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Watch this BBC documentary about the changing face of youth culture in Northern Ireland

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School's Out, Series 2, Those Were the Days - BBC One

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Series delving into the BBC archives to reveal how life in Northern Ireland has changed.

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Media and Collective Identity Blog for Revision

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Media and Collective Identity Blog for Revision

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Media and Collective Identity

Q7) How far does the representation of a particular social group change over time?

Refer to at least two media in your answers (50 marks)

In this essay I will be studying how different social groups are portrayed in the two following films; A matter of Life and Death which was made in 1946, and Trainspotting which was made in 1996.

The first media I will be referring to is A matter of life and Death. The main social groups in this film were males and females. In this film the men were portrayed as macho and dominant characters, as most of them were soldiers. Also in this film jobs which held a position of power such as the doctor, were played by males. This could be due to the fact that at this time, it was not socially acceptable for women to work. Women had helped out during the war effort, and as the war was over it was expected that they would return to their positions in the home. This would lead the way for the males to be in control.

In this film the characters were not portrayed as equals as the main woman character was portrayed as weak and needy, whereas in contrast the males were strong and powerful. However the main male character who was ill, still needed the comfort of a women, which could expose a softer side to his character, and the strong persona he portrayed was just a “front”.

In an unusual contrast in this film, the person in charge of heaven is a women, which was odd as you would expect it to me a man.

The second media which I am referring to is the film produced by Danny Boyle, called Trainspotting. In the film, the main social groups are men, women and some criminals.

In this film, all the characters are or end up being drug users. The men are portrayed stereotypically as drug users, with shaven heads, and tracksuits. This differs to the first media as the men are not dominating characters and do not hold positions of power.

One of the main characters is portrayed as a ring leader with everyone complying to what he says as they are scared of him. As the film was made in 1996, this could be typical of gang culture today.

The women in this film, are also drug users and are portrayed as weak and feeble for giving into the drugs. They are not portrayed as women who stay at home and look after the house, like in the first film. This could have been done by the director to reflect the changing social circumstances of people, and the change in social life over time.

The social groups are portrayed as nearly equals, as they are all drug users, expect the character of Begby has a higher status in the group than some of the other characters.

One of the women who is a drug user in the film, is portrayed in a worse light than her male counterparts as she neglects her child and it ends up dying.

There is another female character in the film, who ends up going out with the main male character. She is not a drug user and is seen as the stable influence in the mans life. This is something which has not changed from the first film, where the radar worker nurses and supports the male.

Throughout both of the media, male and female characters have been portrayed differently. The main similarities between the two films are that at least one of the female characters is seen as a mother figure to one of the males. There is also some form of dominating male character, which shows stereotypes still exist even though the time periods between the two films is quite a long time.

The differences between the two media’s are that what is seen as an acceptable lifestyle the portrayal has changed. Another difference is that in the first film, there was a clear divide in equality between the male and female characters, whereas in the second film there is less of an equality issue and more of a status issue.

Overall, I think that social groups have been stereotyped in these films, even though they were made in two different time periods.

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Youth Culture Theorists: Charles
Acland – Youth as Spectacle

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Youth Culture Theorists: Charles
Acland – Youth as Spectacle

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Acland argues youth is constructed in popular culture as ‘that which is watched’ by
the adult gaze.
‘with few exceptions it is always the case with youth films that the point of view is
adult; the films concern an adult perception of the lives of the young.’

‘Order has a key function: to reproduce itself. Youth in crisis, youth gone wild, is a central site in which this
activity of reproducing order takes place. It involves the constitution of the normal, adult, the normal youth, and
the relation between the two.  The deviant youth is thus a crucial trope of this relationship; it helps patrol the
boundaries.’

‘Youth is a time of substantial surveillance exactly because it is a time when the culture is learned.  Whilst youth are
permitted to play with the transgressive, they are being checked and marked.  The ideology of protection
facilitates strategic interventions by the state and other, the purpose of which…is to guarantee the smooth reproduction of social relations.  With this comes the smooth reproduction of racial and ethnic, gender, and class relations…at stake here is the reconstitution of particular ideas about social stability’.

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Youth Culture Theorists: Henry
A. Giroux

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Youth Culture Theorists: Henry
A. Giroux

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Giroux argues ‘Representations of youth in popular culture have a long and complex
history and habitually serve as signposts through which American society
registers its own crises of meaning, vision, and community…youth becomes an
empty category inhabited by the desires, fantasies, and interests of the adult
world.’

Giroux argues youth is now demonised in popular culture and shown to be in need of
adult surveillance and control.

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Youth
Culture Theorists
 

Dick
Hebdige, Subculture: The Meaning of Style

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Youth
Culture Theorists
 

Dick
Hebdige, Subculture: The Meaning of Style

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Hebdige defines representations of youth culture as ‘youth as fun’ or ‘youth as
trouble’.  He argues that subcultures abandon whatever becomes part of the mainstream.

Hebdige focused on the importance of style for subcultures to demonstrate their
resistance to mainstream culture. ‘the tensions between dominant and subordinate groups can be found reflected in the
surfaces of subculture – in the styles made up of mundane objects which have a double meaning.’
‘subcultures are a form of resistance in which experienced contradictions and objections to
this ruling ideology are represented in style.’

For Hebdige subcultures resisted dominant society through style (costume, language, behaviour).  Hebdige suggests subcultures resist hegemony (a situation in which one social class dominates society by making their way of life appear to be the normal/natural way of living).  Subcultures call into question the validity of hegemonic values.

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Identity
Theorists:

Judith
Butler

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Identity
Theorists:

Judith
Butler

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Butler focused particularly on gender, but her ideas can be applied more broadly to identity
generally.  Butler argues that there is no essential gender identity, i.e. no essential male or female identity.  Instead she suggests that gender is a performance.  People unconsciously mimic gendered behaviours.  Butler argues that gender is ‘performative’ – a compulsory performance.  We must behave in line with expectations of ‘normal’ male or female identity/behaviour. These ideas can be related more generally to identity.  To what extent are all identities based on behaving in a recognisable/conventional way? To what extent is identity learned behaviour (and what role may the media have in ‘teaching’ identity?)?  Can you see examples of people ‘performing’ identity?

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Identity
Theorists:

Anthony
Giddens

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Identity
Theorists:

Anthony
Giddens

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Structuration – Giddens explores the extent to which society is shaped by social structure or individual.  He argues that individual human agency and
social structure are in a relationship with each other, and it is the repetition of acts by individuals which reinforces the structure.

There is a social structure which shapes our lives (traditions, institutions, moral codes, established ways of doing things), but it relies on individuals following these structures.  When they act differently the social structure can change.  Structuration is the process in which human agency and social structure are in a constant
relationship – the social structure is reproduced by the repetition of acts by individual people (and can therefore change).

Social Order and Social Reproduction – Giddens argues that the ‘rules’ of the social order may only be in our heads but people are often shocked when seemingly minor social expectations are not adhered to. People’s everyday actions reinforce and reproduce a set of expectations – and it is this set of other people’s expectations which make up the social forces that
maintain the social order.

Post-traditional society – Giddens argues that in traditional societies individual actions and identities do not have to be thought about as much as choices are determined by tradition and custom.  In post-traditional times we are less concerned about following tradition.  As a result we have to think more about how
to behave in society.  In modern societies (‘societies where modernity is well-developed’) self-identity becomes an issue we are all aware of.  Earlier
societies with a social order based firmly in tradition would provide individuals with more clearly defined roles. In post-traditional society we have to work out our roles for ourselves. ‘What to do?  How to act?  Who to be? These are focal questions for everyone living in circumstances of late
modernity – and ones which, on some level or another, all of us answer’.

The reflexive project of the self – Giddens argues that the self is ‘made’ by the individual, self-identity becomes a reflexive project (something we are actively aware of).  Self-identity is a person’s own reflexive understanding of their biography, but is not an objective description of that person.  The self is not something we are born with, and it is not fixed.  The self is reflexively made – thoughtfully constructed by the individual.  We all choose a lifestyle – consumerism is one of the ways in which project and develop our lifestyle.  Just as the self has become changeable, so too has the body.

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Argues it is the audience, not the media, which has most of the power.

‘Popular culture is made by the people, not produced by the culture industry.  All the culture industries can do is produce a repertoire of texts or cultural resources for the various formations of the people to use or reject in the on-going process of producing their popular culture.’
The power of the audience to interpret texts and determine their popularity is much
greater than that of media institutions to send a particular message or
ideology within their texts.

Fiske also points out that we cannot talk about ‘the audience’, because a singular mass of consumers does not exist: there is only a range of different individuals with their own changing tastes and beliefs.

Fiske argues that ‘Culture is a living, active process: it can be developed only from within, it cannot be imposed from without or above’.  Culture is only created in the act of the (potentially different) interpretation by the audience.

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Argued that the power of the mass media over the population was enormous and
damaging.
Adorno was a member of the Frankfurt School of German academics working in the 1920s
and 1930s.  Their hostility to the mass
media was probably influenced by Hitler’s use of propaganda.
Adorno describes the mass media as the ‘culture industry’ to emphasise the purpose of
the media is to make a profit.

Adorno argued that all products of the culture industry are ‘exactly the same’ in the sense that they
all reflect the values of the established system.  Each product may give the impression of being
individual, but this is an illusion. The purpose of popular culture products is to maintain the established
social order.

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OCR MEDIA CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES PAST QUESTION PAPERS

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OCR MEDIA CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES PAST QUESTION PAPERS

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1. Index cards

2. Mind maps

3. Posters on your wall

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-Read notes and highlight key dates

-Watch Youtube videos and make notes

-Taking out text books from library to help

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Create your own revision pack like this one

<---------------------------------------------------------

But on a different area of representation.

For example:

Gender

Disability

Race

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Go through these notes from a recent OCR Conference in London. Create revision mind-maps or revision cards highlighting the key issues, debates and theories to use in your exam.

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Published on

1. 1. G325: CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES IN MEDIA MEDIA AND COLLECTIVE IDENTITY - 'BRITISHNESS' James Baker Hurtwood House School

2. 2. MEDIA AND COLLECTIVE IDENTITY * The speciﬁcation asks for students to choose a speciﬁc topic area to be studied through speciﬁc case studies, texts, debates, and research. * To cover at least two media and a range of texts, industries, audiences and debates * Candidates must be prepared to answer an exam question related to one or more of the following prompts: o How do the contemporary media represent nations, regions and ethnic/ social/ collective groups of people in different ways? o How does contemporary representation compare to previous time periods? o What are the social implications of different media representations of groups of people? o To what extent is human identity increasingly 'mediated'? * An emphasis on the historical, the contemporary and the future - study materials should be up to date and relevant * Candidates might explore combinations of any media representation across two media, or two different representations across two media.

3. 3. Deﬁnitions of Collective Identity "Although there is no consensual deﬁnition of collective identity, discussions of the concept invari- ably suggest that its essence resides in a shared sense of 'one-ness' or 'we-ness' anchored in real or imagined shared attributes and experiences among those who comprise the collectivity and in relation or contrast to one or more actual or imagined sets of 'others'." Collective Identity and Expressive Forms - David Snow http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&context=csd "...collective identity [is] an individual's cognitive, moral, and emotional connection with a broader community, category, practice, or institution. It is a perception of a shared status or rela- tion, which may be imagined rather than experienced directly, and it is distinct from personal identities, although it may form part of a personal identity. A collective identity may have been ﬁrst constructed by outsiders (for example, as in the case of "Hispanics" in this country), who may still enforce it, but it depends on some acceptance by those to whom it is applied. Collective identities are expressed in cultural materials -names, narratives, symbols, verbal styles, rituals, clothing, and so on - but not all cultural materials express collective identities. Collective identity does not imply the rational calculus for evaluating choices that "interest" does. And unlike ideol- ogy, collective identity carries with it positive feelings for other members of the group" Collective identity and Social Movements - Francesca Poletta and James M Jasper http://www.unc.edu/courses/2005fall/geog/160/001/GEC'05/Polletta_Jasper.pdf Some Examples: Area of Collective Identity Speciﬁc focus of study Possible media/examples Gender: Ethnicity or regional identity: Age: Class: Sexuality: Ability/Disability:

4. 4. Representations of Britishness:

5. 5. British Cinema - some suggestions: Historical Perspectives - key eras and Relationship with Hollywood and Euro- movements in British Cinema pean Cinemas Versions of Britishness - Deﬁnitions of British ﬁlm: variety and instability * Institutional * Content or style * Themes and values Genre, Narrative, Audience, Media Language Other suggestions: "Deﬁning a British ﬁlm, then, may be achieved more usefully through its content and its values rather than its institutional background. This kind of deﬁnition allows us to group together ﬁlms as diverse as A Room With A View (James Ivory, UK, 1985) and Trainspotting (Danny Boyle, UK, 1996), or Bend It Like Beckham (Gurinda Chadha, UK, 2002), and Shaun of the Dead (Edgar Wright, UK, 2004). Each of these ﬁlms presents us with a recognisably British environment and characters, while at some level deﬁning or questioning those qualities which we understand as 'Britishness'. Indeed, in an era in which the boundaries of British nationality are constantly being challenged by regionalism and multi-culturalism it seems only appropriate that British ﬁlm should reﬂect this variety and uncertainty." Teaching Film at GCSE - James Baker and Patrick Toland (BFI, 2007)

6. 6. British TV News - some suggestions: PBS and Commercial News Historical Perspectives - development programming in the UK of television news Developments in news delivery - News gathering, selection and technology, citizen journalism, treatment for British audiences infotainment Genre, Narrative, Audience, Other suggestions: Media Language "News is to freedom as breath is to life. It is, in Ian Hargreaves' words, "the hard-wiring of our democracy". But access to trustworthy, informative news can no more be taken for granted than clean air. It requires conscious acts of public policy to guarantee it. This research identiﬁes television as 'the supreme news medium', used and respected by almost everyone; one of the few shared experiences across the whole of British society. Yet news is expensive and audiences, with access to more channels and entertainment, have declined. There is increasing evidence that many, especially the young, are not engaged in the news agendas offered." Broadcasters are tempted to push news to the margins or reduce it to headlines. Patricia Hodgson's introduction to Ian Hargreaves and James Thomas's report - New News, Old News (ITC/BSC, 2002) http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/jomec/research/researchgroups/journalismstudies/fundedprojects/

7. 7. The Theory Test: Is this going to be useful for my students? Jurgen Habermas - The Public Sphere "...a space...formed and realised between the economy and polity where people could be informed and discuss, so as to form decisions and act upon them. The instruments of this sphere were newspapers, books, salons and debating societies that allowed an arena relatively separate of the Church and the State, characterised by openness to all citizens" Intellectual Scaffolding: On Peter Dahlgren's Theorization of Televi- sion and the Public Sphere - Minna Aslama "Mass culture has earned its rather dubious name precisely by achieving increased sales by adapting to the need for relaxation and entertainment on the part of consumer strata with relatively little education, rather than through the guidance of an enlarged public toward the appreciation of a culture undamaged in its substance...The world fashioned by the mass media is a public sphere in appearance only. By the same token the integrity of the private sphere which they promise to their consumers is also an illusion." The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere - Jurgen Habermas "Habermas' position reﬂects the ambivalence felt by many towards the mass media - that there is a great power, but can it be harnessed for the public good? We suggest that pessimistic answers tend to underestimate the complex and contradictory or frag- mented nature of the contemporary mass media which opens the way for some escape from institutional control, while more optimistic positions often set too high ideals for the public sphere. Those alternative formulations of the public sphere which recognize and build on the complex and fragmentary nature of the media suggest more positively that the media could facilitate and legitimize the public negotiation - through com- promise rather than consensus - of meanings among oppositional and marginalized groups." Talk on Television. Audience Participation and the Public Debate - Sonia Livingstone and Peter Lunt "Television and other media have generated a new type of public realm which has no spatial limits, which is not necessarily tied to dialogical conversation and which is accessible to an indeﬁnite number of individuals who may be situated within privatized domestic settins. Rather than sound- ing the death knell of public life, the development of mass communication has created a new kind of publicness and has transformedfundamentally the conditions under which most people are able to experience what is public and participate today in what could be called a public realm." The Media and Modernity: A Social Theory of the Media - John B. Thomp- son

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Media And Collective Identity Notes (OCR Media Conference 2009)

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Published on 1. G325: CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES IN MEDIA MEDIA AND COLLECTIVE IDENTITY - 'BRITISHNESS' James Baker Hurtwood House School 2. MEDIA AND COLLECTIVE IDENTITY * The speciﬁcation asks for students to choose a speciﬁc topic area to be studied through speciﬁc case studies, texts, debates, and research.

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Your exam is on 10th June 2013 (am) *8 lessons to go!

Share on the wall examples of your top three, tried and tested revision techniques that you have found useful for Media Studies.

My suggestions are:

-Theory revision cards

-Coloured mind maps relating to different areas of the exam

-An example bank with key dates, name of Director etc.

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Some mental health patients may be over exaggerated in the news. For example if one person with schizophrenia commits a crime or even murders someone, then everyone else with schizophrenia can be stereotyped into being murderers. This is the same with other types of mental illnesses, we associate people with mental disorders to be the same as eachother when they are not. In some cases its not their fault but instead their 'problem' overtakes thereselves.

http://depts.washington.edu/mhreport/facts_violence.php

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Since in the increase in knife crime in 2010/2011 gang culture was hugely highlighted in the media. Even the clothing style of youths were soon seen as a stereotype, for example 'hoodies' and 'trackies' were soon associated with gangs and the youth all gained a negative group label. The hype of gangs soon began to get worse with the help of the media as in London group of teenagers had to be split up if they were in a group larger than 10-12, even if they stated they were not in a gang. By doing this all youths got stereotyped and the media made it much worse. The ethnic group that got the worse of this stereotype were people with a black ethnic background and was also came from a working-class family, as once the 'stop and search' rule was introduced statistics display that this group were stopped the most. By the media presenting a large collection of youths as 'thugs' 'violent' and 'aggressive' the majority of the consumers would have taken these views on board (hypodermic theory) and associate all youths with these negative connotations.

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/5741371/Knife-crime-is-on-the-rise.html

http://www.theguardian.com/uk/datablog/2012/apr/12/london-knife-crime

https://beta.dosomething.org/facts/11-facts-about-gangs

http://www.citizensreportuk.org/news/2012/06/20/london-knife-crime-offences-2007-to-2012/

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OZhJ1zlPi8U

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London School of Economics and Political Science

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BBC Radio 4 - "Thinking Allowed" - In memory of Stanley Cohen Part 2

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Originally broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 13th Feburary 2013. Laurie Taylor presents a special programme which pays tribute to the work and legacy of one of the most significant sociologists of our times, Stan Cohen.

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Attorney Stanley Cohen Runs Rings Around Hannity

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London School of Economics and Political Science

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BBC Radio 4 - "Thinking Allowed" - In memory of Stanley Cohen Part 1

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Originally broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 13th Feburary 2013. Laurie Taylor presents a special programme which pays tribute to the work and legacy of one of the most significant sociologists of our times, Stan Cohen.

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- Teenage Pregnancy.

We have scapegoated teenage parents as 'chavs' and people who get pregnant for benefits. We have an idea that they sleep around, get pregnant and keep the baby for child benefits and housing benefits. Great Britain has the highest number of teenage pregnancies in Western Europe. However, the Telegraph Website looked into teenage pregnancies and conducted a survey. They said:

"Dispelling the myth that teens get pregnant to receive benefits

However, there is a common assumption, (likely to be expressed by those who have never experienced a teenage pregnancy), that teenagers get pregnant to receive benefits or housing; that it’s an “easy way out” so they don’t have to get a job, and that by removing such incentives the number of teenage pregnancies will drop."

Society tends to look down upon those who are pregnant, and we believe that they've left school and 16, never cared at school, didn't get GCSEs, trouble makers etc.

With teenage families, we then go on to think they will be living off benefits all their lives and then having multiple kids and getting the maximum amount of benefits they can.

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In my opinion, a moral panic at present is the scare of our country becoming over-populated

by immigrates. The scare comes from the fact that the amount of unemployed British citizens is increasing, therefore, more immigrators coming over equals even more competition. Also, we could argue that they  are 'stealing' our benefits, and that they only come over to claim these benefits to look after their family. However, it is debatable whether this is really true, and whether it is our Government which has presented this problem, by being too generous with the benefits in which they give.

The Telegraph warned that ‘Britain [is] powerless to stop tens of thousands of Bulgarians and Romanians moving to UK’. The Sun lamented about ‘Romanian and Bulgarian immigrants ...threatening to swamp Britain — and flood our overstretched jobs market’. Because of these scares created by Medias such as the televised news and newspapers, we as a nation automatically scape goat this group of people, when, in fact, it is the Government's fault.

http://www.opendemocracy.net/ourkingdom/franck-d%C3%BCvell/romanian-and-bulgarian-migration-to-britain-facts-behind-fear

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She told the Andrew Marr programme: "There are no further transitional controls that we can put on - the transitional controls end in December 2013.

"But that's where the importance of looking at some of the issues about what it is that is attracting people to come here, in terms of things like our benefits system and access to the health service, is so important."

The sudden influx could mean that the Coalition struggles to hit its target of cutting net migration - the difference between the numbers arriving and leaving - to tens of thousands by the next general election, expected in 2015.

Mrs May added that as part of a general review of free movement across the UK she will be looking at the attractions of why Romanians and Bulgarians wanted to settle in the UK.

This could lead to Bulgarians and Romanians being denied benefits or use of the health service if they came to live in the UK. However any attempt to deny benefits to European Union citizens in Britain will almost certainly be open to legal challenge in the courts.

She said: "I will be looking at what we call the pull factors, what is it that attracts people sometimes to come over here to the United Kingdom, so looking at issues about benefits, and access to the health service, and things like that.

"And then we're doing a wider piece of work across matters relating to Europe more generally but including free movement about that balance of powers between us and the EU."

The citizens of Romania and Bulgaria currently have restricted rights to come to Britain since they joined the European Union in 2007, but those limits end on 31 December 2013, opening the way for them to move freely.

Does the government need to do more to limit the numbers of Bulgarians and Romanians moving to UK?

Forecasters have said the removal of the restrictions could lead to a significant number of new arrivals, in the same way as when Poland and other Eastern European countries gained the same rights in 2004, with the scale likely to be increased by the economic crisis gripping the rest of Europe.

The Home Office has made no official predictions of how many more Bulgarians and Romanians will seek to enter Britain when the current limitations end, and argues that most who want to come have probably arrived already, finding work on the black market if they cannot work legally.

However, critics believe that the Government's reluctance to issue predictions is because it grossly underestimated the numbers that came in the previous wave of migration in 2004, when citizens from eight new eastern European EU members, including Poland, were given full access to the UK job market.

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Britain powerless to stop tens of thousands of Bulgarians and Romanians moving to UK next year, Theresa May admits

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She told the Andrew Marr programme: "There are no further transitional controls that we can put on - the transitional controls end in December 2013. "But that's where the importance of looking at some of the issues about what it is that is attracting people to come here, in terms of things like our benefits system and access to the health service, is so important."

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We constantly see stories of families with many kids saying that the only for which they had children was because of the funds they would receive of the state for them. Quite often too there are headlines in which young women are having children so that they can get housing and are usually seen in the article explaining that they see no point in work and that their duty in life which is having a child has been fulfilled. it seems that the media is shaping all benefit claimants as workshy scroungers when only 1% of all payments made are to fraudsters. Even saying the word benefits now carries negative connotations and it seems the tabloids were successful in creating that benefit claimer fold devil.

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Birmingham has most claimants capable of work - 5,180

In Glasgow, 3,950 of 15,720 who received incapacity benefit were deemed fit

Revealed after government introduced tough new test for those 'on the sick'

This map of Britain reveals the 'workshy' spots around the country where people claiming incapacity benefit claimants are actually fit enough to work.

The Government introduced tough new health tests for those who claimed to be too unwell to get back into employment two years ago.

Since then some 203,000, 30 per cent, out of 700,000 receiving the old Incapacity Benefit were declared fit to find work

The Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) said Birmingham had the biggest number of claimants capable of work. Of 14,640 claimants, 5,180 were fit.

THE TOP 20 'WORKSHY' AREAS

In Glasgow, 3,950 of the 15,720 who received incapacity benefit were found to be well enough to work.

And in both Liverpool and Manchester more than 3,000 are no longer eligible for the benefit.

Mark Hoban, Minister for Employment, said they will now get long term help from Jobcentre Plus and the Work Programme to find work.

He said: 'The old system condemned far too many people to a life on sickness benefits with little help to move back to work.

'This is a huge waste, but now people who can work will be given the long term help they need to find a job which is right for them, while those who need unconditional support will get it.'

Incapacity Benefit has been replaced by Employment and Support Allowance as part of an overhaul of the welfare state spearheaded by Work and Pensions Secretary Iain Duncan Smith.

Under the old system people were allowed to claim incapacity for a variety of ailments such as acne or obesity.

Hundreds of thousands are still waiting to be assessed by the system.

T he Government has said the new programme will support those who are genuinely unfit to work

It comes after it was revealed one million people who are fit to work have been claiming out-of-work benefits for three of the last four years.

Work and Pensions Secretary Iain Duncan Smith said that more than four out of ten work-related benefits are claimed by the long-term unemployed.

Ministers have come under fire from Labour for capping total benefits at £26,000 a year per household and forcing those on Incapacity Benefit and its replacement Employment Support Allowance to undergo health tests to assess their readiness for work.

TUC General Secretary Frances O'Grady said: 'It's tragic to see the Work and Pensions Secretary once again peddling myths about benefits in order to provide cover for more austerity and his own failure to tackle rising unemployment.

'The fact is that the majority of the million benefit claimants that he believes are 'fit to work' have either been declared not-yet fit-to-work by his own department, or are lone parents with children below school age, who will struggle to find work given the high cost of childcare.

'The Work and Pensions Secretary should spend less time wasting taxpayers' money on bogus benefits propaganda and more time getting to grips with the real issue of rising unemployment, particularly the one million young people currently struggling for work.'

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Workshy map of Britain revealed: Thousands of incapacity benefit claimants found to be capable of working

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Birmingham has most claimants capable of work - 5,180 In Glasgow, 3,950 of 15,720 who received incapacity benefit were deemed fit Revealed after government introduced tough new test for those 'on the sick' This map of Britain reveals the 'workshy' spots around the country where people claiming incapacity benefit claimants are actually fit enough to work.

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I think a moral panic is present within homosexual relationships. There is so much media and controversy over gay marriages and many such as the members of the church and even the arch bishop who we should supposedly look up to do not agree with gay marriages which automatically creates a folk devil as this influence is coming from well respected members of society who are seen as angelic, so many will be influenced by their views. the federal law does not recognise same sex marriage in many places and therefor denies them benefits. Civil partnerships were not introduced until 2005 so their has always been that divide in society.

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/11/us/anglican-leader-under-fire-for-remarks-urges-caution-on-same-sex-marriage.html?ref=samesexmarriage&_r=0

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-22758434

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2157905/Church-England-Gay-marriage-plan-force-CofE-split-state.html     (Church of England- mail online)

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A whole theory book available online to help you revise key media & cultural studies.

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Bringing together a range of core texts into one volume, this acclaimed anthology offers the definitive resource in culture, media, and communication.

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Date set 10/04/14

Due: 28/04/14

Among the earliest studies of representation is Stan Cohen's study of Mods and Rockers in the mid 1960s.

(You can read more about that here: http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Students/hrb9701.html)

He argued that the media labelled youth culture in a stereotyped and negative way, thus creating "folk devils". These "devils" and their activities were reported in such a way as to create "moral panic".

Moral panic occurs when:

"a condition, episode, person or group of persons emerges to become defined as a threat to societal values and interests".

Below are a list of "moral panics" that were arguably instigated by the British Media, can you post an example of a media text that exaggerates this issue thus damming the collective identity in a public sphere?

1. The black entertainer

2. The rebellious youth

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From now and over the Easter holidays you must prepare an investigation into ANOTHER collective identity. You can NOT use 'Britishness'. Some others include:

GENDER as a collective identity

AGE

RACE

SUBCULTURES

FANS

COLLECTIVE ONLINE IDENTITIES

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James Bond

Shows what people think are the typical British person. most of it
was filmed in London whilst some was filmed abroad. Mostly all British,
however, there were some foreign people who were cast to make it more
'real'. Shows media collective because it shows the MI5 come together to
'crack the case'. James Bond shows Britain in a positive way because it
shows us that we're very good people who work together to sort things
out.

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Love actually

This film delves into different aspects of love. This film shows British collective identity in a positive way as it shows a variety of different people as individuals but also how they come together as a group as they all seem in some way to be linked. This gives a sense of groups being close in society and people helping eachother out at the festive time of the year. It also shows how much people in Britain value Christmas as part of a norm in society and how it brings individuals together.

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Bend it like Beckham.

The film focuses on a young Sikh girl from west London infatuated with football. However, her parents forbid her to play football because of their cultural beliefs namely as she is female.

She befriends a player on a local team and tires out for the team with the coach wanting her to join. because the girl if forbidden to play she pretends to have a job to hide that she plays football from her parents.

She eventually comes clean and persuades her parents to allow her to continue playing football and gain a scholarship at a prestigious university. Eventually her parents grow proud of and fully support her in her dreams.

This film represents British collective identity in a positive way because regardless of gender people may have the same opportunity

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"The media forces audiences to adopt collective identities against whether positive or negative"

Applying your understanding of hegemony and culture industry critically discuss this view.

You may refer to one or more groups of people in your answer.

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# Austin Powers (2002)

This film was entirely filmed in London, except for when they travel to America. When they are in London, Britishness is re-enforced because of Austin Powers' car has a British flag on the top of it, this shows his pride of being British. Him and his father are also greatly popular spies, that are known for their wit and ability to save the world, this in itself shows Britain as a country in which has people in it that are passionate about their identity and that are brave and strong.

There is also scenes in these films where they are at discos with people in which they are very close to, and they all share banter which includes class British terms like 'swinging sh*tty' and 'yeah baby.' This shows how Britain as a collective identity is very friendly and close and share terms which they all know.

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* Hot Fuzz (2007)

Nick Frost and Simon Pegg star in this, although it shows Britons negatively as they are murderers, it shows Nick Frost and Simon Pegg show true friendship, as they help each other out and support each other.

* Shaun of the Dead (2004)

Again, Nick Frost and Simon Pegg show support as they help each other out during an apocalypse.

* Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (2004)

Shows women can be successful financially

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*Run Fatboy Run, (2007)

Starring prolific British actor Simon Pegg, Run Fatboy Run focuses on a man who after running away from his fiancée, lives in regret and is determined to win her back. The determined and motivated characterisation of Simon Pegg's character is set on the backdrop of modern London, with its positive and attractive iconography. Such positive characterisation is uncommon in Modern British films, with them usually focussing on much grittier subjects such as drugs, sex and violence. The much more relatable topic of willpower and motivation is far more easy for the audience to be able to relate to and understand.

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* The Kings Speech (2010)

This film most definitely puts Britain in a positive light as the nation came together which created community cohesion when King George VI declared war on Germany. In this time period Britain pulled together and supported one another in their times of need, for instance a death. This film presents Britain in a positive light as the nation unified and helped each other out.

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INDEPENDENT STUDY! (Date set 14th March - date due - 18th March)

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INDEPENDENT STUDY! (Date set 14th March - date due - 18th March)

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Find an example of a British film made within the last ten years that presents British collective identity in a positive way.

Briefly explain how.

Post findings to the wall.

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Create an A4 page of revision notes on Theodor Adorno.

In order to fully understand his views you will need a basic understanding of:

-Marxism

-Capitalism

Conclude to what extent you agree with his theory?

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The guards standing outside of Buckingham Palace are
classed as part of British culture. Tourists take their pictures
with them because they are so recognisable as part of Britain.

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'you either love it or you hate it'.  Marmite is classed as part of British culture.

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'Chavs' have arguably become a modern British stereotype. Although more recently they've become a novelty, in the early 2000's they were portrayed in films like 'Green Street' and 'Kidulthood

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People normally associate British people as being very patriotic and that we 'love the royal family' and we all talk in Received pronunciation (RP)

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British pop culture

In the 1990s, singles charts were dominated by Boy bands and girl groups like Take That, and Spice Girls

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Boris Johnson- Mayor of London.

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The Police came to mind very quickly trying to define Britishness. The police is known for the hats worldwide and are still known as Bobbies colloquially in other countries.

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-Ben Big

-Red buses

-Bad weather

-Black taxis

-British flag

-River Thames

The majority of people are stereotypical when it comes to Britain, the first thing they associate us with is London  (above list shows) and all the famous landmarks. As the list shows theses are the typical things that holiday makers and other people assume from English people.

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The Queens Jubilee I feel defines Britishness as it brings everybody together to celebrate a patriotic event, it makes people feel proud to be British.

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Film made for a community action project for a socials 10 course Made by: Larissa Chen, Fiona Ho, Veronica Kim, Frances Lu, Nina Shan

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Andrew keen believes social media is "dividing, diminishing and disorientating us"...

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In a day and age obsessed with social media and technology, it's hard to picture life without them. But, is that good or bad? Or neither? According to Andrew Keen, author of new book Digital Vertigo: How Today's Online Social Revolution Is Dividing, Diminishing, and Disorienting Us, the Internet, and particularly social media, is changing society in a way that worries him.

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British people often go to the pub after a country walk, for a family gathering to eat Sunday lunch or to watch the football with friends. I think this is typical of Britian.

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This is very symbolic of the remembrance of the British soldiers that died in war which is a very big thing in British history, so I think it represents Britain in a kind of patriotic way

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I think afternoon tea is seen a typical norm within British culture. It acts as a traditional value and we stereotypically associate it with the 'upper class.'

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Football is a very popular sport in Britain, mainly within males. This sport gives an interesting topic of conversation and provides social interaction. Football fans can often be associated with hooliganism so there is also negative aspects too.

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Typical weather. Often in films set in Britain the weather will be rainy

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I think this is a typical dish associated with Britain. I think it creates the ideology of the seaside as this is stereotypically where fish and chips are eaten and sold

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This image defines being British, although it plays on our stereotypes it shows how our country is famous for raining and the monuments in London.

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I think tea is a traditional British aspect and is high culture

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Buckingham palace also defines Britishness as not every country has a Queen or monarch

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The big Ben and the post box both suggests Britishness.

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1. How our culture is 'saturated' through the representation of an image through the media.

2. Representation has multiple meanings: to present, to image and to depict.

3. The media re-presents a meaning or value that is already there.

4. We think of political leaders that represent us/'stand in for us'/'take the place of' us.

5. There is a 'true meaning' of something which has been depicted, and a 'gap of representation' and then how it is presented in the media, all in different ways.

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1. He argues that representation is transmitted through the media and that our culture is saturated by images.

2. Representation means how things are depicted.

3. He argues there is a 'Gap of representation' - "true meaning" and the "media representation"

4. representation gives you the idea that media represent the idea and that it was already there to begin with.

5. society is represented through media, it is not shaped by it

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1. The old view on representation is that it is a reflection/distortion of reality, whereas new beliefs show the modern world is saturated by the 'image'

2. Representation carries the notion that something that already exists has been re-presented through the media.

3. Idea of presenting and depicting that the likes of political figures 'stand in' for us

4. Representation is the way in which MEANING is given to things depicted.

5. Theres a 'gap' in representation, shown if you think the meaning being given is distorted.

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- he talks about visual representation;

- late/modern culture is the saturated communication worldwide;

- cultural studies has had an impact on representation;

- things are transmit through the media;

- representation gives the idea that something was there already and the media represents this idea.

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- We are saturated by image through visual media

Representation has a double meaning:

-To present and depict

-Something has to be represented by means of political figures standing in for us

-Media represents topics, people and events

-There is a gap between the true meaning and the representation, people have their subjective views so they can choose whether to accept the information given by the media or not

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1. Representation is transmitted by the media

2. Representation is a way in which meaning is given to the things depicted

3.   Stuart Hall states that their is a gap in representation: 'true meaning' and 'media representation'

4. The media sometimes purposely keeps to the representation of certain groups to appeal to the target audience

5. Something that was already there and through the media it is re-presented, which is an idea that Stuart Hill is trying to subvert

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1. Stuart Hall suggests our culture is saturated by images in a variety of different forms transmitted by media.

2. The old view of representation is that it is a reflection/distortion of reality.

3. Representation through the media is an image already there but re presented so audiences will pay more attention to the information or it will attract people.

4. 'Gap of representation' - "true meaning" and the "media representation"

5. It is left up to the audiences own personal opinion whether to accept of reject the information.

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1. Stuart Hall argues the way social groups take in media is subjective.

2. Based on your personal standpoint you may agree, be undecided on issues or completely reject them altogether.

3. He also explains that issues are never made up, however the media may play on them to make them appeal more to certain groups of society.

4. The media may encode certain events in a way in which they look nothing like the real event.

5. Media does not shape society it simply re presents it.

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My favourite chocolate is Fry's Turkish Delight!  :)

Jordan :) x

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I like milky bars!

- Beckie :)

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HALF TERM ESSAY Due 1st lesson back! (On paper please)   Show you have RESEARCHED AROUND THE QUESTION!

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HALF TERM ESSAY Due 1st lesson back! (On paper please)   Show you have RESEARCHED AROUND THE QUESTION!

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Using the information from your presentations and your understanding of key audience theory, discuss to what extent the British Film Industry has shaped our understanding of being British.

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Does media 'shape' or reflect society?

Marxist argue that the working class is ruled by the upper class and society is a functional unit that only benefits the ruling class as Marxist believe that social mobility is a myth and does not exist. According to Gramsci's theory the media does shape and reflect an individual. It is common for the lower classes to passively accept the ruling class ideologies, as they have been socialised to accept the hypodermic needle theory, however the presence of social networking such as Facebook and Twitter has proven that the working class are establishing their own identity, even if they are unable to reach the power that the ruling class gains. As a result, it is evident that to some extent the media does reflect society.

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Reflecting on Gramsci's theory of hegemony, I believe media both reflects and shapes our society. Gramsci states that it's not just the ruling class that necessarily rule over us; similar to the ruling class, media arguably 'rules' over our society. Big companies such as BBC and other news corporations ultimately have the power to shape our society. This is because they choose which news to report and how they are going to present this information. This could shape our views on the Government, political issues and other companies. It also influences how other parts of our country are shown, they could focus on either really good features, or really bad features.

Big film companies, whether British or American, reflect AND shape our society. When portraying British people and British culture, they will usually always film in London, showing our food stereotypes and exaggerating our accents. We could say that this reflects our society, because some of it might be true. However, just because we are British it doesn't mean we sit drinking tea with our pinky in the air, eating fish and chips and watching the Queen all day. This is how it could shape our society, by playing on certain stereotypes.

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Does Media 'shape' or 'reflect' society?
Gramsci said: "a class had  succeeded in persuading the other classes of society to accept its own moral, political and cultural values," this could be a film company or someone related to the media, e.g. Ruper Murdoch or a big corporation such as BBC. These companies etc can put across their values and the rest of the country just accept it, they are in a sense of false consciousness so they just accept the ruling class ideologies and therefore society gets shaped based on their ideas and values.  However, "if the working class is to achieve hegemony, it needs patiently to build up a network of alliances with social minorities" this means that when we disagree with something we can set up a Facebook group or a Twitter campaign with those who agree with us and we can then fight back against the ruling class. Although, the government have control over us through consensual control, which means that the government have us in their hands and we just go with it, therefore if they don't like what we say online they have the power to remove it/arrest us etc and so we therefore "voluntarily assimilate the worldview of the dominant group" therefore media probably does shape and reflect society, a society ruled by the working class. According to those who follow Gramsci's work believe that the mass media is "an instrument to spread and reinforce the dominant hegemony" this argument shows that the working class views don't get put across through Mass Media, only the dominant ideologies, beliefs and values. Therefore showing that media does 'reflect' society

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Does Media "shape" or "reflect society?

In relation to Gramsci`s theory and Marxist theory in general media does shape society in the way in which it instils norms and values. The same way in which religion  has ensured the status quo for the ruling classes. Essentially religion has been replaced by media to keep the lower classes in their place.

A less radical view would argue that media only reflects society as people acknowledge what the media is saying but it is at their will whether or not they take on board what the media is telling them.

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How does media influence people?

Arguably, the media acts as the primary agent of distorting people, however I believe the media  simply acts as an influencer. For people to be truly influenced by the media they must have a vulnerable nature and violent media only enforces volatile thoughts which an individual may have. Violent crimes have always been committed they have always been to the same violent extent and simply blaming some portions of media is simply a scapegoat.

Nevertheless, the media does set agenda. Specifically newspapers, newspapers in the UK play a large role in determining how the public views politics. Populist newspapers such as the Daily Mail and Daily Express have used European immigration to sway public opinion against European immigration.  Moreover, the Sun newspaper in 1992 published "It was the Sun wot won it" in response to John Major`s election win. The paper prior to the election openly supported the Conservatives though it is not certain that its support moved support away from Neil Kinnock and the Labour party.

What it means to be British?

I'm not really sure what it means to be British but certainly I associate being British with diversity.

From a Monarchical form of government to knighthoods, Britain very much still is lagging behind many other western governments in terms of politics and the rigidity of social class. When I originally moved here I felt it was difficult to accept that somebody could be of higher social class simply through a title which was given upon them by a hereditary monarch.

My view of the positives about this type of culture has created a hugely diverse population. the stereotypes which one would have about Britain are not in the slightest true. Though this is obvious people from all parts of the country are different and even within cities one may stumble upon hugely personal differences.

How do you think Britain is portrayed in the media?

I feel Britain is portrayed in a negative way in the media a large amount of the time. Recent military operation in Afghanistan and Iraq have largely contributed to this as over time it became evident the wars were a intelligence scam in relation to Iraq and an unwinnable conflict in Afghanistan. The EU in relation to the UK is frequently negatively portrayed, people seem to be ever more opposed to the EU, even though most dislike it however do not clearly know the pros and cons of the institution.

Although commentators frequently call the UK foreign development fund a wrong use of tax payers funds I believe it is great use of money. Around 8bn pounds a year are sent abroad for international development. British will to work together has been highly evident since 1945 with the creation of the NHS however successive Conservative Governments under Thatcher, Major and Cameron have made sure that nationalised industries are sold off for profit.

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How does media influence people?

Media influences people in a number of ways. One of these ways would be in a negative way. For example, it could 'persuade people to do something they don't want to do. An example of this
would be playing video games and especially a game like GTA. Due to the fact its such a violent game it can make people do bad thing. However it could have a positive influence on people, for example media can make people differently but in more of a positive way.

What it means to be British?

British people are stereotyped a lot and very similar. An example of a British stereotype would be we all eat fish and chips, drink tea and speak posh. On the other hand, there a few negative stereotypes, for example that we all are thugs, gangsters. We are all in a football firm and have fights every week. These stereotypes are shown through a lot of British films, for example This is England or Green Street. However these are very un true and generalised. What I think it means to be British would be that, very simply, live in Britain. I don't think you have to be something to be British, just have a British passport.

How do you think Britain is portrayed in Media?

Britain is portrayed quite negatively in the media. An example of this would be in the news, when they only report negative things like the London riots or the death of Lee Rigby. They rarely report on positive things that Britain has done. Another example would be through films where they portray Britain as a very violent place to be. However, Britain can be portrayed in a positive way through the media, for example the Royal Wedding, where millions watched the marriage of Prince William and Kate Middleton. Overall, Britain is viewed rather negatively in the media, through crime and violence when in reality its quite different.

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British Film Timeline PowerPoint DUE FEBRUARY 7TH

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British Film Timeline PowerPoint DUE FEBRUARY 7TH

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Can be found here:

http://www.phmedia.blogspot.co.uk/p/year-13-media-and.html

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I think media clings to the stereotypes that already exist in society and portrays them stereotypically as they know this is the image we together have created so they know its going to be what we like or what we find interesting. We have become so hypnotised by what is 'Wrong' and what is 'Right' BUT WHY? Because the media recognises patterns and manipulates them into visual objects (eg magazines, TV) so we become brainwashed without even recognising it.

what it means to be BRITISH?

The meaning is overlooked by stereotypes and misconceptions. unique aspects of our culture have become trademarks for our society e.g roast dinners, tea and scones

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How does the media influence people?

Audiences can passively accept media which could be a negative thing as it is could encourage people to act in a certain way. For example audiences may feel they should act and be how celebrities are such as those who are too slim. Especially the effect on teenage girls who see some celebrities as role models. On the other hand the media could have a positive effect on peoples thoughts and make them want to act differently. There may be a lot of people that choose to ignore what they see in the media.

What it means to be British?

A typical stereotype of a British person is that they are posh and drink tea. When I think of Britain I think of the Royal family, our government and landmarks in capital cities such as Big Ben and the London Eye. There are some negative stereotypes to what the British are like, however this is normally stated by different nationalities and countries who have their own interpretation of what it is like to be British. Being British you view yourself differently to what others think of you as we do not want to conform to the stereotype that is set for us such as being 'football hooligans' who drink and smoke all of the time.

How do you think Britain is portrayed in the media?

In the news for example there is always over exaggerations of what a typical teenage in Britain is like when in fact it is the minority of people. The news likes to put a binary opposition between the elderly and the youth claiming that the youth are 'bad' and the elderly are 'good' as they are seen to always adopting traditional values and norms. Within films and TV programmes for example stereotypes always seem to be over exaggerated such as the way we speak is with received pronunciation especially in comparison with people from other countries. It through fictional events that these stereotypes are mostly exaggerated. Through reality TV and documentaries Britain get a more true view of what different areas of Britain are like. Overall the media normally portrays Britain in the same way and that it is like that all through the country when in reality it is very different. Some areas are more traditional and carry on this stereotype when some areas are less economically developed. Therefore Britain is not always portrayed positively through the media.

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How does media influence people?

The media is all round us, which many people may or may not be aware of, by the media being basically everywhere it would be hard to ignore it. The media comes in many different forms from billboards to magazines and even radio channels. The media can be a positive or a negative influence, for instance social networking sites, this has been in a public eye for some time and shown the negative sides to this.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-23825049

Some of the positives could be role models, as many kids could come from broken homes and do not have a positive influence, so look to celebrity role models, many have broken away from poverty so could look to them for hope and inspiration. Some of these celebrities include Mariah Carey, Halle Berry, Mark Walhberg and even J.K Rowling, many of these celebrities can all be seen as positive influences. By the media presenting them, for example in films or magazines then it enhances their fame and also status.

http://www.therichest.com/expensive-lifestyle/money/top-10-poorest-before-they-became-celebrities/

What does it mean to be British?

We think that there isn't just one definition to define 'what being British means' over the years England has become a more diverse country and we  have accepted other ethic groups. We have become a more diverse country, which we think is a good thing as it allows us to learn from other traditions  and embrace other cultures, we are a country of 'Freedom of speech'  whereas other countries are not, England can be seen as a safe country where many come too. By allowing other members form other countries in  we are protecting them.

Many associate British people as being patriotic to the Queenand bring the community together. We think that England has achieved this ideology, as the royal wedding and birth allowed the community to create a cohesion and celebrate certain events together, as many lined the streets to participant within this celebration.

How do you think Britain is portrayed in the media?

The negative stereotypes include:

Over weight, benefit scroungers with a lot of underage pregnancy and also binge drinking. The accents of individuals from different areas are emphasised through their stereotypes.

Whereas the traditional associations are:

Tea drinking, 'posh' accents, love for the Queen, Big Ben, red buses , Shakespeare, fish and chips on a Friday due to Christianity, bad weather and roast dinners on a Sunday.

Words other countries associate with us:

* Splendid

* Cheerio

* Spiffing

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How does media influence people?

The media is all round us, which many people may or may not be aware of, by the media being basically everywhere it would be hard to ignore it. The media comes in many different forms from billboards to magazines and even radio channels. The media can be a positive or a negative influence, for instance social networking sites, this has been in a public eye for some time and shown the negative sides to this.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-23825049

Some of the positives could be role models, as many kids could come from broken homes and do not have a positive influence, so look to celebrity role models, many have broken away from poverty so could look to them, so they could as well.

How do you think Britain is portrayed in the media?

Over weight, benefit scroungers with a lot of underage pregnancy and also binge drinking. The accents of individuals from different areas are emphasised through their stereotypes.

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How does media influence people?

Media can influence people in positive and negative ways. For example, positive ways include celebrities being role models so that people have motivation to follow their ambitions. Campaigns are also created that are intentional for example 'stop smoking' adverts which attempt to make people healthier. However media can also influence people negatively for example, celebrities put pressure on people to look and act a certain way which can be fatal on the public. for example, thin celebrities often become idols and young girls believe that is is prettier to look like them. Gambling adverts can also have a negative impact, because although it is a serious addiction is is advertised as a fun and beneficial activity. The portrayel of sex and drugs is also an issue ( Rogers).

Children are influenced immensely by the media a famous example of this is the Jamie Bulger case. This can be used as a practical application to limit the violent/sexual material that children are exposed to for example only allowing certain programmers on post watershed.

What it means to be British?

Usually, British voices are stereo typically viewed as posh and well spoken however there are also stereotypes of other accents such as the Dorset accent. When people think of British weather, they will think of it being cold, cloudy and mainly rainy. And although there are negative portrayals of British people ewe are also known for our rich culture and Patriotism. The royal family is iconic to the image of British. Historically, British people have been known for their sophistication by the way we dress and our intelligence. A positive representation of Britain is usually the rural areas and the landscape.

How do you think Britain is portrayed in Media?

British people are more often then not represented negatively in the Media. For example, in the film 'Wild Child' the main protagonist is from California living a glamorous and fun life and as a punishment for misbehaving she is moved to an English boarding school. A juxtaposition is created between the female students at the boarding school and the female characters shown in California as the British students are presented as snobby and never break the rules, and therefore do not have as much fun with their lives. This, therefore, can be seen as negative representations of people from Britain. However it can also be seen in a positive way as British students are unified due to their school uniform suggesting we are a close,sophisticated culture. The characters are also hardworking and studious which suggesting people from Britain are intelligent and likely to be successful.

In the TV series 'Friends' during the episodes filmed in London, Britain in general is presented stereotypically. For example, during Emily's first appearance in Friends she is presented as arrogant, rude and sarcastic. Her voice is also well spoken and posh in comparison to the American Friends characters, When Ross flies out to London to surprise Emily, it is raining which is a stereotype of British weather. Furthermore, when the characters are in London and Joey explores the various landmarks, Britain is presented in a positive way as historical landmarks are shown to present our rich culture,

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ANTONIO GRAMSCI

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Hello! You have landed on this page because you were heading for one of the old websites made by me, David Gauntlett, in the distant past.

Most of the stuff on sites like 'theory.org.uk' and 'newmediastudies.com' was 12-20 years old, and I kept it all on the internet for a long long time in case anybody really needed it, but I think that time has now gone.

However you might find what you were looking for - or something newer and better - by taking a look at:

→ This whole site! Full of many things. Take a look around!
→ Latest book is the Second Expanded Edition of Making is Connecting!
→ The complete list of my publications, some of which are available online
→ This ' open access' page, highlighting recent items that you can read free
→ The complete list of blog posts

I hope this helps! If you are especially upset that something in particular has vanished, contact me and if other people feel the same way about the same thing, I might create a new place for it on this site. Thank you!

[12 hours later:] So I almost immediately heard from someone who was sad that they couldn't get the Theory Trading Cards any more. Don't worry, here's the PDFs, from 18 years ago:

→ Theory Trading Cards sheet 1 (cards #1-#9)
→ Theory Trading Cards sheet 2 (cards #10-#12)

[A further 6 hours later:] OK, and people are also looking for this old article:

→ ' Ten Things Wrong With Media Effects Studies ' (2006 version)

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Hello! You have landed on this page because you were heading for one of the old websites made by me, David Gauntlett, in the distant past. Most of the stuff on sites like 'theory.org.uk' and 'newmediastudies.com' was 12-20 years old, and I kept it all on the internet for a long long time in case anybody really needed it, but I think that time has now gone.

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How does media influence people?

Media can influence people in a negative way, this has been argued by the Hypodermic Syringe theory, the idea that when we watch a programme, for example, the messages are being injected into us. There is things such as Copy Cat Crimes, where, children in particular, watch things and then re-enact them. Like the Jamie Bulger case, the killers where alleged to have watch Chucky before hand.

What it means to be British?

Stereotypically, we eat fish and chips on Friday and drink tea and eat scones in the afternoon and we're posh, however this isn't true. To be British, traditionally, it's about post boxes, telephone boxes, post offices, country sides, double-decker busses, black taxi cabs and being patriotic to the Queen. Now-a-days, to be British is hard to define, there has been a decline in religion and an uprising in the Mass Media (Post-Marxism) and so we are no longer a Christian dominated society, we have become a multi-cultural society, accepting of different religions and ethnicities.

How do you think Britain is portrayed in Media?

In Despicable II, Mr. Ramsbottom, is the stereotypical version of an English Man. Joseph Condrad's novella: Heart of Darkness, features two women. One is old, fat, and is knitting, the other one is young and slim, these are stereotypes of two different ages in Britain.

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How does media influence people?

Media can influence people through many different ways, this could have both positive and negative outcomes. We could use the Hypodermic Needle theory to propose these ideas. For example, there are case studies to prove that playing video games for a long time could lead to violence and even deaths. We can infer that, because of the violence in Video games such as Grand Theft Auto, Call of Duty and Battlefield, people then mirror these actions, meaning they are very influenced. Ricour, on the other hand, believes media narratives to be a 'vast laboratory for thought experiments', suggesting that media causes some affect on our mind, and could potentially influence us.

What does it mean to be British?

Personally, when I think of being British, I think of our Queen, the famous landmarks, and our government. Being ruled by a Queen is not something that all countries have, and this has been a British tradition for centuries. There are many famous landmarks in Britain and very famous buildings, particularly in London. Traditional landmarks that people often think of is our big, red, double-decker buses, our red telephone boxes and red post-boxes. Although we might not even use these anymore, you can still find them and they are protected by the council, because they represent our traditions. We are also run by our PM, David Cameron, meaning we are a Conservative Society.

How do you think Britain is portrayed in the media?

Usually, American films stereotype British people as being stiff, posh, arrogant and sometimes over weight. On the film 101 Dalmatians (1961) there is an American family who have hired a British maid. This maid is short, fat and is always making them cups of tea and scones. She also uses different kinds of archaic language such as "'E's a bloomin' 'ero" which is 'He iss a blooming hero' to us. This would be the stereotypical Londoner to Americans. In more recent films such as...

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Too easy to assume the centrality of the audience.

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Too easy to assume the centrality of the audience.

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Collective identity is not mainly effected by the media, although this can be a factor, it is not central to an individuals identity.  Simmel would suggest that it is a 'conflict of minds' as he said "The individual belongs to a whole while on the other hand is independent".

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Collective identity is not mainly effected by the media, although this can be a factor, it is not central to an individuals identity.  Simmel would suggest that it is a 'conflict of minds' as he said "The individual belongs to a whole while on the other hand is independent".

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We want to be seen as an individual and set ourselves apart from other people, however we also want to be part of a community.

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We want to be seen as an individual and set ourselves apart from other people, however we also want to be part of a community.

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People don't generally believe the media influences them, but the narrative creates frames through which we think about our identity

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People don't generally believe the media influences them, but the narrative creates frames through which we think about our identity

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Collective identity is the groups that we fall into. consciously AND subconsciously  e.g social groups, Behaviour,  fashion, age, gender, sexuality etc.

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Collective identity is the groups that we fall into. consciously AND subconsciously  e.g social groups, Behaviour,  fashion, age, gender, sexuality etc.

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Collective identity is where others have the same ways of defining themselves, David Gauntlett believes that media narrative creates frames through which we can think about our experiences. Ricour suggests that media narratives are a 'vast laboratory for thought experiments', this suggests that media only influences us slightly.

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Collective Identity is the shared sense of belonging whether it is race, age , gender etc.

Collective Identity is not created by the media it is however enforced through the media.

Individuals gain their identity through individual events and can therefore relate through

means of the media to other people.

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The media does not necassarily define who we are as a person. It is up to us how we percieve the media.

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The media does not necassarily define who we are as a person. It is up to us how we percieve the media.