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1. Continental Drift Theory - This is the idea, proposed by Alfred Wegener, that all the continents were once joined together in a single giant supercontinent called Pangaea and have since slowly drifted apart to their current positions. He used evidence like the puzzle-like fit of the continents, matching fossils, and similar rock formations found across oceans.

2. Seafloor Spreading - This is the process that happens at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed as magma rises up from the mantle, cools, and pushes the older crust away on both sides. This discovery provided the "engine" or mechanism for continental drift, showing how the continents could move.

3. Plate Tectonics Theory - This is the modern, unifying theory that combines continental drift and seafloor spreading. It states that the Earth's entire outer layer (the lithosphere) is broken into massive, rigid pieces called tectonic plates, which "float" on the hotter, softer layer beneath (the asthenosphere) and move around, interacting at their boundaries.

4. Looking at all three topics, share 2 things that you found most interesting or surprising and explain why.

1. Magnetic Striping: I found it fascinating that the Earth's magnetic field has flipped many times in history and that this is perfectly recorded as magnetic "stripes" in the rock on either side of mid-ocean ridges. It's like a giant, natural tape recording that proves the seafloor is spreading.

2. The Speed: It's surprising to learn that the continents are moving right now, at about the same speed your fingernails grow. It makes geology feel like a slow-motion, active process rather than something that only happened in the distant past.

5. Think of a metaphor for plate tectonics (e.g., Earth as a puzzle, Earth as a machine). Write your metaphor and briefly explain why it fits.

Metaphor: Earth's surface is like a collection of ice floes on a semi-frozen lake.

Explanation: The ice floes (tectonic plates) are the solid, rigid pieces floating on top. The slushy, partially melted water beneath them (the asthenosphere) allows them to slide around, bump into each other (creating mountains), pull apart (creating new ridges), and scrape past one another (causing earthquakes).

6. How do you think these theories help us understand natural events like earthquakes, volcanoes, or mountain formation? (1 sentence only)

These theories explain that earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains are not random events but are the direct results of tectonic plates crashing together, pulling apart, or sliding past each other at their boundaries.

7. If you were to explain plate tectonics to a younger student (like a grade 6 pupil), how would you describe it in the simplest way possible? (1 sentence only)

The Earth's hard outer shell is broken into giant puzzle pieces that are always slowly sliding around, and when they bump or grind past each other, we get earthquakes and mountains.

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1.) Continental Drift Theory –

I learned that the Earth’s continents used to be joined together in one giant landmass called Pangaea and have slowly drifted apart over millions of years. This movement explains why some landforms in the Philippines share similar rock types with other parts of Asia, showing that they were once connected long ago.

2.) Seafloor Spreading –

I learned that seafloor spreading happens when molten material rises from beneath the ocean and pushes the older crust outward, creating new seafloor. This process happens beneath areas like the West Philippine Sea, showing that the ocean floor around our country is still expanding.

3.) Plate Tectonics Theory –

I learned that the Philippines lies between two major tectonic plates, which is why it often experiences earthquakes and volcanic activity. The collision and movement of these plates created mountain ranges like the Sierra Madre and volcanoes such as Taal and Mayon.

4. )

- I found it interesting that the Philippines is part of the “Pacific Ring of Fire,” which means we have many volcanoes because of moving tectonic plates.

- I was surprised that the same plate movements that cause earthquakes also help form beautiful mountains like Mt. Apo and Mt. Mayon.

5.) The Earth is like a giant cooking pot with bubbles underneath.

The hot magma under the crust is like boiling water — it pushes upward and moves the plates above, just like how volcanic activity happens in the Philippines.

6.) These theories help us understand why the Philippines often experiences earthquakes and volcanic eruptions — it’s because we live where tectonic plates meet and move.

7.) Plate tectonics means the Earth’s outer part is made of big puzzle-like pieces that slowly move and sometimes bump into each other, causing earthquakes and volcanoes in our country.

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1. Continental Drift Theory –
I learned that all continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. This theory explains how continents slowly drift apart over millions of years due to the movement of the Earth’s crust.

2. Seafloor Spreading –
I learned that new ocean floor is formed when magma rises from beneath the Earth’s crust at mid-ocean ridges, then cools and spreads outward. This process continuously renews the ocean floor.

3. Plate Tectonics Theory –
I learned that the Earth’s crust is divided into large plates that move slowly over the mantle. Their movement causes earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and the formation of mountains.

4. Two things I found most interesting or surprising:

I was surprised to learn that the continents still move a few centimeters every year — it shows that the Earth is always changing.

I found it interesting that the ocean floor is younger than the continents because it is constantly being renewed through seafloor spreading.

5. Metaphor for plate tectonics:
The Earth is like a cracked eggshell. The cracks represent tectonic plates that move slowly, causing the shell (Earth’s surface) to shift, bump, and sometimes break — just like during earthquakes.

6. How these theories help us understand natural events:
They help us understand that earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain formation happen because of the movement and interaction of tectonic plates.

7. Simple explanation for a younger student:
The Earth’s surface is made of giant puzzle pieces that slowly move and sometimes bump into each other, causing earthquakes and volcanoes.

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1.) Continental Drift Theory - This theory was proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912. The movement was driven by plate tectonics and has shaped the Earth's surface over millions of years.

2.) Seafloor Spreading - Occurs when new oceanic crust is created at mid-ocean ridges. This process is driven by volcanic activity and plate movement.

3.) Plate Tectonics - Earth's surface is divided into moving plates. These plates interact, causing geological events.

4.) Looking at the three topics, I found both Mid-Ocean Ridges and Plate Interactions the most interesting. Primarily, I found Mid-Ocean Ridges interesting because they showcase the Earth's powerful nature. This process highlights the forces that shape our planet. I also found Plate Interactions interesting because they show the unpredictable nature of the Earth's surface. The interactions between plates lead to geological events, making it fascinating for me.

5.) A metaphor for plate tectonics would be "Floating Icebergs", as they are alike. Plate tectonics is like floating icebergs that move, collide, and interact.

6.) These theories help us understand and encourage us to study plate tectonics in order to better predict and prepare for events like earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain formation.

7.) I would explain how the Earth's surface is made up of big moving pieces that fit together.

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‎1. Continental Drift Theory – proposed by Alfred Wegener, this theory explains that the continents were once joined together in a single supercontinent called "Pangaea". Over millions of years, the landmasses slowly drifted apart to reach their present positions.

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‎2. Seafloor Spreading – this is a geologic process that occurs at divergent plate boundaries where molten material rises from beneath the Earth’s crust. As it pushes the plates apart and cools, it forms new oceanic crust, continually expanding the seafloor.

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‎3. Plate Tectonics – this theory states that Earth’s landmasses are in constant motion due to the movement of tectonic plates. It explains how interactions among these plates form major landforms such as mountains, trenches, and volcanoes.

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‎4. I find it really intriguing how science answers our curiosity about the origin of landforms on Earth, because it helps us understand how our planet has changed over time. I am also greatly amazed by the explanations it provides for natural phenomena such as earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain formation, which show how powerful and dynamic the Earth truly is.

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‎5. Plate tectonics are like ice floes—each plate has a unique shape, drifting apart but still belonging to a larger frozen surface. This symbolizes Wegener’s idea of Pangaea in the Continental Drift Theory, showing how the continents, once united, eventually broke apart and drifted into their present locations.

‎

‎6. These theories explain how geological features form and help us understand the processes behind natural phenomena.

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‎7. The plates are the puzzle pieces, while plate tectonics explains how those pieces keep moving and form mountains, volcanoes, and cause earthquakes.

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Yhianamary Lalaine C. Jo-REFLECTION ACTIVITY

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Yhianamary Lalaine C. Jo-REFLECTION ACTIVITY

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Jo, Yhianamary Lalaine C . Jo
1-3. Write down 3 new things you learned from the PPT and briefly explain each one.

1. Continental Drift Theory – The continental drift theory was proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912. It states that the continents were once connected as a single supercontinent called the Pangaea and have slowly moved to their current positions over millions of years.

2. Seafloor Spreading – The seafloor spreading theory was proposed by Harry Hess in the 1960's. It explains how new ocean floor is created at mid-ocean ridges by magma rising and gradually moves outward.

3. Plate Tectonics Theory – A combination of two theories that explains that the Earth's outer shell is divided into large plates that move over the mantle. These movements cause earthquakes, volcanic activity, and the formation of mountains.

4. Looking at all three topics, share 2 things that you found most interesting or surprising and explain why.
How Alfred Wegener came up with the idea of the continents being connected as a single super continent called the Pangaea. How we were once a single super continents, connected as a whole.

5. Think of a metaphor for plate tectonics (e.g., Earth as a puzzle, Earth as a machine). Write your metaphor and briefly explain why it fits.
Earth is like a group of ants clinging together on water—moving slowly, staying close, but sometimes drifting apart or pushing against each other.

6. How do you think these theories help us understand natural events like earthquakes, volcanoes, or mountain formation? (1 sentence only)
These theories help us understand how the slow movement of Earth's plates leads to events like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and the creation of mountains.

7. If you were to explain plate tectonics to a younger student (like a grade 6 pupil), how would you describe it in the simplest way possible? (1 sentence only)
Earth’s surface is like a bunch of ants floating on water, always moving and bumping around, which causes things like earthquakes and volcanoes.

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1. Continental Drift Theory –
I learned that Alfred Wegener proposed this idea, saying continents were once joined as a supercontinent called Pangaea and later drifted apart, explaining why some continents fit together like puzzle pieces.

2. Seafloor Spreading –
I discovered that new oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges when magma rises and pushes the seafloor apart, which proves that the ocean floor is constantly moving and renewing itself.

3. Plate Tectonics Theory –
I understood that Earth’s lithosphere is divided into large plates that float on the semi-molten mantle, and their movements cause major geological events like earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain building.

4. Two most interesting or surprising things:

I found it surprising that the continents actually move, even if very slowly, because I always thought land was fixed.

I also found it interesting that seafloor spreading can create new land beneath the oceans, which means Earth is constantly reshaping itself.

5. Metaphor for Plate Tectonics:
Earth is like a cracked eggshell floating on a pot of boiling soup.
This fits because the cracked shell pieces are like tectonic plates, and the boiling soup represents the mantle that pushes the plates around.

6. How these theories help us understand natural events.
They help us see that earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains happen because of the constant movement and interaction of Earth’s plates.

7. Simplest explanation for a grade 6 pupil
Plate tectonics means Earth’s outer shell is broken into big pieces that slowly move around, just like puzzle pieces sliding on water.

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Dela Victoria

1. Continental Drift Theory - The Continental Drift theory suggests that earth’s continents were once joined as Pangea and have since drifted apart. The theory is supported by fossil evidence, the fit of continental coastlines, and matching rock formations.

2. Seafloor Spreading - The seafloor spreading is the process of new ocean floor being created at mid- ocean ridges and gradually moving away from them.

3. Plate Tectonics Theory - It Is the scientific idea that the earth’s outer layer called the lithosphere, is broken into large rigid pieces called tectonic plate which move slowly over the softer layer beneath them The asthenosphere.

4. 2 things that you found interesting or surprising and explain why. - I found it interesting that new ocean floor is being created all the time at mid- ocean ridges through seafloor spreading. But even more interesting old ocean crust is destroyed at subduction zones.

5. Metaphor For Plate Tectonics - Is like cracked pieces of ice that tectonic plate floating on top of a slowly moving lake. Which represents the softer mantle below.

6. How do you think these theories help us understand natural events like earthquakes, volcanoes, or mountain formation? - The theory of plate tectonics Help us understand natural events. When plate collide they can form mountains or caused earthquakes, if one plate slides under another it can lead to volcanic eruptions.

7. If you were to explain plate tectonics to a younger student. How would you describe it in the simplest way possible? - It means the earth’s surface is made of big puzzle pieces called plates that slowly moves, this moving plates can crash together pull apart or slide passed each other.

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1. Continental Drift Theory- The continental drift theory shows or explains that the continents were once close joined or attached to one another which is called the Pangaea and over the years it slowly separated.

2. Seafloor Spreading- The new ocean floors are form in the mid ocean ridges. When the molten rock rises it pushes older crust outward which results to showing that the sea floors are moving.

3. Plate Tectonics Theory- The surface of the earth is broken into plates that moves along the mantle each of their movement causes the earthquakes, volcano, and mountains.

4.

. I found it interesting and surprising that the continents constantly moves overtime. . It is interesting that the sea floors are constantly changing and being created.

5. The earth is like a broken or cracked egg shell.

6. These theories help to know and understand natural phenomenon happing here on earth.

7. Plate tectonics can be described as a giant puzzle pieces in the earth. The puzzle pieces moves and if they bump on to each others this will cause earthquakes and volcanoes.

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1.) Continental Drift theory - I learned from the scientist Alfred Wegener that it used to be a 1 whole continent and over the time it drifted away forming the now 7 continents.

2.) Seafloor Spreading- I learned that it forms when the magma rises and the liquid hits its heat which forms a new oceanic crust then pushes away the old crusts.

3.) Plate Tectonics Theory- I learned that the crust/ the land moves because of the heat underneath which causes different types of plate boundaries.

4.) 2 things I have found interesting are the oceanic-oceanic "subduction" because I was amazed that there are volcanic islands beneath the sea and the Divergent Boundary because it can form either a river or a valley when the plates pull away from each other.

5.) Tectonic plates as a Pool Floater, It is because we humans rely on its surface and it also moves like the tectonic plates.

6.) The different types of theories help us understand that earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain formations are just natural forms and part of the environment.

7.) I would explain to a young student that plate tectonics is part of the Earth's land that moves because of the heat underneath and that it is also why earthqua

kes happen.

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1. Continental Drift Theory –

I learned that a scientist named Alfred Wegener said the continents used to be one big land called Pangaea, and over time they drifted apart. That’s why some continents look like they fit together and have the same fossils.

2. Seafloor Spreading –

I learned that the seafloor can actually grow because magma comes out from the middle of the ocean and pushes the old crust away. It’s like the ocean floor is slowly moving and making space.

3. Plate Tectonics Theory –

I learned that the Earth’s outer layer is split into big plates that move because of heat underneath. When these plates move, they can cause things like quakes, volcanoes, and even mountains.

4. Looking at all three topics, share 2 things that you found most interesting or surprising and explain why.

• It’s cool that fossils from the same plants and animals are on different continents—it really proves they were connected before.

• I was surprised that the ocean floor isn’t just still but keeps “recycling” itself by making new crust.

5. Think of a metaphor for plate tectonics (e.g., Earth as a puzzle, Earth as a machine). Write your metaphor and briefly explain why it fits.

I think of Earth like a slow-moving traffic jam. The plates are like giant cars that sometimes crash, squeeze, or move past each other, and that’s when earthquakes, volcanoes, or mountains form.

6. How do you think these theories help us understand natural events like earthquakes, volcanoes, or mountain formation? (1 sentence only)

They help us know why earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains form because it all connects to how the plates move.

7. If you were to explain plate tectonics to a younger student (like a grade 6 pupil), how would you describe it in the simplest way possible? (1 sentence only)

The Earth’s surface is like a puzzle made of huge pieces that slowly move, and when they bump or pull apart, that’s when things like quakes and mountains happen.

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1. Continental Drift Theory – According to Alfred Wegener the continents were once joined together in a single landmass or a supercontinent called Pangaea and have drifted apart over millions of years.

2. Seafloor Spreading – New oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity at mid-ocean ridges and then gradually moves away from the ridge.

3. Plate Tectonics Theory – The Earth's lithosphere is divided into several plates that move and interact, causing earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and mountain formation.

4. The idea that continents were once connected. It's fascinating to think about how different parts of the world were once a single landmass.

• How seafloor spreading creates new crust. It's amazing that the ocean floor is constantly being renewed through volcanic activity.

5. Earth as a slow-motion demolition derby. The Earth's plates are constantly bumping into each other, grinding, and colliding, leading to dramatic events like earthquakes and mountain formation.

6.These theories help us understand that earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain formation are results of the movement and interaction of Earth's plates.

7. The Earth's surface is like a giant puzzle made of big pieces that slowly move around and sometimes bump into each other."

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1. Continental Drift Theory – Alfred Wegener explained that all continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea and slowly drifted apart.

2. Seafloor Spreading – New ocean floor is created at mid-ocean ridges as magma rises, pushing old crust outward.

3.Plate Tectonics Theory – The Earth’s outer shell is made of moving plates that interact and cause earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains.

4.

· Continents can actually move over millions of years, showing that the Earth is always changing.

· New land is created at mid-ocean ridges, which means the Earth keeps recycling its crust.

5.The Earth is like a cracked eggshell.

The plates are like shell pieces that fit together but still move, sometimes bumping into each other and causing earthquakes.

6.These theories help us understand that earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains happen because of the movement of Earth’s plates.

7.Plate tectonics means the Earth’s surface is like puzzle pieces that move slowly and sometimes bump into each other, making mountains, earthquakes, or volcanoes.

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1. Continental Drift Theory –

I learned that Alfred Wegener introduced the idea of the Continental Drift Theory, which explains that millions of years ago, all the continents were once joined together into a massive supercontinent called Pangaea, and over a very long period of time, this single landmass slowly broke apart and the continents drifted to their current positions, which is why Africa, South America, and other continents sometimes look like they could fit together like puzzle pieces.

2. Seafloor Spreading –

I learned that the process of seafloor spreading happens at mid-ocean ridges, where hot magma from the mantle pushes upward through cracks in the Earth’s crust, hardens into new rock, and gradually pushes the older crust away, which means the ocean floor is constantly being renewed and widened even though we cannot see this process happening with our eyes.

3. Plate Tectonics Theory –

I learned that the Plate Tectonics Theory combines the ideas of continental drift and seafloor spreading, showing us that the Earth’s outer shell is not a single solid piece but is broken into massive plates that move slowly across the surface, and when these plates move, collide, or slide past each other, they create powerful natural events such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and the rise of great mountain ranges like the Himalayas.

4. One thing that I found most surprising is the idea that the continents are not fixed in place but are actually moving a few centimeters every year, because it makes me realize that the Earth is constantly changing even if we do not notice it in our everyday lives, and this movement, though slow, can eventually change the shape of the world in millions of years.

Another thing I found very interesting is seafloor spreading, because I never imagined that new crust is being created at the bottom of the ocean and that the Earth is always recycling and renewing itself, which means the surface of our planet is like a living system that is active and always evolving.

5. Metaphor for plate tectonics –

A good metaphor for plate tectonics is that the Earth is like a cracked eggshell, because just as an eggshell is not one solid piece but is made up of different fragments that can move slightly when pushed, the Earth’s crust is also broken into huge plates that move slowly on top of the softer mantle, and this explains why the surface of our planet is never still but always shifting, colliding, and creating new landforms.

6. How theories help us understand natural events –

These theories help us understand natural events because they show that earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain formation are not random accidents but are results of the constant, powerful movements of Earth’s plates, which means that by studying these theories, scientists can better predict where such events are likely to occur and explain why they happen in the first place.

7. If I were to explain plate tectonics to a younger student, I would say that the Earth is like a giant puzzle made of land and ocean pieces that are slowly moving all the time, and when these pieces bump, slide, or crash into each other, they cause big changes like earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains.

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1-3. Write down 3 new things you learned from the PPT and briefly explain each one.

1. Continental Drift Theory –

This was proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912, it says that all the continents were all in a supercontinent called Pangaea that slowly drifted apart over time.

2. Seafloor Spreading –

This was proposed by Harry Hess in the 1960s. This says that new oceanic crust forms at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outward.

3. Plate Tectonics Theory –

This was proposed by several scientist like Harry Hess and Alfred Wegener in 1960s. It combines ideas from continental drift and seafloor spreading.

4. Looking at all three topics, share 2 things that you found most interesting or surprising and explain why.

The 2 things that I found interesting are that tectonic plates are moving and that pieces of continents fit together. Because I have never thought that this was the process on how our lands were made and was connected.

5. Think of a metaphor for plate tectonics (e.g., Earth as a puzzle, Earth as a machine). Write your metaphor and briefly explain why it fits.

In a metaphor way, Plate tectonics are just like a jigsaw puzzle, but a giant version. Where each piece represents a tectonic plate. These pieces fit together to form the surface of the Earth. This metaphor fits as just like jigsaw puzzles, Earth's tectonic plates have just the same interconnecting edges that jigsaw puzzles have that connects them to each other.

6. How do you think these theories help us understand natural events like earthquakes, volcanoes, or mountain formation? (1 sentence only)

It helps us understand as to why these natural phenomenon happens in our countries.

7. If you were to explain plate tectonics to a younger student (like a grade 6 pupil), how would you describe it in the simplest way possible? (1 sentence only)

If I were to explain plate tectonics to a younger student, I will use the jigsaw puzzle to help them get a grasp of the lesson that relates to them, especially at that age many kids are starting to get into jigsaw puzzles.

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1. Continental Drift Theory –
I learned that the Continental Drift Theory was introduced by Alfred Wegener, who suggested that all continents were once connected as a single supercontinent called Pangaea. Over millions of years, Pangaea slowly broke apart and the continents drifted to their current positions. This theory was supported by evidence such as the matching coastlines of South America and Africa, as well as fossils of the same plants and animals found on continents separated by oceans.

2. Seafloor Spreading –
I learned that seafloor spreading happens at mid-ocean ridges, where magma rises from beneath the Earth’s crust, cools, and forms new ocean floor. As more magma comes out, it pushes the older crust away, causing the seafloor to spread outwards. This process helps explain why the ocean floor is younger than the continents, and it provided strong proof that continents are indeed moving apart, supporting Wegener’s idea of continental drift.

3. Plate Tectonics Theory –
I learned that the Plate Tectonics Theory combines both the ideas of continental drift and seafloor spreading, showing that the Earth’s lithosphere is divided into large pieces called tectonic plates. These plates move slowly because of convection currents in the mantle. When they move, they can collide, slide past each other, or move apart, and these interactions are the reasons why we experience earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and the formation of mountain ranges.

4. Two interesting or surprising things:

One thing I found surprising was how well the continents fit together like puzzle pieces, especially Africa and South America. This simple but powerful observation helped scientists realize that continents were once joined together.

Another interesting thing is that the ocean floor is constantly renewed and recycled. Unlike continents that can be billions of years old, the ocean floor is much younger because new crust keeps forming while old crust gets pushed back into the mantle at subduction zones.

5. Metaphor for plate tectonics:
I think of Earth as a cracked eggshell. The shell has many pieces that represent tectonic plates, and even though the shell looks solid, the pieces slowly move and sometimes press against each other. This metaphor fits because the Earth’s plates act in the same way: they are separate but connected, and their movements shape the surface of the planet.

6. How these theories help us understand natural events:
These theories help us see that earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain formation are caused by the constant shifting, colliding, and separating of Earth’s tectonic plates.

7. Explaining to a grade 6 pupil:
Plate tectonics is like the Earth being covered with giant puzzle pieces that move very slowly, and when they bump, slide, or pull apart, they create mountains, volcanoes, and even earthquakes.

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1. Continental Drift Theory - This theory was presented by Alfred Wegener in 1912, claiming that all 7 continents were once one called Pangaea and slowly moved apart over millions of years. This theory was supported by the evidence of apparent continental fit, evidence from rocks, glacial deposits, fossils, and climatic change.

2. Seafloor Spreading - This occurs when molten rock rises from the mantle at mid-ocean ridges, creating new ocean floor. This statement is supported by the evidence from molten material, drilling samples, and magnetic stripes.

3. Plate Tectonics Theory - This theory combines both continental drift and seafloor spreading, explaining that Earth's surface is made of plates that move and interact. Their movement causes earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain formation.

4. I was amused by the fact that the seafloor is actually spreading and creating new land. I also found it interesting that the continents are still moving today, even if i don't notice any moving.

5. Plate tectonics is like a broken glass floating on water. It fits because the Earth's crust is broken into plates that move slowly on the softer layer beneath.

6. These theories help us understand natural events by showing the that the movement of plates is the main cause of earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains.

7. Plate tectonics is like the Earth's ground slowly moving and bumping, which makes mountains, earthquakes, and volcanoes.

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1-3. New Things I Learned

Continental Drift Theory: I learned that Alfred Wegener stated that all the continents were once together as one bigger continent called Pangaea.

Seafloor Spreading: The floor is not stationary; it is always in motion. Magma rises at the mid-ocean ridges and creates new oceanic crust, which then slowly pushes the older crust sideways away from the ridge. The discovery of this process by the American geologist Harry Hess provided the mechanism that the theory of Wegener lacked.

On the Plate Tectonics Theory: I learned that the outer shell of the earth, called lithosphere, is broken into separate moving plates that "float" on the soft and flowing asthenosphere. The movement of these plates, propelled by convection currents in the mantle, is the overarching theory explaining continental drift, seafloor spreading, and the majority of earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains.

4. Two Most Interesting or Surprising Things

The Shape and Fit of the Continents: I was surprised at how well the Coastlines of South America and Africa fit into each other, not just in shape alone but also with matching fossils and rocks. Very interesting that this simple observation became one of the most important clues into the Earth's history.

Mountain Building from Continental Collision: I was most intrigued to learn that huge mountain ranges like the Himalayas were formed when two continental plates collided and since neither could sink, they crumpled together and pushed upwards. Isn't it amazing that the tallest mountains owe their formation to the impact of two massive landmasses slowly crashing into each other?

5. A Metaphor of Plate Tectonics

Metaphor: The crust of the Earth is like an eggshell cracked on a pot of slowly boiling soup.

A description: The tectonic plates are the broken pieces of the shell, and the hot, bubbling soup is the convecting mantle below them. Rising and descending currents are initiated from the heat of the core (the heat of the stove), which slowly move the shell pieces into collision, separation, and even scraping past each other.

6. How these theories help us understand natural events:

These theories help us understand that earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain formation are not random, but are direct results of the movement and interaction of the Earth's tectonic plates at their boundaries.

7. Simple explanation for a younger student:

The Earth's surface is made of giant, slow-moving puzzle pieces that sometimes bump together to make mountains, pull apart to make volcanoes, or slide past each other to cause earthquakes.

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1. Continental Drift Theory – What stood out to me is that all the continents used to be part of one giant supercontinent called Pangaea. It feels crazy to imagine Asia, Africa, and even the Philippines once squished together, then slowly drifting apart like pieces of bread being pulled away.

2. Seafloor Spreading – I discovered that the ocean floor isn’t just sitting still—it’s actually “growing” at mid-ocean ridges where magma comes out and forms new crust. It’s almost like Earth is quietly building new land under the sea while no one notices.

3. Plate Tectonics Theory – I learned that Earth’s outer shell is made of plates that move around, and those movements are behind so many natural disasters and landforms. It made me realize the ground beneath us isn’t as stable as I thought—it’s literally floating and shifting.

4. Two things I found most interesting or surprising: • The fact that continents are still moving right now. I used to think all that drifting happened only in ancient times, but they’re actually on the move every second, even if we can’t feel it. • The idea that new ocean floor is constantly being created. It’s surprising because the Earth feels so “finished” to us, but it’s actually still changing and reshaping itself.

5. Metaphor for Plate Tectonics – I’d compare plate tectonics to a slow-motion video game map update. The “map” (Earth) keeps shifting, adding new areas, and rearranging its layout, even if the players (us) don’t notice right away.

6. How these theories help us understand natural events – They explain the hidden “why” behind earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains, which helps people prepare better for when nature suddenly strikes.

7. Simplest explanation for a Grade 6 pupil – Plate tectonics is like huge rafts floating on melted rock, and when they bump or slide, that’s when the Earth shakes or makes volcanoes.

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Jeminez - Reflection Activity

1. Continental Drift Theory - This theory claims that all 7 of the continents of the world were once formed as one supercontinent as Pangaea. This huge landmass broke apart around 175 million years ago. This theory was proposed by Alfred Wegener in the year 1912.

2. Seafloor Spreading - This was proposed in the 1960s by Harry Hess. He claimed that as magma rises at mid-ocean ridges, it forms a new crust which pushes the old crust outward. Evidence shows younger rocks near ridges and Earth's reversals are recorded through magnetic striping.

3. Plate Tectonics Theory - This theory states that the lithosphere are broken into plates which then float on the asthenosphere, driven by mantle convection, which now causes natural disasters like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. It came from the Greek adjective tektonikos, which translates to "built".

4. 2 Things that I found most interesting or surprising:

I found the Plate Tectonic Theory interesting because of how the Earth's plates and movement could cause such major geological events on Earth.

The fossil remains among different continents in the theory of Continental Drift. It is just absurd to think of the fact that all 7 of the world's continents once formed a supercontinent just amazes me

5. The Earth's Continents are like raisins being baked in the oven. Think of a sourdough bread with raisins being baked inside an oven, as the dough slowly rises, the raisins are carried along by the surrounding material, and slowly, they drift away as the bread expands.

The sourdough bread being baked is the mantle and those dry raisins embedded near the surface are the continents. The raisins represent the solid landmasses being passively carried by the churning material underneath.

6. These theories help us understand natural events like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and mountain formation by providing scientific studies share a common source of these events –– The movement of the earth's plates.

7. Plate tectonics is like playing a jigsaw puzzle in a wiggly table. The pieces are the Earth's plates. As the table begins to wobble more, it causes the pieces the pieces to pull apart.

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1. Continental Drift Theory

- The Continental Drift Theory explains that the continents were once joined together as a supercontinent called Pangaea, which gradually broke apart and drifted to their current positions. Fossils, mountain ranges, and the fit of continental coastlines serve as strong evidence for this theory.

2. Seafloor Spreading

- Seafloor spreading shows that magma rises from mid-ocean ridges, forming new crust that forces older crust outward. The discovery of younger rocks near ridges and magnetic striping provides proof of this process.

3. Plate Tectonics Theory

- Plate Tectonics states that the lithosphere is broken into several plates that move slowly on the asthenosphere due to mantle convection. This movement is responsible for creating mountains, trenches, volcanoes, and earthquakes.

4. Two most interesting/surprising things

- I was intrigued to learn that the ocean floor is much younger than continents because it is constantly renewed by seafloor spreading.

- I also found it surprising that plate movements can both create towering mountains and cause destructive earthquakes.

5. Metaphor for plate tectonics

- Plate tectonics can be compared to a living machine, with each plate acting like moving gears that interact to keep Earth’s surface in constant change. This metaphor works because the plates are always in motion, shaping and reshaping the planet.

6. One sentence on importance

- These theories are important because they provide a scientific explanation for how Earth’s surface continuously changes through the interaction of moving plates, helping us understand why natural events such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, mountain formation, and oceanic trench development occur as inevitable consequences of the planet’s dynamic interior.

7.

- Plate tectonics explains that the ground we stand on is always moving in giant pieces, and when they push or pull, big changes happen on Earth.

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1. Continental Drift Theory -continents we see today were once part of one huge landmass called pangea  that slowly split and moved apart over millions of years.

2. Seafloor Spreading – ocean floor is constantly forming and moving as hot magma comes up at mid-ocean ridges and pushes older crust outward.

3. Plate Tectonics Theory – Earth’s crust is divided into plates that float and move on the mantle, and their movement shapes Earth’s surface.

4 .I was surprised to discover that mountain ranges continue to rise as tectonic plates collide, which shows that Earth’s surface is still evolving. Alsofound it interesting that the movement of plates can create new landforms, because it highlights the powerful forces shaping our planet over time.

5.“Earth is like a moving floor made of puzzle pieces.”
This works because the surface of the Earth is divided into different plates that slowly shift and move around, just like pieces on a floor that can slide.

6. These show us the reasons behind natural disasters and how Earth’s surface changes over time.They help scientists predict where earthquakes or volcanoes might happen.They explain how mountains, valleys, and oceans are formed.

7. Plate tectonics means Earth’s surface is made of big moving pieces that shape the land.When these pieces move, they can cause earthquakes, volcanoes, and even create mountains.

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1. Continental Drift Theory

This theory explains that all continents were once joined together as one supercontinent called Pangea. Fossils of the same type found on different continents support this idea, showing that they were once connected.

2. Seafloor Spreading

This idea shows that new ocean crust is formed when magma rises from beneath the seafloor. As magma cools and hardens, it pushes older crust away, making the seafloor spread wider over time.

3. Plate Tectonics Theory

This theory explains that Earth’s surface is not fixed but made up of large pieces called tectonic plates. These plates move and cause natural events like earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain ranges, and ocean basins.

4. Two things I found most interesting or surprising

First, I found it surprising that fossils on different continents can be used as evidence to prove they were once connected. Second, I was interested in how seafloor spreading creates new crust and pushes old crust away, which shows that Earth is always changing.

5. Metaphor for Plate Tectonics

I think of plate tectonics like a puzzle, because the Earth’s plates fit together and move slowly, changing the picture of our planet over time.

6. How these theories help us understand natural events

These theories explain that earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains are caused by the movement of Earth’s plates.

7. Explaining to a younger student

Plate tectonics means the Earth’s surface is made of big pieces that move around, and when they bump or pull apart, they cause earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains.

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1. Continental Drift Theory - This theory was proposed by Alfred Wegener, a meteorologist, in 1912. It states that the continents once formed a single landmass or a supercontinent called Pangaea before breaking apart into smaller pieces. Different pieces of evidence support this theory, such as the way the continents look like puzzle pieces, the distribution of fossils, and similarities in rock formations and mountain ranges.

2. Seafloor Spreading - Harry Hess, a geologist, proposed this in 1960, further strengthening Wegener’s idea. Seafloor spreading happens when new oceanic crust is created at mid-ocean ridges by rising magma, which pushes older crust outward. This is supported by evidence like younger rocks appearing near ridges, magnetic stripe patterns, and guyots.

3. Plate Tectonics Theory - This theory explains how the Earth’s layers affect the movement of continents. The lithosphere, the outer shell, is broken into plates that float on the asthenosphere and are driven by mantle convection. These movements cause mountains, volcanoes, earthquakes, and trenches to form. The Earth’s surface is made up of tectonic plates that constantly move due to stress, creating different types of faults and boundaries.

4. 🎀

I was surprised to learn that all the continents were once joined together as Pangaea, but later separated into seven continents due to different factors, which is why we are now far apart from each other.

I found it fascinating how the seafloor spreads, with younger crusts appearing in the middle while older crusts move outward. It’s interesting to see how the Earth’s surface is continuously changing.

5. 🎀

Earth is a broken cookie—what was once whole was cracked and broke into different pieces. These parts are like tectonic plates that may drift apart, collide, or slide against each other, yet they are still part of one big cookie—the Earth.

6. 🎀

These theories help us understand natural events like earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain formation by showing how the Earth’s plates move (drift, collide, or slide) and reshape the surface over time.

7. 🎀

Imagine your mom bought a cookie, but after keeping it in her bag, it cracked into different pieces that still formed a circle; Earth is like that cookie—once whole, but now made up of moving pieces called plates.

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1. Continental Drift Theory - This is a theory that we were all connected as one supercontinent called pangea, this could be seen through the fossils that are scattered everywhere having the same type. The different fossils found are also showing the we were alledgedly one super continent.

2. Seafloor Spreading - This is an idea shown that beneath us, in the oceans it has been continously been moving for years, making new crust each time magma pushes upwards.

3. Platonic Tectonics Theory - This is a theory that shows that our earths surface is not fixed, due to the lithosphere being divided into large pieces and these pieces causes or is the reason of many geological processes here on earth. Earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain ranges, and ocean basins are the outcomes of these pieces called tectonic plates.

4. The things i found most interesting or surprising.

The idea of our earth being one super continent before, as evolvement happens we start to realize and see the old fossils and even the idea that we were once all connected is very surprising and is such an interesting thougt.

Plate tectonic theory is on that i find interesting and surprising as i knew that these geological processes were happening but i never expected that this was all possibly because of how our lithosphere is in different species.

5. Metaphor for plate tectonics.

The earth is just like clockwork. The different pieces we have are all working together for it to function for the people living in the planet.

6. These theories help us see that their is actually a reason as to why these processes are happening, and it isn't some superunnatural event but instead what our earth is meant to do.

7. Plate tectonics is like a tiny puzzle piece, each piece is important in creating a full picture for our world to process.

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1. Continental Drift Theory-

This explains that all continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Evidence such as matching fossils, mountain ranges, coastlines, etc., supports this theory.

2. Seafloor Spreading-

Proposed by Harry Hess in the 1960s, it shows that new crust is created at mid-ocean ridges as magma rises and pushes old crust outward.

3. Platonic Tectonics Theory-

From the Greek word tektonikos, meaning "to build". It explains how the Earth's lithosphere is divided into moving plates that collide, pull apart, and slide past one another, shaping Earth's surface features.

4. The most interesting or surprising things-

I found that the continents were once connected and were called Pangaea, which explains why some continents fit like a puzzle and why they share similar fossils.

I was surprised to learn that the ocean floor is not fixed but is constantly moving and spreading, meaning the Earth is continuously reshaping itself in ways we don't notice.

5. Metaphor for plate tectonics-

Earth is like a jigsaw puzzle, but on water. The continents and oceans are just like a puzzle floating on water; it is always shifting and moving.

6. These theories help us understand that natural events such as earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains form because of the movement and interaction of Earth's plates at their boundaries.

7. Plate tectonics is like a giant puzzle, with pieces of the Earth's crust slowly moving around, and when they bump, pull apart, or slide past each other, they can cause earthquakes, and even allow volcanoes and mountains to form.

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1. Continental Drift Theory- This theory, proposed by Alfred Wegener, says that the continents were once joined together in a single supercontinent called Pangea and slowly drifted apart to where they are now.

2. Seafloor Spreading- Harry Hess discovered that new ocean floor is created at mid-ocean ridges when molten rock rises and spreads upward, pushing older crust away, which explains how continents move apart.

3. Plate Tectonics Theory- This theory states that Lithosphere were broken into plates and these plates float on the asthenosphere.

4. The most interesting things that I learned was:

The idea of Pangaea in the Continental Drift Theory. The fact that all continents were once joined together as Pangaea made me interested because it shows how different the Earth used to look.

Harry Hess discovery of Seafloor Spreading. It's very surprising for me since I usually think that the bottom of the ocean doesn't move/change at all.

5. Earth's living scar. The crust is always shifting, cracking, and healing itself, shaping new mountains, oceans, and lands as if the planet were alive. Just like a scar on skin that tells the story of healing and change, the Earth’s surface carries the marks of past collisions, eruptions, and movements that continue to transform our planet today.

6. These theories helps us understand natural events because they explain that the movement and collision off plates cause earthquakes, eruptions, and the formation of mountains.

7. Plate tectonics is like the Earth's outer shell is broken into big puzzle pieces and these pieces move slowly, sometimes bumping into each other and causing earthquakes or making mountain.

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1. Continental Drift Theory – Continents were once connected in a giant landmass called Pangaea and have slowly drifted apart over time.

2. Seafloor Spreading – New oceanic crust forms at mid-ocean ridges and pushes older crust away, helping explain how the ocean floor grows.

3. Plate Tectonics Theory – The Earth's surface is made up of plates that move because of forces inside the Earth, causing earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain formation.

4. Most interesting or surprising things:

Seafloor spreading surprised me because I didn't know that new land forms were being created under the ocean. I was also fascinated by how plate tectonics explains so many natural events, from volcanoes to mountain ranges, all of which are linked to the movement of plates.

5. Metaphor for Plate Tectonics: Earth is like a "big jigsaw puzzle" where the pieces (plates) move, shift, and cause changes on the planet’s surface.

6. Understanding Natural Events: These theories explain how the movement of tectonic plates causes earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains.

7. Explanation for a Grade 6 Student: Plate tectonics is like a big puzzle where pieces (plates) slowly move, causing earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains.

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1. Continental Drift Theory - According to Alfred Wegener's 1912 theory, it states that continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called the Pangea and slowly drifted apart.

2. Seafloor Spreading - Harry Hees proposed seafloor spreading in 1960s, it explains that new oceanic crust is formed mid-ocean ridges and spreads outward, pushing older crust away.

3. Plate Tectonics Theory - Causes mountain trenches, volcanoes, earthquakes.

4. Looking at all the three topics, the two things I find most interesting is tthe concept of the pangea, because it illustrates how how drastically the Earth's geographic changed over the millions of years and how they all once fit together like a puzzle piece.

5. Metaphor: Earth as a slow dance. The Earth's plates are like dancers moving in a slow, continuous dance. They interact gently at times, but occasionally collide, causing dramatic events.

6. These theories help us understand the natural disasters like earthquakes occur due to the movement and the interaction of tectonic plates.

7. Imagine the Earth's surface is like a giant puzzle pieces that slowly moving around, bumping into each other.

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1. Continental Drift Theory -

According to Alfred Wegener's 1912 theory of continental drift, the continents of Earth were originally connected, as Pangea, until they gradually drifted apart over millions of years.

2. Seafloor Spreading -

According to Harry Hess's theory from the 1960s, seafloor spreading occurs when the ocean floor moves continuously and new oceanic crust forms at mid-ocean ridges.

3. Plate Tectonics Theory-

According to the theory of plate tectonics, which derives from the word "tektonikos," which means "build," the lithosphere splits into plates, and these plates float on the asthenosphere, causing earthquakes and other natural disasters.

4. Aside from everything I have learnt, the fact that Earth was once connected millions of years ago called Pangea and that the ocean floor is constantly changing are what most intrigues me most.

5. Earth resembles a moving conveyor belt. The plates are carried around by the movements of molten rock beneath the surface, creating new surfaces as they advance.

6. The motion and interaction of Earth's tectonic plates lead to earthquakes, volcanoes, and the formation of mountains which are helpful in our understanding of phenomena that occur naturally.

7. The Earth's surface is made up of moving plates that resemble a big jigsaw and these plates clash, slide, or split, mountains, volcanoes, and earthquakes are produced.

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1. Continental Drift Theory - It was proposed by Alfred Wegener which he said that the Earth was once joined in a single continent called Pangaea and were broken and drifted apart over millions of years and was placed to their current positions.

2. Seafloor Spreading - It was proposed by Harry Hess in the early 1960s. He explained that seafloor spreading is when new oceanic crust continually forms at mid-ocean ridges.

3. Plate Tectonics Theory - float on the molten layer below, the asthenosphere.

4. Looking at all three topics, the 2 things I found most interesting was the Pangaea because Earth was joined a million years ago, and continents were suddenly separated. Next, is the seafloor spreading because of its creation where new oceanic crust continues to form.

5. Metaphor: The Earth is like a cracked eggshell floating on liquid. The eggshell pieces represent tectonic plates that slowly move, collide, or separate, causing changes on its surface.

6. These theories help us understand that natural events like earthquakes, eruption of volcanoes, and mountain formation occur because of the constant movement and interaction of Earth's plates.

7. Plate tectonics means the Earth's surface is made of big moving pieces, and when they move, they shape the land and cause events like earthquakes and volcanoes.

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1. Continental Drift Theory – Explains that continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea, which slowly drifted apart over millions of years.

2. Seafloor Spreading – Proposed by Harry Hess during the 1960s, the ocean floor is constantly moving.

3. Plate Tectonics Theory – From the Greek adjective “tektonikos”, meaning “build.”

I found it interesting that the continents were once connected as Pangaea because it makes sense why some continents fit together like puzzle pieces.

I was surprised to learn that the ocean floor is not fixed but is actually spreading and creating new crust, which I never realized before.

5. The metaphor of Earth being a cracked eggshell: just like an egg being cracked, the shell has pieces that can move or shift; Earth’s crust is also made of plates that slowly move and sometimes collide with each other. (CTTO Sir Reyes)

6. They explain that these events happen because of the movement and interaction of Earth’s plates.

7. Plate tectonics is like giant puzzle pieces of the Earth’s crust that slowly move and cause earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains to form.

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1-3. Write down 3 new things you learned from the PPT and briefly explain each one.

1. Continental Drift Theory –

2. Seafloor Spreading –

3. Plate Tectonics Theory –

4. Looking at all three topics, share 2 things that you found most interesting or surprising and explain why.

5. Think of a metaphor for plate tectonics (e.g., Earth as a puzzle, Earth as a machine). Write your metaphor and briefly explain why it fits.

6. How do you think these theories help us understand natural events like earthquakes, volcanoes, or mountain formation? (1 sentence only)

7. If you were to explain plate tectonics to a younger student (like a grade 6 pupil), how would you describe it in the simplest way possible? (1 sentence only)

Goodluck^^