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Understand Interface in Java – Scientech Easy

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Understand Interface in Java – Scientech Easy

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Discover how to use an Interface in Java with detailed tutorials at Scientech Easy. Learn the purpose of interfaces, how to implement them, and how they support abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java programming. Ideal for beginners and professionals!

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Interface in Java (with Example) - Scientech Easy

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Learn declaration, features, uses, rules of interface in Java with example program, extending, implementing interface, interface variable

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Concept of Method Overriding in Java – Scientech Easy

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Concept of Method Overriding in Java – Scientech Easy

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Understand Method Overriding in Java with practical examples at Scientech Easy. Learn how to override methods in subclasses to achieve dynamic behavior and enhance object-oriented programming. A key concept for Java developers to master!

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Method overriding in Java means redefining a method in a subclass to replace the functionality of superclass method. When the method of superclass is overridden in the subclass to provide more specific implementation, it is called method overriding.

In other words, when the superclass method is available to subclass by default through inheritance and subclass does not satisfy with superclass implementation, then the subclass is allowed to redefine that method on its requirement. This feature is called method overriding in Java.

By default, a subclass inherits methods from the superclass via inheritance. If you are not satisfied with the implementation (or functionality or behavior) of an inherited method, you do not need to modify that method in superclass.

Because changing the coding inside method is not a good idea. You should extend that class and override it by specifying a new implementation in the subclass.

To override a method in a subclass, the method must be defined in the subclass using the same signature and same return type as in its superclass as shown in the below figure.

The superclass method, which is overridden, is called overridden method in Java. The subclass method which is overriding the superclass method is called overriding method in Java.

Method overriding occurs only when the signatures of the super and subclasses methods are identical. If they are not, then both methods are simply overloaded methods.

When to Use Method Overriding in Java?

Let's take a simple example program to understand the need for method overriding in Java. Assume that a young couple wants to marry. They have fixed the date of engagement and marriage. Let's write the code for it.
Example 1:
public class Marry { void engagementDate() { System.out.println("Engagement will be done on 23 Dec."); } // Overridden method. void marryDate() { System.out.println("Marry will be on 25 Dec"); } }

But due to Christmas day on 25 Dec, the young couple wants to change the date of marrying. So, what will you do?

You will open class and change the date of marrying. It is the worst programming practice in Java because, as per the object-oriented programming concept, the best practice is that class should not be opened for modification.

So, if you want to add new functionality to the existing class or if you want to modify the existing functionality of the class, you should not disturb the existing class. You should always write a subclass of the existing class and add new functionality in subclass like this:

public class Change extends Marry { // Overriding method. void marryDate() { System.out.println("Marry will be on 27 Dec"); } } public class MyClass { public static void main(String[] args) { Change obj = new Change(); obj.engagementDate(); obj.marryDate(); } }

Output:
       Engagement will be done on 23 Dec.
       Marry will be on 27 Dec

From the above example program, it is clear that subclass Change is implementing marryDate() method with the same signature as in the superclass marryDate() method. The class Change is overriding marryDate() method of class Marry.

Hope that you will have understood the need or purpose of using method overriding in Java with the help of this example program.

Features of Method Overriding

Method overriding is one of the most powerful OOPs concept in Java that allows a subclass to provide a particular implementation for a method that is already defined in its superclass. It enables us to customize the behavior of a method in the subclass while maintaining the same method signature as in the superclass.

There are the following key features of the method overriding in Java. They are as follows:

Method overriding technique supports the runtime polymorphism.

It allows a subclass to provide its own implementation of the method which is already provided by the superclass.

Only the instance method can be overridden in Java.

An instance variable can never be overridden in Java.

The overriding method can not be more restrictive access modifiers than the overridden method of the superclass.

Overriding concept is not applicable for private, final, static, and main method in Java.

From Java 5 onwards, method overriding can also be done by changing the covariant return type only.

Overriding method cannot throw any checked exception.

Method Overriding Rules in Java

When you are overriding superclass method in a subclass, you need to follow certain rules. They are as follows.

1. Subclass method name must be the same as the superclass method name.

2. The parameters of the subclass method must be the same as the superclass method parameters. i.e. In overriding, method name and argument types must be matched. In other words, the method signature must be the same or matched.

3. Must be Is-A relationship (Inheritance).

4. Subclass method's return type must be the same as the superclass method return type. But this rule is applicable until the Java 1.4 version only. From the Java 1.5 version onwards, covariant return types are also allowed.

5. Subclass method's access modifier must be the same or less than the superclass method access modifier. Look at the below figure to understand better.

6. Overriding method cannot throw new or broader checked exceptions. But, it can throw fewer or narrower checked exceptions or any unchecked exception.

1. While the overriding method, we can increase the visibility of the overriding method but cannot reduce it. For example, if the superclass method is protected, we can override as a public method in the subclass.

2. Similarly, the default method of superclass can be overridden by default, protected, or public.

3. We cannot override a method if we do not inherit it. A private method cannot be overridden because it cannot be inherited in the subclass.

Why do We Need to Create Subclass in Java?

There are mainly three reasons for which we need to create the subclass of superclass in Java. They are as follows:

1. To add a new feature or property. For example, a student has properties like age and location. But in the future, if we get a new requirement to add one more property "address" for that student, we should make a subclass of that class and add a new property address in the subclass.

2. To override or change the existing functionality of the superclass method.

3. To inherit the existing functionality of the superclass method.

What is @Override Annotation in Java?

@Override is an annotation that was introduced in Java 5. Java compiler uses it to check all the rules of overriding. If we do not write this annotation, the compiler will apply only three overriding rules, such as:

Superclass and subclass relation.

Method name same.

Parameters are the same.

But if we have written as @Override on subclass method, the compiler will apply all rules irrespective of the above three points. Let's understand it better with the help of the following examples.

In superclass private void msg() {   System.out.println("Hello"); } In subclass private void msg() {   System.out.println("Hi") }

Compile-time: OK, Runtime: OK

In superclass private void msg() {   System.out.println("Hello"); } In subclass @Override private void msg() {   System.out.println("Hi"); }

Compile-time: Error- private method cannot be overridden. Runtime: OK

When to Use @Override Annotation in Java?

@Override annotation is used just for readability and understanding. This means that if a developer left a company and a new developer joins the company, he/she will easily understand that this method is overridden. So, he can modify it easily in the future. At least he/she will understand that there is some relationship between the two methods.

Who (Java compiler or JVM) decides Which Method is to be Executed?

In method overriding, Java compiler does not decide which method is to be executed. Because it has to wait till an object of the subclass is created. After the creation of the subclass object, JVM binds the method call to the suitable method.

But, the method in superclass and subclasses has the same signatures. Then how does JVM decide which method is called by the programmer?

How JVM decides Which Method is to be Called?

In method overriding, JVM decides method call depending on the runtime object of the class. That is, method resolution is always resolved by JVM based on the runtime object. During runtime, the actual object is used to call the method. In other words, you always check the reference variable is pointing to the object of which class?

Java Method Overriding Example Programs

Let's take some practical example programs of Java method overriding for the best practices.
Example 2:
package overridingProgram; public class A { void m1() { System.out.println("A-m1"); } // Overridden method. void m2() { System.out.println("A-m2"); } } public class B extends A { // Overriding method. void m2() { System.out.println("B-m2"); } // Newly defined method in class B. void m3() { System.out.println("B-m3"); } } public class MyTest { public static void main(String[] args) { A a = new A(); a.m1(); a.m2(); B b = new B(); b.m1(); b.m2(); b.m3(); A a1 = new B(); a1.m1(); a1.m2(); } }

Output:
       A-m1
       A-m2
       A-m1
       B-m2
       B-m3
       A-m1
       B-m2

1. The statement a.m1(); will call m1() method of class A because the reference variable 'a' is pointing to the object of class A. Similarly, a.m2() will also call m2() method of class A.

2. The statement b.m1(); will call m1() method of class B because m1() of class A is available by default to class B due to inheritance and the reference variable 'b' is pointing to the objects of class B. Similarly, the line b.m2() will call m2() method of class B because 'b' is pointing to the objects of the class. b.m3(); will call the method of class B.

3. The statement A a = new B(); tells that the reference variable 'a1' of class A is pointing to the objects of class B. That is, the parent reference variable can hold child class object.

4. a1.m1(); will call the m1() method of class B because it is available by default.

5. a1.m2(); will call m2() method of class B because the reference variable a1 is pointing to objects of class B.

Role of Java Compiler and JVM in Method Overriding

Role of Java compiler in overriding:

During the compile-time in the above program (A a1), a1 is a reference variable of parent class A. i.e. a1 is of parent type. So, Java compiler will be gone to check that m2() method is available or not. If it is available in the parent class, no problem. The code will be happily compiled.

Role of JVM in overriding:

At runtime, JVM will check that the reference variable is pointing to the which class object? parent class object or child class object.

If it is pointing to the parent class object and m2() method is available in the parent class, it will execute the m2() method of the parent class. But if it is pointing to the child class object, JVM will immediately check that in the child class, the m2 method is overriding or not.

If it is not overriding in the child class, JVM will call the default parent m2 method available in the child class.

Thus, JVM will execute the parent method only. If the m2 is overriding in the child class, at the runtime, JVM will execute the child class method based on the runtime object (new B()). In the overriding method, the resolution is always based on the runtime object by JVM.

Let's understand some more example programs based on method overriding concepts in Java for beginners.
Example 3:
package overridingProgram; public class College { public void collegeName() { System.out.println("Name of my college is PIET "); } // Overridden method. void estYear() { System.out.println("It was established in 1999"); } } public class MyCollege extends College { // Here, we are increasing visibility the overriding method. protected void estYear() { System.out.println("It was established in 2001"); } } public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { MyCollege mc = new MyCollege(); mc.collegeName(); mc.estYear(); College c = new MyCollege(); c.estYear(); } }

Output:
       Name of my college is PIET
       It was established in 2001
       It was established in 2001
Example 4:
package overridingProgram; public class X { public void m1() { System.out.println("m1-X"); } } public class Y extends X { // Here, we are reducing the visibility of overriding method. So, it will generate compile time error. // We cannot reduce the visibility of inherited method from X. void m1() { System.out.println("m1-Y"); } } public class XY { public static void main(String[] args) { Y y = new Y(); y.m1(); } }

Output:
       Error: Unresolved compilation problem: Cannot reduce the visibility of the inherited method from X

Why Method Overriding is called Runtime Polymorphism?

Let's consider an example code 2.

1. We have class A with m2(): "A-m2" prints.

2. We have subclass B with m2(): "B-m2" prints.

3. Client wrote the main method and in the main,

1. A a1 = new B();

2. a1.m2();

3. The above line is compiled as class A has m2().

4. At runtime, we will get the output of m1 which is there at class B.

5. As at compile time, we think m2 of class A will get called but at runtime m2 of class B got executed because, in method overriding, method resolution is always based on runtime object (new B()).

Therefore, it is also called runtime polymorphism or dynamic polymorphism, or late binding in java.

Why cannot Private Method be Overridden?

We cannot override private method because when superclass method is private, it will not be visible to the subclass. Whatever methods we writing in the subclass will be treated as a new method but not an overridden method.

Let's take an example program where we will declare the overridden method as private in superclass and see that it is visible in subclass or not.
Example 5:
package overridingProgram; public class X { private void m1() { System.out.println("m1-X"); } } public class Y extends X { } public class XY { public static void main(String[] args) { Y y = new Y(); y.m1(); // Compile time error because method m1() from type X is not visible in class Y. } }

Can We Override Static Method in Java?

No, we cannot override a static method. We cannot also override a static method with an instance method because the static method is bound with class whereas an instance method is bound with an object.

For more detail, go to this tutorial: Can we override static method in Java in 3 cases?
Example 6:
package overridingProgram; public class X { static void m1() { System.out.println("m1-X"); } } public class Y extends X { @Override static void m1() // Compile time error because the method m1() of type Y must override or implement a supertype method. { System.out.println("m1-Y"); } } public class XY { public static void main(String[] args) { Y y = new Y(); y.m1(); } }

Can We Stop Method Overriding in Java?

Yes, we can stop method overriding by declaring method as final. Let's take a simple example program where we will declare the overriding method as final in the subclass and will try to override the method in subclass.
Example 7:
package overridingProgram; public class X { // Overridden method. void m1() { System.out.println("m1-X"); } } public class Y extends X { @Override final protected void m1() // By declaring method as final, we can stop overriding. { System.out.println("m1-Y"); } } public class XY extends Y { @Override public void m1() // Cannot override the final method from Y. { System.out.println("m1-XY"); } public static void main(String[] args) { Y y = new Y(); y.m1(); } }

Advantages of Using Method Overriding in Java

There are the following advantages of using method overriding in Java. They are as:

Method overriding is used to achieve runtime polymorphism in Java.

It is used to change the existing functionality of the superclass method.

Method overriding allows us to extend the functionality of a superclass without altering its original implementation. We can add a new feature or property in subclass.

By defining a common method in the superclass and then allowing subclasses to override it, we can prevent the code duplication across different subclasses.

If you want the same method signature with different behaviors in the superclass as well as subclass, then you should use method overriding.

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Method Overriding in Java (with Examples) - Scientech Easy

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Learn rules of method overriding in Java with example program, use of method overriding, @Override annotation, can we override private method

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Python Tuple – Simple Guide with Examples

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Python Tuple – Simple Guide with Examples

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Learn all about Python Tuple with this beginner-friendly guide on Scientech Easy. Understand what tuples are, how they differ from lists, and why they are useful for storing immutable data in Python. This article covers tuple creation, indexing, slicing, and practical examples to help you grasp the concept quickly and effectively. Whether you're new to Python or reviewing the basics, this resource makes learning easy. Scientech Easy today and strengthen your Python programming skills with clear and concise tutorials!

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In this tutorial, we will acquire the knowledge of Python Tuple with the help of examples. More precisely, we will understand on what is tuple, how to create, where and when to use it, and the possible operations that we can perform on the tuple.

Similar to a list, a tuple is a finite ordered sequence or collection of objects or data values called items or elements. It is a linear data structure in Python in which items are stored in a linear order one after another.

Unlike a list, a tuple is an immutable data type, which means that we won't be able to change its items once it is created. That is, once a tuple is created, we cannot change or update its data values.

On the other hand, list is mutable data type, meaning that we can change values in the list once created it. This is main difference between a tuple and list.

So, we can say that tuple works in a similar fashion as a list but we cannot update value in the tuple while we can it in the list. So, we only use tuple data structure when we do not want to update the values of the tuple.

Hence, the complete definition of a tuple is:

A tuple in Python is a linear data structure that consists of a finite order sequence of immutable, heterogeneous data elements that are of fixed sizes. It is a class in Python that's stored on the heap and is overhead on the garbage collector.

How to Create Tuple in Python

We can create a tuple in Python by placing all the objects (elements) inside parentheses (), separated by a comma (,). However, the parentheses are optional but it is good practice to write it.

Each element has a location index range from 0 to n - 1 where n is the total number of elements in the tuple. The general syntax to create a tuple in Python programming language is as:

tuple_name = (element_1, element_2, element_3, . . . , element_n) Or, tuple_name = (value1, value2, value3, . . ., valuen)

In the above syntax, tuple_name is the name of tuple and value1, value2, . . ., valuen are the values or elements assigned to the tuple. Let us a simple example of creating a numeric tuple.

# Creating a numeric tuple. data = (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16)

Here, data is the name of tuple and 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 are the sequence of values or elements assigned to the tuple. Look at the below figure to understand how elements are indexed in the tuple.

We can access each element in the tuple by using the tuple name followed by a unique index or subscript that specifies the location of the element in the tuple. Each element has a unique index position in the tuple.

The index of the first element begins from 0, index of the second element is 1, and so on. In the above figure, the value 2 is stored in the index 0, value 4 stored in the index 1, value 6 stored in the index 2, and so on.

Creating Tuples in Python with Examples

1. Example: Creating an empty tuple:

# Zero element tuple. my_tuple = () print(my_tuple)

Output:
       ()

In this example, we have created a tuple with zero elements. This is an empty tuple. To create an empty tuple, use only two parentheses ().

2. Example: Creating a numeric tuple:

# Five elements tuple. my_tuple = (23, 25, 27, 29, 31) # for integer values print(my_tuple) # displaying contents of my_tuple.

Output:
      (23, 25, 27, 29, 31)

In this example, we have created a tuple with a sequence of numbers and assigned it to a variable named my_tuple. Then, we have displayed the values of tuple by passing my_tuple to the print() function.

The values and order of elements in the tuple are the same as they were when the tuple was built. Note that there is no need to include a comma at the end.

As you see in the output, Python always enclosed tuples in parentheses, so that they are interpreted precisely. Let us move on to create a tuple with a sequence of string elements.

3. Example: Creating a string tuple

# Creating a tuple with a sequence of four elements of string type. my_tuple = ("John", "Bob", "Harry", "Mark") # for string values # Displaying the contents of tuple. print(my_tuple)

Output:
       ('John', 'Bob', 'Harry', 'Mark')

4. Example: Creating a mixed data type values

my_tuple = ("Scientech", "Easy", 12, 15,5) # for mixed datatype values print(my_tuple)

Output:
      ('Scientech', 'Easy', 12, 15, 5)

5. Example: Creating a nested tuple

my_tuple = ("Python", (5, 15, 20), [2, 1, 4]) # for nested tuple print(my_tuple)

Output:
       ('Python', (5, 15, 20), [2, 1, 4])

In this tuple, there are three elements; first is "Python", second is tuple, and third is list. The element tuple consisting of three elements is considered as a single element. Similarly, list consisting of three elements are also considered as a single item in the tuple.

6. Example: Creating a tuple without the parentheses

my_tuple = "Python", 2, 3.5, (5, 15), [2, 4] # without parentheses print(my_tuple)

Output:
      ('Python', 2, 3.5, (5, 15), [2, 4])

7. Example: Creating a tuple with one element

To create a tuple with a single element, you need to include a comma after element value, as mentioned below:

my_tuple = (20,) # creating a tuple with single value. print(my_tuple)

Output:
      (20,)

You cannot create a tuple if you forget to include a comma. For example, the following code merely assigns the integer value 20 to the variable num.

num = (20) # creates an integer.

If you forget to include a comma after element, then tuple will automatically get converted to string, integer or decimal data type.

Features of Tuple in Python

A tuple is a sequence data structure in Python programming language that provides almost all the functionalities offered by the array data structure. There are the following features or characteristics of tuples in Python. They are as:

1. Linear data structure: A tuple is a linear data structure in which Python store elements of a tuple in the contiguous memory locations in a linear order one after the other.

2. Ordered: A tuple is an order collection of elements. It preserves our insertion order in which we have placed elements in the order.

3. Duplicate elements: A tuple allows any number of duplicate elements or items.

4. Immutable: In Python, tuple is an immutable data type, meaning we cannot make an update or change in the existing tuple object. It provides a security to the data values. If we attempt to change or update the existing tuple, then this operation will raise an error.

5. Speed: As tuples are immutable in nature, iterating over elements of tuples is faster than lists. Therefore, there is also a slight performance boost.

6. Declaration: Declaration of tuples in Python is quite easy because we do not need to declare the tuple object before using it. When we assign values in the parentheses (), the tuples automatically declared.

7. Heterogeneous elements: One of the biggest advantages of using a tuple in Python is that we can construct a tuple of heterogeneous elements. In simple words, it can hold elements of different types and can have as many elements as we want subject to the availability of computer memory.

We can insert elements or values of different data types, such as string, numbers, object, or even another tuple as an element, etc. in a single tuple. The elements of different data types take the memory space in the computer in accordance with the value of a particular type stored in the tuple.

8. Functionality: Python tuple date type provides many functions that allow us easily to perform different set of operations instead of writing long code from scratch. We can use dir(tuple) to gain a list of functions provided by a list. For example:

# Getting a list of functions provided by Python tuple print(dir(tuple))

Output:
      ['__add__', '__class__', '__class_getitem__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__dir__',
       '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__',
       '__getnewargs__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__',
       '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__',
       '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__',
       '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'count', 'index']

9. Performance: A tuple is an immutable data type of fixed size. We can easily allot the fixed size memory space to the tuple at the time of creation. We don't need to see for the memory space again and again as the requisites of the user changes at runtime.

10. Multidimensional: Tuple can also be used as a multidimensional data structure. With a multidimensional tuple, we can easily create a matrix and we can perform different matrix operations on the tuple.

11. Easy to display elements: We can easily display different values stored in the tuple. Even we can display values of tuple without iterating over the tuple.

To display in the simple style, we simply need to write print statement and pass the tuple object to the print() function, which we want to print on the console.

12. Easy to use: The use of tuple data type is a very easy as compared to other data types. It consumes memory dynamically as well as provides various methods to provide an easy way to write the program code.

Concept of Immutable Tuples in Python

Like numbers and strings, tuples in Python are immutable objects. It means that we can change or modify values of tuple elements without creating a new tuple. A new tuple object has to be created if we try to update the existing tuple.

Let's take an example in which we will try to update a value of an element in the existing tuple and see what happen?

my_tuple = (2, 4, 5, 8, 10) my_tuple[2] = 6 # this operation is not valid for tuple, error will be displayed. print(my_tuple)

Output:
       my_tuple[2] = 6 # this operation is not valid for tuple, error will be displayed.
       TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment

As you can observe in the program code, we are trying to update a value of the third element in the tuple and Python raised an error.

Let's take an example in which we will try to modify the existing tuple by creating a new tuple object. In this case, no error will generate.

my_tuple1 = (2, 4, 6) my_tuple2 = (8, 10, 12) # Adding two tuples and storing it into a new tuple object. my_tuple3 = my_tuple1 + my_tuple2 # Displaying elements of tuple. print(my_tuple3)

Output:
      (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12)

Multidimensional Tuples in Python

We can make a multidimensional tuple by nesting tuples inside other tuples. A multidimensional tuple can be used to store a matrix or table of information. For example, we can create a 3 * 3 matrix by assigning a tuple of tuples to a variable. Look at the below example code.

matrix = ((2, 4, 6), (8, 10, 12), (14, 16, 18)) print(matrix)

Output:
      ((2, 4, 6), (8, 10, 12), (14, 16, 18))

Unpacking Tuple Values in Python

We can store or assign a tuple values to variables by using assignment operator. Let us understand it with the help of an example.

n1, n2 = (10, 20) print(n1) print(n2)

Output:
       10
       20

In the above code, we have allocated 10 to a variable n1 and 20 to a variable n2. This is called unpacking in Python. What happens if we store with more values? Let's understand it with the below example code.

n1, n2 = (10, 20, 30) print(n1)

Output:
      n1, n2 = (10, 20, 30)
      ValueError: too many values to unpack (expected 2)

In the above output, the generated error shows that there are more values to unpack. Let's understand another example.

n1, n2, n3 = (10, 20) print(n1)

Output:
       ValueError: not enough values to unpack (expected 3, got 2)

In the above output, the generated error shows that there should be more values in the list to unpack.

Why should We Use Tuples in Python?

We should use the tuples in Python due to the following reasons:

Processing of tuples is much faster than with lists.

Tuple makes the data safe because of being immutability nature. We cannot modify the content of a tuple.

We can use tuple for string formatting.

Tuples functions are faster than with lists.

Selection of tuple is the best choice if you are dealing out a large amount of data and that data will not change in the future.

With the help of tuple, we can pass multiple values through one function parameter.

Advantages of Tuples in Python

There are the following advantages of a tuple in Python programming language. They are as:

Tuples store items in ordered in which we have provided. They preserve our insertion order.

Tuples allow to add any number of duplicate elements.

One of the outstanding advantages of using tuples in Python is that we can store elements of different or similar data types on a single tuple.

Tuples offers security to the data value due to its immutable nature.

Iterating over elements of a tuple is faster than the list because of its immutability nature.

Easy to display different values stored in the tuple.

They provide various useful functions to perform a different set of operations instead of writing long code from scratch.

Tuple is easy to use as compared to other data types in Python.

Disadvantage of Tuples

Some of the important disadvantages of using tuples in Python are as:

The advantage of using tuples is that tuples are used for write-protected data, but also disadvantage, as we cannot use it when we will want to add or delete a specific element. Hence, there is limit use of tuple.

We cannot create a tuple with a single element without using parentheses. In such a case, we need to include a trailing comma which can make the code readability a little bit complex.

In Python, tuple is not a flexible in nature as it stores elements only once and does not provide any method to update the element values stored in the tuple.

It provides lesser methods or functions. We require writing our own code to perform certain tasks.

These are some advantages and disadvantages of using tuples in Python programming language that you should keep in mind.

In this tutorial, we have discussed the role of tuples in Python with the help of some important examples. Hope that you will have understood the basic key features tuple and how to create it. Stay tuned with our next tutorial where you will learn how to access tuple elements in Python with example programs.
Thanks for reading!!!

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Tuple in Python (with Examples) - Scientech Easy

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Learn what is tuple in Python, how to create it with examples, features, and advantages of usinfg tuples in Python, tuples are immutable in

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Unlocking Your Potential: A Creative Tutorial Exploring BCA Course Subjects

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Unlocking Your Potential: A Creative Tutorial Exploring BCA Course Subjects

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The foundation of bca course education includes Computer Fundamentals for navigational foundations and Programming in C for controlling programming fundamentals. The fundamental programming language C delivers operational techniques through its similarity to basic skills like knots and rigging that enable ship operation control. Click to read the complete guide

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Unlocking Your Potential: A Creative Tutorial Exploring BCA Course Subjects | NY CITY US

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The foundation of bca course education includes Computer Fundamentals for navigational foundations and Programming in C for controlling programming fu…

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Preventing Application Crashes: An Overview of Exception Handling in Java

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Preventing Application Crashes: An Overview of Exception Handling in Java

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Java development frameworks’ robust and versatile nature creates a requirement for developing applications without interruptions. Users operating within a system exhibit dissatisfaction, resulting in the loss of essential data and negative word-of-mouth releases about the product following an unanticipated shutdown or crash. Java application reliability and resilience depend on mastering the Java exception handling principles. Click to read the complete guide

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Java development frameworks' robust and versatile nature creates a requirement for developing applications without interruptions. Users operating within a system exhibit dissatisfaction, resulting in the loss of essential data and negative word-of-mouth releases about the product following an unanticipated shutdown or crash. Java application reliability and resilience depend on mastering the Java exception handling principles.

The fundamental mechanism enables developers to handle runtime errors through proper management, which prevents unexpected terminations while offering a recovery path or controlled failure handling process.

Exception handling forms the foundational approach in Java programming, which strategizes for unpredictable conditions. Standard execution operations in Java programs experience interruptions from different abnormal situations. Exceptions, which developers call runtime errors, stem from multiple points, including user input errors and network problems, together with file permission errors and logical bugs in the written code. Failure to use Exception handling in Java programs leads to exceptions rising through code blocks until they trigger fatal application crashes that force program termination.

Structured Error Management with Try-Catch Blocks

Java implements exception handling through a method that handles unexpected situations elegantly and in a structured manner. The try statement enables programmers to wrap potentially dangerous code inside its block while catching it, and finally, it offers additional control features. The control moves toward a matching catch block when an exception occurs in the enclosed try block. A corresponding catch block within the try block contains code that determines the action for handling the specific exception type that occurred.

The Foundation: Understanding Exceptions in Java

In the tutorials, you will understand the defining quality of Java's exception-handling mechanism rests in its classification system for various errors. The exception class hierarchy in Java operates through the concept of inheritance in the Java language. The Throwable class functions as a foundation unit from which all error classes inherit, and it possesses two prominent direct descendants: Exception and Error. Error represents important issues that reasonable applications should not attempt to process because it includes Out Of Memory Error and StackOverflow Error. An exception within Java systems describes error situations that a program can handle during recovery operations.

The Hierarchy of Errors: Inheritance in Action

The programming language generates Exception categories through the combination of checked exceptions and unchecked exceptions that function as runtime exceptions. Java requires developers to catch both IOException and SQLException subclasses and Exception subtypes while omitting all subclasses of RuntimeException. Java compiles code with two options for developers who must place potential exceptions in try-catch blocks or include them in the method ThrowList. Developers must provide particular code within this method to address expected runtime execution problems during development.

Checked vs. Unchecked Exceptions: Compiler Enforcement

RuntimeException includes two subclasses of exceptions, which are NullPointerException and ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException. A compiler does not enforce the requirement for catching or declaring such exceptions. Such errors stem from source code defects or improper input data, which usually signify improper programming design choices. Developers must implement correct programming techniques alongside input examination to stop runtime errors from surfacing because such exceptions remain optional to deal with.

The Try-Catch-Finally Block: Structuring Exception Handling

A finally block serves in Java Exception handling to run specific code regardless of any exception occurrence or catching. Finally, it helps perform essential cleaning tasks for acquired resources within the try block. The finally block runs with certainty to execute cleanup operations even when the try block terminates abruptly due to an exception.

Ensuring Resource Management with Finally

Through the throw keyword of Exception handling in Java, programmers can trigger explicit exceptions in the tutorials. The use of throw provides developers with a method to indicate application-specific errors and also enables exception re-throwing after initial handler execution. Application-specific error types can be defined by extending the Exception class to provide domain-specific error context when developing custom exceptions.

Explicitly Raising and Defining Exceptions

Exception handling implementation by Java developers produces stable program code structures and high-quality applications. The combination of simpler debugging routines and enhanced code prediction happens through the deliberate implementation of error-handling codes by developers. Users benefit from enhanced interaction due to this application, which demonstrates extensive error messages instead of sudden application termination while providing recovery options after errors occur.

Conclusion

Exception handling in Java operates beyond crash avoidance because it identifies a proper infrastructure for developing robust software systems. Java developers establish resilient applications by implementing strategic blocks along with comprehensive knowledge about inheritance relationships between exceptions and the difference between checked versus unchecked errors to manage runtime disruptions.

Knowledge of exceptions that may occur in the collection framework in Java becomes essential for maintaining data stability. Application mastery of these principles leads to software functionality that combines stability with user experience reliability for end-user satisfaction. The implementation of efficient Exception handling in Java serves as a professional indicator for achieving dependable, high-quality software.

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Java Exception Handling Guide - Repurtech

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Learn how to prevent Java application crashes with proper exception handling techniques. Understand try-catch, throw, and best practices for error control.