Act

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Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency Act

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The Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency Act is a program that is federally funded to help people who are currently living with HIV/AIDS. This program helps funding for care and treatments.

This act was put into law in 1990 to help those and provide relief after the AIDS epidemic that took place during the 1980s. This helped the people who were affected by the epidemic and needed medical attention, it made it easier and more cost affordable for them.

The Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency Act did in fact expire back in 2013, but Congress still provides appropriate funding for the individuals who are still affected by HIV/AIDS today.

https://clintonwhitehouse5.archives.gov/ONAP/ryanwht.html#:~:text=History%20of%20the%20CARE%20Act,%5BGet%20copy%20of%20legislation.%5D

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Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency Act

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The FMLA is a law that as put into effect to ensure that all eligible employees can take unpaid, medical job-protected leave for themselves and certain family members.

The United States was one of the last countries to put family and medical leave into effect. During World War II many women joined the workforce to help provide for their family since their husbands were at war. Pregnancy was not considered when hiring women into the workforce and they did not realize they would need to take a medical leave when giving birth. Women and families spent years fighting for this right for not only themselves, but their families as well. It wasn't until 1993 when the law was passed.

The FMLA is still in effect today but most know it as maternal/paternal leave or medical leave when someone gets hurt and is laid off work for a short period of time. This act helps protect people as well as their families from losing their job because of needing to take a leave of absence.

https://www.oah.org/tah/november-3/the-history-of-family-leave-policies-in-the-united-states/#:~:text=It%20was%20not%20until%201993,adoption%20or%20foster%20care%3B%20to

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The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act also known as the Brady Bill was put into effect to mandate federal background checks when purchasing a firearm from a licensed dealer. The licensed dealer must use the National Instant Criminal Background Check System.

The Brady Bill was signed into law in 1993 to prevent criminals from being able to buy guns and to protect the safety of others. The law was a success at first until five years later when U.S. Supreme Court challenged this law and was successful in striking down a big portion of it.

The Brady Bill is still in effect today making sure that all licensed gun dealers are running background checks before selling guns. Although this law does not apply to private gun sales.

https://www.clintonlibrary.gov/education/brady-bill-bill-becomes-law

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The VAWA is an act that was put into effect to protect the rights of all women. This act addresses the domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking that has taken place in the United States.

This act was put into effect in 1994 due to the serious amounts of criminal acts that women were facing. Women protested and fought hard to have Congress pass this law to protect all women. It was then passed as a law and is known as the first to end the violence against women.

The VAWA is still in effect today, but underwent a reauthorization back in 2022. This act gives those women who have gone through a traumatic experience a safe place and a voice to get the help that they need as well as getting justice for themselves.

https://www.legalmomentum.org/history-vawa

https://www.thehotline.org/resources/violence-against-women-act-vawa/

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Temporary Assistance for Needy Families 

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Temporary Assistance for Needy Families 

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The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families is a program that is state-run but also federally funded to provide financial assistance and services to low-income families and children. This program is meant to provide economic stability and security for those families in need.

TANF was enacted in 1996 where it replaced the only other program that was similar to this one, Aids to Families with Dependent Children. This program was born out of the welfare reform debates and was created from the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act.

TANF is still in effect today providing support and assistance to low-income families who are in need. Although it is a program that is not well known so there are lots of people who could use this program and don't know that something like this exists.

https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R44668#:~:text=On%20August%2022%2C%201996%2C%20President,child%20poverty%20and%20economic%20disadvantage.

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Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act

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Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act

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SORNA is a law that was put into effect that requires each state to register and notify the public about sex offenders and what the sex offenses are.

Before the 1990s there were no laws regarding sex offenders and informing the public until 1994 the Jacob Wetterling Act was passed and set the basis for new and upcoming laws. SORNA was eventually put into effect in 2006 under the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act. SORNA rewrote the federal standards for sex offender registration and notification laws.

SORNA is still in effect today and applies to all 50 states, U.S. Territories, the District of Columbia, and federally recognized Indian Tribes.

https://smart.ojp.gov/sorna/current-law/legislative-history

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Office of Sex Offender Sentencing, Monitoring, Apprehending, Registering, and Tracking

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Prior to 1994, there was no federal law governing sex offender registration and notification in the United States. Beginning with the Jacob Wetterling Act in 1994, Congress started to address the issue, and passed a series of bills from 1996-2003 to enhance, clarify and strengthen the provisions of the Wetterling Act. In 2006, Congress passed the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (SORNA), which fully revamped the federal standards for sex offender registration and notification, and repealed the federal standards outlined in the Wetterling Act. Since 2006, a number of bills have added to SORNA's provisions.

Federal Sex Offender Legislation

1994: Jacob Wetterling Crimes Against Children and Sexually Violent Offender Registration Act.
Enacted as part of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, the Wetterling Act -

Established baseline standards for states to register sex offenders.

Established a heightened class of offenders, "Sexually Violent Predators" (SVPs).

Required address verification every 90 days for SVPs and annually for all other offenders.

Required SVPs to register for life and all other offenders to register for 10 years.

Provided for discretionary public notification procedures when necessary to protect the public.

1996: Megan's Law. By the mid-1990s, some states had implemented the discretionary public notification procedures called for in the Wetterling Act. Congress passed the federal Megan's Law, amending the Wetterling Act, that -

Mandated public disclosure of information about registered sex offenders when required to protect the public.

Provided that information collected under state registration programs could be disclosed for any purpose permitted under state law.

1996: The Pam Lychner Sexual Offender Tracking and Identification Act of 1996. Established a law enforcement-only national database (the National Sex Offender Registry or NSOR) at the FBI to house information about registered sex offenders. The law also -

Required state registry officials to immediately transmit sex offender registration information to NSOR.

Allowed for the dissemination of information collected by the FBI necessary to protect the public to federal, state and local officials responsible for law enforcement activities or for background checks pursuant to the National Child Protection Act (34 U.S.C. § 40101, et seq.).

1997: Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act of 1998. As part of a larger appropriations bill, certain sections amended portions of the laws above as follows:

Added to the federal standards all state offenses that are comparable to those listed in the Wetterling Act.

Required registered offenders who change their state of residence to register under the new state's laws.

Required registered offenders to register in the states where they work or go to school if different from where they live.

Directed states to participate in the National Sex Offender Registry.

Required each state to set up procedures to register federal offenders and offenders sentenced by court-martial.

Required the Bureau of Prisons to notify state agencies of released or paroled federal offenders.

Required the Secretary of Defense to track and ensure registration compliance of offenders with certain Uniform Code of Military Justice convictions.

1998: Protection of Children from Sexual Predators Act. As part of a comprehensive bill to enhance the ability to prosecute and punished child sex offenses, one section -

Directed the Bureau of Justice Assistance to carry out the Sex Offender Management Assistance program to help eligible states comply with registration requirements.

2000: Campus Sex Crimes Prevention Act. As part of the Violence Against Women Act of 2000, this act -

Required registered sex offenders to notify the state of each institution of higher education at which the sex offender worked or was a student and to notify the state if there was any change in their employment or enrollment status.

Amended the Higher Education Act of 1965 to require institutions obligated to disclose campus security policy and campus crime statistics to also provide notice of how to obtain information about registered sex offenders.

2003: Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to end the Exploitation of Children Today (PROTECT) Act. The PROTECT Act of 2003 was a comprehensive bill intended to strengthen law enforcement's ability to investigate and prosecute violent crimes against children. The bill addressed sex offender registration and notification as follows:

Required states to maintain a website containing registry information, and required the Department of Justice to maintain a website with links to each state website.

2006: Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act. Title I of the Adam Walsh Act, the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (SORNA), wholly rewrote the federal standards for sex offender registration and notification. The law -

Created a new baseline of sex offender registration and notification standards for jurisdictions to implement.

Expanded the definition of "jurisdiction" to include 212 federally recognized Indian tribes, of whom 199 have opted to establish their own sex offender registration and notification systems.

Expanded the number of sex offenses that must be captured by registration jurisdictions to include all state, territory, tribal, federal and military sex offense convictions, as well as certain foreign convictions.

Created the Office of Sex Offender Sentencing, Monitoring, Apprehending, Registering, and Tracking (SMART Office) within the Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, to administer the standards for sex offender notification and registration, administer the grant programs authorized by the Adam Walsh Act and coordinate related training and technical assistance.

Directed the Department of Justice to establish the Dru Sjodin National Sex Offender Public Website (www.NSOPW.gov) that provided for one point of access to search all state, tribal and territory sex offender registry websites.

Established a Sex Offender Management Assistance program within the Department of Justice.

Note: Title I of the Adam Walsh Act was originally codified at 18 U.S.C. Title 42. It was recodified to 18 U.S.C. Title 34 in 2017.
2008: Keeping the Internet Devoid of Predators Act (KIDS Act). To address the issue of online safety, the KIDS Act made the following changes to SORNA -

Required jurisdictions to collect sex offenders' internet identifiers in the registration process.

Barred disclosure of offenders' internet identifiers.

2015: Military Sex Offender Reporting Act. As part of the Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act of 2015, and as an amendment to SORNA, these sections -

Required the Department of Defense to submit information on any sex offender convicted via court-martial to NSOR and NSOPW.

2016: International Megan's Law. To address international travel by registered sex offenders, this 2016 law mandated the following -

Required offenders to provide advance notice of any intended international travel.

Required jurisdictions to submit international travel information.

For information on state legislation, see the Sex Offender Enactments Database, maintained by the Civil and Criminal Justice section of the National Conference of State Legislatures.

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Legislative History of Federal Sex Offender Registration and Notification

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Prior to 1994, there was no federal law governing sex offender registration and notification in the United States. Beginning with the Jacob Wetterling Act in 1994, Congress started to address the issue, and passed a series of bills from 1996-2003 to enhance, clarify and strengthen the provisions of the Wetterling Act.

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DOMA was a law that was put into effect to define marriage as between a man and a woman, which resulted in states being able to refuse same-sex marriages.

DOMA was signed into law in 1996 by President Bill Clinton, this was to try and stop same-sex marriages from happening even though it was rumored Hawaii was going to legalize it. After it was signed into law, 40 of the states put this law either in the state laws or the state constitutions banning it from happening in their state.

DOMA was in effect from 1996 up until 2013 when several court cases took place trying to take down DOMA. It is no longer in effect which allows same-sex marriages to be legal.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Defense-of-Marriage-Act

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The USA Patriot Act was enacted to enhance and expand law enforcement's surveillance and investigatory powers in relation and prevention of acts of terrorism, money laundering, and financing of terrorism.

This act was put into effect after the 9/11 attacks. They wanted to ensure that there was enough security and surveillance to make sure that something like this would never happen again.

The USA Patriot Act recently expired back in 2020, but the new USA Freedom Act took place of it and still is doing the same work.

https://www.justice.gov/archive/ll/what_is_the_patriot_act.pdf

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The NCLB act was put into effect to improve public education by holding schools accountable for student performance through standardized testing and requiring each state to set academic standards.

This act was passed by Congress in 2001 but it wasn't signed into law until 2002 by President George W. Bush. This act was put into effect to help the children who were lagging behind in the classrooms all across America. This act also was put into place to make sure these changes were being made so they could see improvement in the classrooms as well.

The No Child Left Behind act was in effect up until 2015 when it was replaced by the Every Student Succeeds Act. ESSA still does what the NCLB was put into place to do but it now allows each state to make flexible plans for each individual child who is struggling.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/No-Child-Left-Behind-Act

https://dese.ade.arkansas.gov/Files/20201126143555_NCLB_vs_ESSA_Flier.pdf

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Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 

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Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 

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The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act or it is also known as Obamacare was put into effect to expand health insurance coverage, reduce healthcare costs, and improve quality of care.

Barack Obama signed put this law into effect in 2010 to better health care for those who are on a fixed income and even for those who are not. This act also helped to decrease health care costs so that everyone could afford to be treated instead of going untreated.

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is still in effect today helping millions of individuals be able to afford the cost of health care and to be able to treat any and all kinds of health issues that are thrown at them.

https://biausa.org/public-affairs/public-policy/patient-protection-and-affordable-care-act

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Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

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Coronavirus Epidemic and Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act

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Coronavirus Epidemic and Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act

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The CARES act was put into effect to provide relief funds for people who were struggling during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The CARES act was signed into law during March of 2020, this provided relief funds for the millions of families who were affected by the pandemic which kept people from going to work, being able to pay their bills, afford groceries, etc.

The CARES act is no longer in effect due to it being a temporary form of relief on the United States and it has expired. This act may have caused our country to go into debt, but it was a risk we were willing to take to prevent millions of deaths so people didn't have to bend over backwards trying to pay their bills as well as make money.

https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/cares-act-coronavirus-relief-fund-frequently-asked-questions

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Coronavirus Epidemic and Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act

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The Black Lives Matter Movement was a movement created by people of color to help end systemic racism along with police brutality against people of color. This movement was to show that people of color matter too and wanted to be treated with the same amount of respect and equality as any other person.

The BLM movement started in 2013 after the tragic shooting of a teenager, this opened up a movement to talk about the bigger issues that people of color face on the daily basis.

The BLM movement is still in effect today but it had a major surge back in 2020 during the peak of the Covid-19 pandemic. There were lots of protests and riots that went on but it got the attention and changes that were needed made. This movement will live on forever but currently everyone is being treated equally and showing respect for one another.

https://blacklivesmatter.com/about/