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The Communist leader Mao Zedong once said, "Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun", displaying his belief that revolution could only be achieved through force. Mao's philosophy and leadership style shaped the course of China's history, and his impact is still felt today.

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- Great Leap Forward
- Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
- Hundred Flowers Campaign
- Women’s Rights and Equality
- Mao’s Political Success on Unifying China

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Evidence #1 + Analysis + Significance: All about Dr. Li’s Experiences Being Mao’s Physician

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Evidence #1 + Analysis + Significance: All about Dr. Li’s Experiences Being Mao’s Physician

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Evidence:
1) “In outer appearance, Mao was very easygoing, easy to contact … But when you stayed longer with him, you found that he was a merciless tyrant who crushed anybody who disobeyed him.”

2) “Mao was a man who had no friends … He saw everybody as a subject a slave.”

Analysis:
- These quotes from Dr. Li convey the fact that Mao was a ruthless, cold, ruler.
- While on the outside, he acts nice, kind, and welcoming, on the inside he is a tyrant and a bully.

Significance:
- Mao’s actions and personality towards others, being good on the outside but terrible on the inside is not the ignatian way.
- It is important to be both kind and authentic on both the outside and inside.

Sources:
Bernstein, Richard. “The Tyrant Mao, as Told by His Doctor.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 2 Oct. 1994, https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/02/world/the-tyrant-mao-as-told-by-his-doctor.html.

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Evidence #1 + Analysis + Significance(Last Section): Dr. Li’s Opinions on Mao’s Life

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Evidence #1 + Analysis + Significance(Last Section): Dr. Li’s Opinions on Mao’s Life

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Evidence:
- Dr. Li states, “I want it to serve as a reminder of the terrible human consequences of Mao’s dictatorship and of how good and talented people living under his regime were forced to violate their consciences and sacrifice their ideals in order to survive.”

Analysis:
- Through Dr. Li’s time with Mao, he realizes what type of person Mao truly is, and all the injustices he created.
- Dr. Li talks about how people had to risk their lives, ideals, and whole identity just to survive because if they didn’t, Mao would kill them.

Sources:
Li, Zhisui, and Anna F. Thurston. The Private Life of Chairman Mao. Chatto &amp; Windus, 1994.

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Evidence #2 + Analysis + Signifcance: Dr Li. Goes in Depth on Mao’s Cruel Sexual Life

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Evidence #2 + Analysis + Signifcance: Dr Li. Goes in Depth on Mao’s Cruel Sexual Life

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Evidence:
- When Dr. Li suggested that he take some antibiotic to protect his sexual partners, Mao stated, “If it’s not hurting me then it doesn’t matter. Why are you getting so excited about it?”
- Mao Zedong had a intense sexual life, having sex with almost anyone who he wanted to, and even with his disease, he refused to take medicine because it never hurt him.

Analysis:
- Mao’s actions towards his sex partner’s and his refusal to take antibiotics to treat his sex disease show how selfish and cruel Mao really was.
- He didn’t care for the lives and well being of those who he had sex with, carelessly infecting them with his disease through sex.

Significance:
-  Mao’s actions are the exact opposite of the ignatian way of “acting with love and integrity”, because he is hurting and infecting others, refusing to get treated, even though he has a choice to not. When he states that he doesn’t care because it doesn’t affect him, that is the exact opposite of how an Ignatian would act.

Sources:
Bernstein, Richard. “The Tyrant Mao, as Told by His Doctor.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 2 Oct. 1994, https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/02/world/the-tyrant-mao-as-told-by-his-doctor.html.

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Evidence #3 + Analysis + Significance: Dr. Li Explains Mao’s Opinions and Thoughts During The Great Leap Forward

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Evidence #3 + Analysis + Significance: Dr. Li Explains Mao’s Opinions and Thoughts During The Great Leap Forward

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Evidence:
- Dr. Li states, “He appeared to be utterly indifferent to the immense suffering and even the death on a large scale that some of his utopian fantasies produced, whether through vast purges of intellectuals or policies like the Great Leap Forward.”

- "Mao never said a word about the suffering of people to me the word regret was not in his dictionary."

- "He once told me, that you can play with a dragon, but you have to be very careful not to touch a single spot on the dragon's neck where it is very sensitive. If you touch it, you're done for. He told me that he is that sort of dragon."

Analysis:
- Mao’s actions after killing many people in the Great Leap Forward show how bad of person he truly was. Dr. Li, his physician, said that he was “utterly indifferent to the immense suffering and even the death”, showing how cruel and twisted Mao truly was.

Significance:
- After causing and witnessing millions of deaths due to the Great Leap Forward, Mao didn’t even flinch. He had no care for any of the suffering his people had to face, not even batting an eye to the daily hardships and challenges of his people.

Sources:
Bernstein, Richard. “The Tyrant Mao, as Told by His Doctor.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 2 Oct. 1994, https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/02/world/the-tyrant-mao-as-told-by-his-doctor.html.

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Evidence #5 + Analysis: The Hundred Flowers Campaign

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Evidence #5 + Analysis: The Hundred Flowers Campaign

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Evidence:
- In 1956, he launched the Hundred Flowers movement, which encouraged citizens, especially intellectuals, to openly criticize and express their opinions of the communist regime.
- After a slow start, in 1957, an outpour of criticism that went well beyond his expectation transpired; notably wall posters denouncing every aspect of the government, and students and professors condemning party members.
- The party indicated that the censures have gone too far, so “by early July an anti rightist' campaign was under way in which the recent critics of the regime were subjected to severe retribution; most of them lost their jobs and were forced to do manual labour in the country, and some were sent to prison”
- Mao originally was open to all criticism, but because he and the party could not handle it anymore, they punished everyone who spoke out against them for simply having their own opinion.
- The Hundred Flowers Campaign resulted in the persecution of intellectuals, officials, students, artists as they were laced as “rightists”.

Analysis:
- During the Hundred Flowers Campaign, while at first, Mao just wanted to promote justice and wanted freedom of speech for everybody, it took a dark turn. Since the protests got out of hand, he received lots of criticism. He then resulted to persecuting all those who criticized him, going against what he previously mentioned.

Sources:
“Hundred Flowers Campaign | Chinese History.” Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/event/Hundred-Flowers-Campaign.Accessed 30 Apr.2020.

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Evidence #2-4 + Analysis: Dr. Li’s Thoughts on the Great Leap Forward:

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Evidence #2-4 + Analysis: Dr. Li’s Thoughts on the Great Leap Forward:

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Evidence:
- Dr. Li states, “He appeared to be utterly indifferent to the immense suffering and even the death on a large scale that some of his utopian fantasies produced, whether through vast purges of intellectuals or policies like the Great Leap Forward.”

- "Mao never said a word about the suffering of people to me the word regret was not in his dictionary."

- "He once told me, that you can play with a dragon, but you have to be very careful not to touch a single spot on the dragon's neck where it is very sensitive. If you touch it, you're done for. He told me that he is that sort of dragon."

Analysis:
- Mao’s actions after killing many people in the Great Leap Forward show how bad of person he truly was. Dr. Li, his physician, said that he was “utterly indifferent to the immense suffering and even the death”, showing how cruel and twisted Mao truly was. His actions are a prime example of injustice, and he did not promote any type of support or kindness.

Sources:
Li, Zhisui, and Anna F. Thurston. The Private Life of Chairman Mao. Chatto &amp; Windus, 1994.

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Evidence #6 + Analysis: Mao Zedong On Women’s Rights

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Evidence #6 + Analysis: Mao Zedong On Women’s Rights

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Evidence:
- Helen Gao, an author from the New York Times, expresses her experience during the Communist Revolution during Mao’s rule. She states, “For all its flaws, the Communist revolution taught Chinese women to dream big. When it came to advice for my mother, my grandmother applauded her daughter’s decision to go to graduate school and urged her to find a husband who would be supportive of her career. She still seems to think that the new market economy — with its meritocracy and freedom of choice — will finally allow women to be masters of their minds and actions.”
- She also explains how even though forty years after Mao’s death, his legacy is still understood through his famous statement on gender equality, stating, “Women hold up half the sky.”
- She also talks about how “the Communists rescued peasant daughters from urban brothels and ushered cloistered wives into factories, liberating them from the oppression of Confucian patriarchy and imperialist threat.”

Analysis:
- Mao Zedong promoted women’s equality, a from of Promoting Justice, which is an Ignatian quality. His supportive actions towards women during his rule and the Communist Revolution gave them more freedom and opportunities. His famous statement on how, “Women hold up half the sky” is a powerful and just view which is one prime example of Mao’s need for justice.

Sources:
Gao, Helen. “How Did Women Fare in China's Communist Revolution?” The New York Times, The New York Times, 25 Sept. 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/25/opinion/women-china-communist-revolution.html

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- During his rule, Mao had many negative actions, and a numerous amount of them did not promote justice. While many people can see that his decisions of The Great Leap Forward and The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution were very unjust, Dr. Li goes further in depth when revealing Mao’s true cruel tendencies through his experiences being Mao’s physician.

Sources:
Li, Zhisui, and Anna F. Thurston. The Private Life of Chairman Mao. Chatto &amp; Windus, 1994.

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Evidence #1 + Analysis: The Great Leap Forward

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Evidence #1 + Analysis: The Great Leap Forward

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Evidence:
- Aimed to use peasants in rural areas to start an economic revolution that increased grain production.
- Wanted peasants to start industrializing, by forging steel through the building and the use of blast furnaces.
- Due to a majority of the farmers moving into steel production, grain production fell and was not nearly enough for China’s massive population.
- This resulted in a major famine, and was responsible for 45 million deaths.
- “It is better to let half of the people die, so that the other half can eat their fill.”

Analysis:
- Mao made a decision that he thought would be beneficial to China, but resulted in millions of deaths.
- He made a rash decision without thinking about the consequences, and right after that, he made another terrible decision.
- This shows terrible leadership with and vision.

Sources:
Donovan, John. “Chairman Mao Zedong Used Death and Destruction to Create a New China.” HowStuffWorks, HowStuffWorks, 11 Mar. 2020, https://history.howstuffworks.com/historical-figures/mao-zedong.htm.

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Evidence #2 + Analysis: The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

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Evidence #2 + Analysis: The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

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Evidence:
- Mao wanted to remove the effects of the Great Leap Forward, and to cleanse the people who didn’t agree with his vision, and move forward toward a stronger China.
- He wanted a rebellion against the party to purge all his oppressors.
- Millions were driven from their homes, beaten, tortured or thrown into prison.
- Many millions were massacred across the country. Many thousands more committed suicide.
- Liu Shaoqi, CHina’s president stated, “He was also seeking control of methods of controlling people's minds, brainwashing them through fear, through intimidation, through force. He [saw] himself as a savior of the nation and its people."
- Threw the entire country into economic and social chaos
- By the end of it, at least 8 million people died.

Analysis:
- Mao made another rash decisions which resulted in devastating effects, displaying terrible vision.

Sources:
Donovan, John. “Chairman Mao Zedong Used Death and Destruction to Create a New China.” HowStuffWorks, HowStuffWorks, 11 Mar. 2020, https://history.howstuffworks.com/historical-figures/mao-zedong.htm.

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Evidence #3 + Analysis: Mao’s Political Success

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Evidence #3 + Analysis: Mao’s Political Success

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Evidence:
- Mao’s political success derived from multiple factors: developing a successful strategy for dealing with both the Guomindang and the Japanese during the second United Front following the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War in 1937.
- He also gained Stalin’s recognition in 1938 as the most capable leader of the Chinese party, despite his pursuit of a policy involving less cooperation with the Guomindang than Stalin desired; indoctrinating the party in a practical ideology, soon known as “Mao Zedong Thought,” that combined loyalty to the party line and to the leader, while popularizing concepts that were relevant to Chinese conditions and easily understood; and unifying the party.

Analysis:
- While there are many criticisms on Mao during his rule, he also did some positive things for the development and future of China. Obtaining a good relationship with Russia was a main part on how China could become more advanced. He also easily and successfully unified the country too.

Sources:
https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=WHIC&u=san74543&id=GALE%7CCX1837900371&v=2.1&it=r&sid=bookmark-WHIC&asid=d2aaa29e

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- Mao’s acts of carelessness and cruelty towards his people show how bad of leader he is.
- His actions in the Great Leap Forward and the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution demonstrate bad vision, as he acted for his selfish desires. It shows that he does not have the Ignation value of “Called to Leadership” because someone who does acts with caution and kindness.

Donovan, John. “Chairman Mao Zedong Used Death and Destruction to Create a New China.” HowStuffWorks, HowStuffWorks, 11 Mar. 2020, https://history.howstuffworks.com/historical-figures/mao-zedong.htm.

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Li, Zhisui, and Anna F. Thurston. The Private Life of Chairman Mao. Chatto &amp; Windus, 1994.

“Hundred Flowers Campaign | Chinese History.” Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/event/Hundred-Flowers-Campaign.Accessed 30 Apr.2020.

Gao, Helen. “How Did Women Fare in China's Communist Revolution?” The New York Times, The New York Times, 25 Sept. 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/25/opinion/women-china-communist-revolution.html

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1. Donovan, John. “Chairman Mao Zedong Used Death and Destruction to Create a New China.” HowStuffWorks, HowStuffWorks, 11 Mar. 2020, https://history.howstuffworks.com/historical-figures/mao-zedong.htm.

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- Mao Zedong was born on December 26, 1893, in Shanahan, China and died on September 9, 1976, in Beijing.
- He was a principal Chinese Marxist theorist, a soldier, and a man who led his country in their communist revolution.
- He was the leader of the Chinese Communist Party and was also the chairman of the People’s Republic of China.

Schram, Stuart Reynolds. “Mao Zedong.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mao-Zedong.

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- He was born in the village of Shaoshan, China.
- His parents were peasants and worked as a farmer and grain dealer.
- While he went to school, he was forced to work full time at his family’s farm at the age of 13.
- Angered, Mao decided to leave his home and studied another primary school.
- He began studying revolutionary ideas while witnessing first hand a real revolution.

Schram, Stuart Reynolds. “Mao Zedong.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mao-Zedong.

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- He was a unit of the revolutionary army in Hunan, spending six months as a soldier.
- He admired military leaders and exploits.
- His hero’s were some of the emperors of Chinese history, Napoleon, and George Washington.
- While studying in an institution, Mao used his knowledge in political activity by establishing several student organization. The most important of them were the New People’s Study Society, and many members later groined the Communist Party.
- After the May Fourth Movement, the Chinese abandoned Western liberalism for Marxism and Leninism as the answer to China’s problems, leading to the creation of the Chinese Communist party in 1921.
- Mao stated, “The world is ours, the nation is ours, society is ours. If we do not speak, who will speak? If we do not act, who will act?”

Schram, Stuart Reynolds. “Mao Zedong.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mao-Zedong.

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- He was the acting head of the propaganda department of the Nationalist Party, where he edited the newspaper, the Political Weekly.
- After the death of Sun Yat-sen, he became the leader of the Nationalists.

Schram, Stuart Reynolds. “Mao Zedong.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mao-Zedong.

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Mao Zedong's leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, characterized by his revolutionary ideology, tactics, and policies, had a significant impact on the modernization, social, and political transformation of China in the 20th century, but also led to controversial and detrimental consequences. During his reign, Mao was treated and praised as a God, but looking back now, the Ignatian values of acting with love and integrity, promoting justice, and being called to leadership might result in different opinions.

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Schram, Stuart Reynolds. “Mao Zedong.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mao-Zedong.

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Acting with Love and Integrity? Yes or No?

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Acting with Love and Integrity? Yes or No?

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Based off all of Mao’s achievements and events in his life, while he did have many positive effects, the negatives outweighed them. Mao’s actions are the exact opposite of the ignatian way of “acting with love and integrity”, because he is hurting and infecting others, refusing to get treated, even though he has a choice to not. When he states that he doesn’t care because it doesn’t affect him, that is the exact opposite of how an Ignatian would act.

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Values relationships with others and friendships, realizes their place in the community

Extends love to family, friends, and community

Forms healthy relationships, taking into account the feelings of others when acting

Makes mature lifestyle decisions, and takes responsibility for mistakes

Overcomes prejudices and stereotypes, showing the ability to communicate with others

Acts as a person with and for others

“The Graduate at Graduation.” St. Ignatius College Prep, https://www.siprep.org/about-us/ou-missions/the-graduate-at-graduation

- Did Mao Zedong have this quality? No.
- Mao Zedong's kindness can also be seen in his concern for the poor and working-class. He believed that the Communist Party had a responsibility to serve the people and to work towards the common good. In the early years of his leadership, he implemented land reforms and policies aimed at reducing inequality. The government also provided free healthcare, education, and other social services to the people. Despite these positive efforts, it is important to acknowledge that Mao Zedong's legacy is also marked by controversy and criticism. His policies, such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, resulted in widespread suffering and human rights abuses. While his appearance on the outside might be positive and kind, on the inside, Mao Zedong is shown to not be the greatest person, explained b his physician, Dr. Li. His authoritarianism and disregard for dissenting voices ultimately undermined his commitment to kindness and compassion.

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- Developed an informed conscience and is preparing to take a place in the world was a competent concerned, compassionate, and responsible member.
- unselfish, makes good decisions for the greater good
- Demonstrates a connection between personal faith and works toward a just society, emphasizing the importance of justice
- understands the importance of public opinion and voter influence
- realizes the importance of protecting the environment and a sustainable lifestyle

“The Graduate at Graduation.” St. Ignatius College Prep, https://www.siprep.org/about-us/ou-missions/the-graduate-at-graduation

Did Mao Promote Justice? Yes and No, but more no than yes
- Mao Zedong was an advocate for the rights of women and minorities. He recognized that women had been traditionally marginalized and oppressed and advocated for their rights and equality. He also promoted the rights of ethnic minorities, supported and recognized their cultural heritage.

However, Mao Zedong's legacy is also marked by controversy and criticism, particularly in his later years. His policies, such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, resulted in widespread suffering and human rights abuses. Many citizens of China died, and Mao did almost nothing to change it. The Great Leap Forward, a campaign aimed at rapidly industrializing China, led to widespread famine and millions of deaths. The Cultural Revolution, a campaign to eliminate opposition to his leadership, led to the persecution of intellectuals, artists, and other dissenting voices.

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Recognizing that true leadership involves serving with and for others and acting with love, humble

Has good leadership skills, such as vision, integrity, creativity, a strong work ethic, and the ability to gain others trust and inspire them

Able to influence others in a way that promotes justice and Gospel values

Has ethical values

Seeks challenges and responsibilities to further their knowledge

Respons to criticism with emotional maturity, acknowledging that leadership involves risk-taking and challenging assumptions that can sometimes lead to negative repercussions

“The Graduate at Graduation.” St. Ignatius College Prep, https://www.siprep.org/about-us/ou-missions/the-graduate-at-graduation

Did he Promote Leadership and Have a Good Vision? Yes and No

While there are many criticisms on Mao during his rule, he also did some positive things for the development and future of China. Obtaining a good relationship with Russia was a main part on how China could become more advanced. He also easily and successfully unified the country too. However, once again, the negatives outweigh the positives. His cruel and rash decision making costed the lives of millions of innocent civilians.

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“The Graduate at Graduation.” St. Ignatius College Prep, https://www.siprep.org/about-us/ou-missions/the-graduate-at-graduation

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Works Cited:

Bernstein, Richard. “The Tyrant Mao, as Told by His Doctor.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 2 Oct. 1994, https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/02/world/the-tyrant-mao-as-told-by-his-doctor.html.

Donovan, John. “Chairman Mao Zedong Used Death and Destruction to Create a New China.” HowStuffWorks, HowStuffWorks, 11 Mar. 2020, https://history.howstuffworks.com/historical-figures/mao-zedong.htm.

Gao, Helen. “How Did Women Fare in China's Communist Revolution?” The New York Times, The New York Times, 25 Sept. 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/25/opinion/women-china-communist-revolution.html

“Hundred Flowers Campaign | Chinese History.” Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/event/Hundred-Flowers-Campaign.Accessed 30 Apr.2020.

Li, Zhisui, and Anna F. Thurston. The Private Life of Chairman Mao. Chatto &amp; Windus, 1994.

“Mao Zedong: Biographical and Political Profile: Asia for Educators: Columbia University.” Mao Zedong: Biographical and Political Profile | Asia for Educators | Columbia University, http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1900_mao_early.htm.

“Mao Zedong.” StudySmarter US, https://www.studysmarter.us/explanations/politics/political-ideology/mao-zedong/.

Schram, Stuart Reynolds. “Mao Zedong.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mao-Zedong.

“The Chinese Revolution of 1949.” U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of State, https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/chinese-rev.

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Bernstein, Richard. “The Tyrant Mao, as Told by His Doctor.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 2 Oct. 1994, https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/02/world/the-tyrant-mao-as-told-by-his-doctor.html.

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While his efforts to promote equality and social justice for the working-class and women are commendable, his later policies resulted in significant harm and undermined his commitment to justice. All in all, Mao Zedong did not promote justice as much as an Ignatian leader should have.

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Mao Zedong had many positive plans and visions for the future development of China. When he obtained a good relationship with Russia, it was a main part on how China could become more advanced. He also easily and successfully unified all of China too, a very difficult task. However, his rash and unthoughtful decision making when he passed The Great Leap Forward and Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution resulted in devastating consequences for China as a whole. The negative aspects of Mao’s life were much worse than the positive effects.

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Mao Zedong's leadership of the Chinese Communist Party was marked by his revolutionary ideology, tactics, and policies, and had a profound effect on China's modernization and social and political transformation in the 20th century. However, it also had its controversial and detrimental consequences. While Mao was widely revered and treated like a god during his reign, in contrast, his actions may result in different opinions when examined through the lens of Ignatian values such as promoting justice, acting with love and integrity, and being called to leadership. As Mao Zedong once proclaimed, “Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun", perfectly summarizing Mao’s actions during his reign.