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The White Rose was a nonviolent resistance group in Nazi Germany, led by students from the University of Munich, including Hans and Sophie Scholl. They opposed Adolf Hitler’s regime and its crimes, particularly against Jews.

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The group created and distributed anonymous leaflets calling for active resistance to the Nazi regime. They urged Germans to stand up against tyranny and war.

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The White Rose operated primarily in 1942–1943, in Munich, Germany. Their leaflets were secretly spread throughout the country.

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They were driven by moral outrage over Nazi atrocities, including the mass murder of Jews. Influenced by Christian ethics and philosophy, they believed silence made one complicit.

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Their final leaflet, written shortly before their arrest, called on Germans to “rise up and resist.” This leaflet was smuggled to the Allies and later air-dropped over Germany by the British.

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Hans and Sophie Scholl were arrested on February 18, 1943, caught distributing leaflets at the university. After a brief trial, they were executed by guillotine just four days later, on February 22, 1943.

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Sophie Scholl’s last words were:

"What we wrote and said is what many people are thinking. They just don’t dare to say it out loud."

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Though short-lived, the White Rose became a symbol of moral courage. Schools, streets, and memorials in Germany are now named after their members. They continue to inspire youth and civil resistance movements worldwide.

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Memorial plaque at the University of Munich

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Memorial plaque at the University of Munich

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The White Rose memorial in Munich (floor stones)

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The White Rose memorial in Munich (floor stones)

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🎥 “The White Rose: A Lesson in Dissent” 

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🎥 “The White Rose: A Lesson in Dissent” 

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🎧 "White Rose Resistance" from Holocaust Encyclopedia

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🎧 "White Rose Resistance" from Holocaust Encyclopedia

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https://www.ushmm.org/

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The Museum's collections database contains more than 270,000 records, including:

Photos and albums -Images of life before, during, and after the Holocaust

Personal stories -Interviews, home movies, memoirs, and diaries

Films -Historical footage and contemporary films about the Holocaust

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A living memorial to the Holocaust, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum inspires citizens and leaders worldwide to confront hatred, prevent genocide, and promote human dignity.